Training on increasing the capacity of research technicians in Breeding

A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org

Elizabeth Parkes, Peter Kulakow ,Olufemi Aina, Busie Maziya-Dixon, Ismail Rabbi, Paul Ilona, Peter Iluebbey, Alamu Oladeji, Afolabi Agbona, Chiedozie Egesi, Hernan Ceballos, Alfred Dixon, all members of the IITA Cassava Breeding Unit and all our Partners

TRAINING ON INCREASING THE CAPACITY OF RESEARCH TECHNICIANS IN BREEDING July 27 to August 14th 2015, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria


Outline and objectives

• Segment objectives• 1.To have a better understanding of cassava as a crop• 2.To identify key traits for characterisation• 3. Phenotyping skills developed for key traits• 4. To identify and follow good principles for hybridization

work ( from parents, crosses, data collection, seed collection to storage, delivery and planting)

• 5. To demonstrate unique processes with different trials • 6. Biotech tools and delivery• Team work and collaboration



Production Constraints

Biotic stresses:Diseases:CMD: 30-90%CAD: 10-30%; loss of plant materialCBB: 100%Root Rot: Lactiporus spp, Volta region: 50-100%Pests:CGM; CM; White FlyOthersBreeding takes 8-10years, PPD

Abiotic stresses:Drought ( in the north)Low fertilityAcid soils (Southwestern)


Westwards and Southwards Expansion of the Severe Cassava Mosaic Disease Pandemic (Africa)

• EACMV