疫苗與環境對兒童健康之影響

Jul.15.2008 Louis LEE,M.D., H.M.D., N.M.D.,M.B.A. 1

Vaccines, Environment Vaccines, Environment & &

Children HealthChildren Health


李德初 ,MD,MBA,ND, MIFM,FCPM, HMD

中華民國外科專科醫師 &( 會員 )中華民國急診醫學科專科醫師英國自然醫學醫學院遠東區總教長 - CMN-

UK(FA) Chief Rector美國自然醫學專科醫師 , 美國自然醫學會遠東

區教授Microcosm University. Visiting Professor 教授中華民國急救加護醫學會專科醫師美國 Institute For Functional Medicine 研究員高雄醫學大學醫學系 .英國 LEICESTER UNIVERSITY, MBA美國中醫藥針灸研究所 AACC 研究員美國 WEIMAR INSTITUTE 預防醫學研究員


李德初 ,MD,MBA,ND,MIFM,FCPM

• 現任中華功能醫學研究機構現任中華功能醫學研究機構 H.Y.C. H.Y.C. 院長院長• 現任台北宏恩醫院急診、重症醫學顧問醫師現任台北宏恩醫院急診、重症醫學顧問醫師• 現任功能性醫學會顧問醫師現任功能性醫學會顧問醫師• 前任赫尼曼自然醫學診所院長前任赫尼曼自然醫學診所院長• 前任台北振興醫學中心急診、重症醫學特約主治醫師前任台北振興醫學中心急診、重症醫學特約主治醫師• 前任行政院衛生署台北醫院主治醫師前任行政院衛生署台北醫院主治醫師• 前任基督復臨安息日會台安醫院前任基督復臨安息日會台安醫院 NEWSTARTNEWSTART 負責醫師負責醫師• 前任安法水蓮抗衰老預防醫學負責醫師前任安法水蓮抗衰老預防醫學負責醫師• 前任台北宏恩醫院急診、重症醫學主任醫師前任台北宏恩醫院急診、重症醫學主任醫師• 復興廣播電台生活廣播網復興廣播電台生活廣播網• 中華能量医學學會理事中華能量医學學會理事




Milk

Goat Milk

Cheese

Egg whiteEgg york

Almond

Gluten

Grapefruit

Yorget

Soy bean

Yeast

Eel

Cod

Pineapple

Wheat

Rice

Peanut

Green bean

Kidney Bean

0.00%10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%80.00%90.00%

100.00%

MilkChee

se

Egg yor

kGlute

nYorg

etYeas

tCod

Wheat

Peanut

Kidney

Bean

MilkGoat MilkCheeseEgg whiteEgg yorkAlmondGlutenGrapefruitYorgetSoy beanYeastEelCodPineappleWheatRicePeanutGreen beanKidney Bean


Avoid the allergic Foods &

Detoxify the Antibodies1. Dairy products

2. Egg ( York & white)

3. Gluten

4. Peannut

5. Soy

6. Almond


• Wheat

• Eel• Cod

• Grapefruit

• Pineapple

• Rice• Green bean

• Kidney bean







鋁Al

銻Sb砷As

鉍Bi

鉛Pb

汞Hg

鎳Ni

錫Tn

鈦Ti

鎘Cd鎢Tw

銀0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90% 鋁Al銻Sb砷As鉍Bi鉛Pb汞Hg鎳Ni錫Tn鈦Ti鎘Cd鎢Tw銀


Where are the toxic from?Where are the toxic from?• Pb• Hg • Al• Sb• As• Ba• Bi• Cd• Ni


OFFICIAL STATEMENT: US Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention (CDC)

• “Mercury occurs naturally and is found everywhere in the environment.”

• “The level of mercury exposure from vaccines is low.”

• “Evidence is accumulating of lack of harm resulting from exposure to thimerosal in vaccines.”


Mercury and Vaccines (Thimerosal

Thimerosal is a mercury-containing preservative used in some vaccines and other products since the 1930s. There is no convincing scientific evidence of harm caused by the low doses of thimerosal in vaccines, except for minor reactions like redness and swelling at the injection site. However, in July 1999, the Public Health Service agencies, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and vaccine manufacturers agreed that thimerosal should be reduced or eliminated

in vaccines as a precautionary measure.---CDCCDC


Since 2001Since 2001

• , with the exception of some influenza (flu) vaccines, thimerosal is not used as a preservative in routinely recommended childhood vaccines --- CDCCDC


本則新聞由中時電子報提供本則新聞由中時電子報提供 2008/06 04:16 2008/06 04:16 • 國人使用俗稱「銀粉」的「汞齊」（ Amalgam ）補牙行之多年

，但近年相關研究顯示，人體長期攝入汞齊，將導致罹患阿茲海默症風險大增。衛生署長林芳郁昨天表示，將指示所屬針對相關問題進行專案研究，若證實汞齊對人體有害，不排除全面禁用。　立委賴士葆昨天在立法院質詢衛生署長林芳郁，他說，相關資料顯示，健保目前補助民眾補牙用的醫療用素材包括汞齊、樹脂、玻璃離子體，推估國內至少有四分之一牙醫師用汞齊為患者補牙。

• 　他說，汞齊中除了銀、水銀，還有錫、鋅、銅等重金屬，其中水銀亦即汞的含量，至少就占了五成。　衛生署官員指出，汞齊對人體的危害性在國外一直有爭議，歐美等國已有許多牙醫師推行「除汞運動」，瑞典更早在多年前就禁用汞齊補牙。美國食品暨藥物管理局（ＦＤＡ）日前也宣布，即日起就汞齊補牙的安全性廣徵各界意見，預訂明年七月就是否修改汞齊使用規範，作出結論。　衛生署藥政處長廖繼洲表示，目前相關研究僅知汞齊可能對人體有神經毒性，若ＦＤＡ證實汞齊補牙對人體有害，進而宣布全面禁用，我國也會跟進。現階段他建議，六歲以下兒童、孕婦、哺乳婦女及免疫不全患者，最好能使用汞齊以外的材質補牙。　他強調，至於已用汞齊補牙者，也不須刻意敲掉，因為重做填牙的過程中，患者吞入碎裂汞齊的機率可能更大。


Presentation 1/11/05


• FAMILIES: KEY TO THIS STORY

• SCIENCE PART I: CAUSES OF AUTISM

• LAW: COMPENSATION, LITIGATION, INVESTIGATION

• POLITICS: PHARMA & THE FEDS

• SCIENCE PART II: SEARCH FOR A “CURE”


THE SCIENCE:

SEARCH FOR A CAUSEThe etiology of autism


AUTISM BY THE NUMBERS: US & EUROPE

• USA - 1980’s: 1-2 per 10,000 children• USA – Late 1990’s: 1 in 500 (20 per 10K)• USA – 2000: 1 in 250 (40 per 10K)• USA – 2004: 1 in 166 (60 per 10K)

-------------• UK – 2004: 1 in 166 (60 per 10K)• Denmark – 2004: 1 in 1,300(7.7 per 10K)


OTHER POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL “TRIGGERS”??• Mercury in fish/air/amalgams• Pesticides• PCB’s• Flame retardants• Jet fuel• Live virus in vaccines (MMR)• As-yet unidentified virus• Rampant cell phone use


KNOW YOUR MERCURY (Hg)

TYPE SOURCE EXPOSURE

Elemental Hg Thermometers VaporAmalgamsLights/batteries

Inorganic Hg Coal power plants Air pollutants(hydrophilic) Volcanoes

Organic Methyl Hg Fish Ingestion(lypophilic)

Organic Ethyl Hg Thimerosal Vaccines(lypophilic) Fish(?) OTC Topicals


ETHYL VS METHYL

• Main chemical difference: Ethyl form contains extra carbon compound on molecule, making it larger.

• Some scientists contend extra carbon compound makes ethylmercury less likely to cross the blood-brain barrier.

• Methylmercury shown to remain in blood longer than ethyl (1/2 life of 50 days vs. 7 days for ethyl); it accumulates more readily in the body. But ethyl converts more readily to inorganic Hg, which appears to remain in brain longer.

• Despite these differences, FDA researchers assumed that the two forms of mercury were equal in toxicity.

• Arsenic is “less toxic” than cyanide.


HOW MUCH Hg IS TOO MUCH?

EPA SAFETY LIMIT: 0.1 mcg* per kg per day(Methylmercury)

Avg. 6oz TUNA STEAK (@17mcg/oz): 102 mcg

Avg. 6oz SWORDFISH STEAK (@30mcg/OZ) 180 mcg

Avg. VACCINE: 25mcg________________

EPA SAFETY LIMIT FOR: Tuna Swordfish Vaccine

165 lb man = 8 mcg/day 12.8x 22.5x 3x110 lb woman = 5mcg/day 20.4x 36.0x 5x16 lb infant = 0.7mcg/day -- -- 35.7x(6 Months old)

*1mcg = 1 millionth of a gram


Maximum Hg exposure in 1st year of life - US Childhood Schedule - 1992-200?

AGE SHOTS HG CONTENT

BIRTH Hep B 12.5mcg

8lb infant (3.6kg)– EPA Hg limit: 0.36mcg = 35 times over4lb infant (1.8kg) – EPA Hg limit: 0.18mcg = 70 times over

2 MONTHS Hep B 12.5mcgHIb 25.0mcgDTaP 25.0mcg

(subtotal for visit):62.5mcg

Avg. weight: 10lbs/4.5kg EPA limit: 0.45mcg = 138 times over

4 MONTHS HIb 25.0mcgDTaP 25.0 mcg

(subtotal for visit): 50.0 mcgAvg weight: 14lbs/6.5kg EPA limit: 0.65mcg = 72 times over


Maximum Hg exposure in 1st year of life - US Childhood Schedule - 1992-200?

AGEAGE SHOTSSHOTS HG CONTENTHG CONTENT

6 MONTHS6 MONTHS HiBHiB 25.0mcg25.0mcgDTaPDTaP 25.0mcg25.0mcg

(subtotal for visit):(subtotal for visit): 50.0mcg50.0mcg

Avg. weight: 16lbs/7.3kg EPA limit: 0.73mcg = 68Avg. weight: 16lbs/7.3kg EPA limit: 0.73mcg = 68 times over times over

12 MONTHS12 MONTHS HiBHiB 25.0mcg25.0mcgDTaPDTaP 25.0mcg25.0mcg

(subtotal for visit):(subtotal for visit): 50.0mcg50.0mcg

Avg. weight: 20lbs/9kg EPA Hg limit: 0.9mcg = Avg. weight: 20lbs/9kg EPA Hg limit: 0.9mcg = 55 times over55 times over

TOTAL Hg EXPOSURE IN FIRST YEAR: 212.5mcg


Bolus vs. Chronic ExposureFDA’s “Interpretation”

• FDA totaled 4 large “bolus” doses at birth, 2, 4, & 6 months (162.5mcg) and divided by 180 days.

• 162.5mcg divided by 180 = 0.9mcg per day.

• This “average” daily exposure was just above the EPA limit, but below FDA and CDC limits.

• Analogy: You can take 2 tylenol a day for 60 days and be fine. But 120 tylenol in one day is a lethal dose.


Safe Minds: Common Symptoms of Autism & Mercury Poisoning

IMPAIRMENTS IN SOCIABILITY

Repetitive, stereotypic behaviorsRepetitive, stereotypic behaviors

Schizophrenic & OCD traitsSchizoid tendencies, OCD traits

Impaired face recognitionImpaired face recognition

Irritability, aggression, temper tantrums Irritability, aggression, temper tantrums

Irrational fearsIrrational fears

Lack of eye contact, avoids conversationLacks eye contact, hesitant to engage others

AnxietyAnxiety

Depressive traits, mood swings; flat affectDepression, mood swings; mask face

Social deficits, social withdrawal, shynessSocial deficits, shyness, social withdrawal

AutismMercury Poisoning


IMPAIRMENTS IN SPEECH AND LANGUAGE

Poor performance on verbal IQ testsPoor performance on language IQ tests

Mild to profound hearing lossHearing loss; deafness in very high doses

Echolalia; word use & pragmatic errorsVerbalizing & word retrieval problems

Speech comprehension deficitsSpeech comprehension deficits

Dysarthria; articulation problems Dysarthria; articulation problems

Delayed language, failure to develop speechLoss of speech, failure to develop speech



SENSORY AND MOTOR ABNORMALITIES

Unusual postures; toe walkingUnusual postures; toe walking

Difficulty chewing or swallowingDifficulty in chewing or swallowing

Abnormal gait and posture, clumsiness and incoordination; difficulties sitting, lying, crawling, and walking

Gait impairment; ataxia – from incoordination & clumsiness to inability to walk, stand, or sit; loss of motor control

Poor eye-hand coordination; limb apraxia; problems with intentional movements

Deficits in eye-hand coordination; limb apraxia; intention tremors

Stereotyped movements - arm flapping, jumping, circling, spinning, rocking

Involuntary jerking movements – arm flapping, ankle jerks, circling, rocking

Problems with joint attentionImpaired visual fixation

Abnormal touch sensations; touch aversionAbnormal touch sensations; touch aversion

Sound sensitivitySound sensitivity

Abnormal sensation in mouth & extremitiesAbnormal sensation in mouth & extremities



砷As

鉍Bi

鉛Pb汞Hg

鎳Ni

錫Sn

鎘Cd鎢Tw

銀Ag

銻Sb鋁Al

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

鋁Al 銻Sb 砷As 鉍Bi 鉛Pb 汞Hg 鎳Ni 錫Sn 鈦Ti 鎘Cd 鎢Tw 銀Ag

鋁Al銻Sb砷As鉍Bi鉛Pb汞Hg鎳Ni錫Sn鈦Ti鎘Cd鎢Tw銀Ag


鋁Al

銻Sb

砷As

鉍Bi

鉛Pb汞Hg

鎳Ni

錫Sn

鈦Ti

鎘Cd

鎢Tw 銀Ag

鋁Al 銻Sb

砷As 鉍Bi

鉛Pb 汞Hg

鎳Ni 錫Sn

鈦Ti 鎘Cd

鎢Tw 銀Ag


• 89 in 125 = 69.6% autistic children have both Lead and also Mercury


CHILD WITH ACRODYNIA CHILD WITH AUTISM(Mercury poisoning) (Will Redwood)


INJECTING POISON?

39

1991: LILLY WARNING ON THIMEROSAL TOXICITY

40

1991: LILLY WARNING ON THIMEROSAL TOXICITY

41

1991 MSDS:“Use of chelating agents may be needed to

treat ingestion of mercury”

1999 MSDS:

“Nervous System and Reproduction Effects; Effects of exposure include fetal changes; Mercury poisoningmay occur; Exposure in children may cause mild to

severe mental retardation; Hypersensitivity to mercury is a medical condition aggravated by exposure;

Hazardous substance, toxic waste disposal."



What is CHELATION?

• From Greek chele, or claw.• Developed for lead poisoning by Army.• Sulfur-based agents bind with heavy metals.• Use ONLY under doctor’s supervision.

• Two main agents currently in use:

DMSA: Di-Mercapto-Succinic Acid IV, or more typically in children, orally

DMPS: Di-Mercapto-Propane-Sulfonate Transdermal patch (untested, controversial, more potent?)


TOTAL Hg BURDEN AND AUTISM RATES IN CALIFORNIA 1985-98


BRADSTREET ET. AL. – Autistic kids excrete 6 times more Hg


Mercury is high, cadmium & lead levels similar (autistic vs. controls)


砷As

鉍Bi

鉛Pb汞Hg

鎳Ni

錫Sn

鎘Cd鎢Tw

銀Ag

銻Sb鋁Al

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

鋁Al 銻Sb 砷As 鉍Bi 鉛Pb 汞Hg 鎳Ni 錫Sn 鈦Ti 鎘Cd 鎢Tw 銀Ag

鋁Al銻Sb砷As鉍Bi鉛Pb汞Hg鎳Ni錫Sn鈦Ti鎘Cd鎢Tw銀Ag


鋁Al

銻Sb

砷As

鉍Bi

鉛Pb汞Hg

鎳Ni

錫Sn

鈦Ti

鎘Cd

鎢Tw 銀Ag

鋁Al 銻Sb

砷As 鉍Bi

鉛Pb 汞Hg

鎳Ni 錫Sn

鈦Ti 鎘Cd

鎢Tw 銀Ag


• 89 in 125 = 69.6% autistic children have both Lead and also Mercury

50

Mady Hornig – Columbia UniversityHornig used one mouse strain with genetic Hg sensitivity and autoimmunity and two strains without them, then replicated the immunization schedule using thimerosal-containing vaccines.

• Sensitive mice showed significant delay in weight gain.

• Sensitive mice had enlarged brains, noted in autistic children, vs. controls.

• “Behavioral impoverishment” was highly significant the sensitive strain.

• 40 percent of sensitive mice were “self-mutilatory” at six months, ie, frantically grooming or biting tails.

• One mouse groomed through partner’s skull.


THIMEROSAL EXPOSURE & AUTISM RATES IN SWEDEN: 1980-1996


THIMEROSAL EXPOSURE & AUTISM RATES IN DENMARK 1981-2000


OFFICIAL STATEMENT: World Health Organization (WHO)

before 2001

“The latest studies do not support concerns over safety of thiomersal in vaccines. There is no reason to change current immunization practices, since the benefit outweighs any unproven risks.”


OFFICIAL STATEMENT: Committee on Safety of Medicines

(CSM) –United Kingdom

“There is no reliable evidence of neurological adverse effects caused by thiomersal in vaccines. The balance of benefits and risks of thiomersal-containing vaccines therefore remains overwhelmingly positive.”


TVS.D

5 GENERATIONS

56

Generation “Zero”Nov-Dec 1999

Recently rediscovered. First run of the numbers. Very high relative risks for outcomes.

Autism RR = 7.6

UNPUBLISHED STUDY OBTAINED THROUGH FOIA


Generation 1 Verstraeten 2/2000

Verstraeten reruns numbers, risks are lower.

Still, significant outcomes “just won’t go away.”

Autism RR = 2.48

UNPUBLISHED STUDY OBTAINED THROUGH FOIA


Generation 2: Simpsonwood - ACIP 6/2000

CDC, FDA, AAP, PHARMA, etc. meet in secret on Hg and NDDs.

Verstraeten presents at public CDC meeting, says RR’s for outcomes increase with rising exposure.

Autism RR = 1.69.

SIMPSONWOOD MINUTES OBTAINED THROUGH FOIA – ACIP MINUTES NEVER POSTED ONLINE


Generation 3: IOM 7/2001

Verstraeten presents at IOM on same day he begins work at Glaxo. By this time, more children have been added to study population, and RR’s have been reduced even further. HMO C shows no “consistent” evidence of harm.

Autism RR = 1.52.


Generation 4: Pediatrics 11/2003

Final version of study published 4 years after it began.

Relative risks for all outcomes reduced to null or near null.

Autism RR: NO LONGER STUDIED.



“IT JUST WON’T GO AWAY”


VSD: Generation Zero


VSD Generation 4: Autism(Pediatrics Article, 11/2003)

Vol. 112 No. 5 November 2003,

pp. 1039-1048

http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/






Generation 4: All Outcomes• HMO A: Cumulative exposure at 3 months resulted in a

significant positive association with tics (RR:1.89)

• HMO B, increased risks of language delay were found for cumulative exposure at 3 months (RR: 1.13) and 7 months (RR: 1.07)

• HMO C, no significant associations were found.

• CONCLUSION: No consistent significant associations were found between for neuro-developmental outcomes. Conflicting results were found at different HMOs for certain outcomes.

Evidence of Harm

Autism Risks Across 5 Generations

GEN 0 GEN 1 GEN 2 GEN 3 GEN 4 7.62

2.48

1.691.52

0.00


COMPLIANCE RATES AND OUTCOME RATES AT THREE HMO’S

HMO B HMO A HMO C(NCK) (GHC) (HP)

Population size 114,965 15,929 17,547

Compliance rate 15% 60% 65%(at three months of age)

NDD rate 1.3% 3.9% n/a

Speech delay rate 2.6% 3.9% 4.5%



David Kirby – Evidence of Harm

UPDATE ON RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE MERCURY-AUTISM DEBATE

Autism One

May 2007 - CHICAGO


“NEW” CDC findings – ONE IN 150 -- Feb 8, 20078 year olds in 2000 and 2002 (born 1992 & 1994)

Average ASD was 6.7 per 1,000 for 8-year-olds in 2000 (1992 birth cohort) and 6.6 per 1,000 8-year-olds in 2002.

About 1 in 150 children. Most sites found 5.2 to 7.6 per 1,000. (A 46% difference).

Prevalence was much lower (3.3 per 1,000) in Alabama and higher (10.6 per 1,000) in New Jersey in 2002.

Prevalence increased 10% from 1992 cohort to 1994 cohort in the six sites with data for both years (HiB, HepB, Rho-D added 1988-1992).


SF: ASD kids more likely born in polluted areas

• 284 ASD children & 657 controls, born in 1994 in Bay Area.

• Assigned exposure level by birth tract for 19 chemicals.

• Risks for autism were elevated by 50% in tracts with the highest chlorinated solvents and heavy metals.

• Highest risk compounds were mercury, cadmium, nickel, trichloroethylene, and vinyl chloride.

• Risk from heavy metals was almost twice as high as solvents.

• “Our results suggest a potential association between autism and estimated metal concentrations, and possibly solvents, in ambient air around the birth residence.”

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES – Vol. 114 No. 9, September, 2006


• Urine samples from 100s of French children yielded “evidence for a link between autism and heavy metals.”

• Samples from ASD children had high levels of porphyrins – used to produce of haem, the oxygen-carrying component in haemoglobin.

• Heavy metals block haem, causing porphyrins to accumulate in urine.

• Coproporphyrin was 2.6 times higher in autism cases than controls.

• One author said it was “Highly likely heavy metals are responsible for childhood autism in a majority of cases.”

TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY - 15.3 (March, 2006)



Mercury remained in some vaccines until 2003

“The latest vaccines that contained any thimerosal as a preservative, with the exception of some flu vaccines, were completed in 2001 and outdated in 2003.” Dr. Harvey Fineberg, IOM President

“Meet the Press,” August 7, 2005


Coal use goes way up in China 1996-2010:

1996: 1,500 million short tons

2010:

2,666 million short tons

Source: DOE/EIA, 1998, reference case


THE SHANGHAI PLUME(Moves up and down Pacific Coast)

Lower urban mercury plume. 10-day traverse from South China Sea, ending May 5, 2002. Trajectory calculations by N.O.A.A.




Early Intervention Producing More Diagnoses Among 3-5 Year Olds?

Average Age of

Diagnosis 1990: 5.3 years

Average Age 2000: 4.4 years

Average Age 2006: 3.1 years


California – Autism casesWhite vs. Asian/Hispanic (1st Quarter)

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

White 9,296 10,715 11,812 12,725 13,811

Asian/Hispanic 7,301 8,781 10,135 11,560 13,335

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007


Vaccination NewsComprehensive Daily News On Vaccines

http://www.vaccinationnews.com/default.htm

Redflagsdaily.comHealth News, Column, Features, and Investigation

http://www.redflagsweekly.com/

Toxic Exposure Study Trust (TEST) Foundation "Absence of proof is not proof of absence."

http://www.testfoundation.org/

MMR and Vaccine InformationThe latest press on the MMR vaccine and autism http://www.jabs.org.uk/pages/mmr/main.asp

http://www.vaccinationnews.com/default.htm

http://www.testfoundation.org/


Autism : Is there a vaccine connection? (1999)F. E. YAZBAK, M.D. & K.YAZBAK,B.A., M.A.

Part I. Vaccination after delivery. http://www.garynull.com/Documents/autism99b.htm

Part II. Vaccination around Pregnancy. http://www.garynull.com/Documents/autism99b2.htm

Part III. Vaccination Around Pregnancy, The Sequel

http://www.garynull.com/Documents/autism99b3.htm

Autism, MMR and 60 Minutes (11/12/2000)Another Pediatrician’s Perspective

F. Edward Yazbak, MD, FAAP http://lib.tcu.edu/www/staff/lruede/60minutescritique

http://www.garynull.com/Documents/autism99b.htm



http://lib.tcu.edu/www/staff/lruede/60minutescritique


“All truth goes through three stages.

First it is ridiculed.Then it is violently opposed.Finally, it is accepted as self-

evident.”

-Arthur Schopenhauer (德國哲學家叔本華 )

Health & Medicine

疫苗與環境對兒童健康之影響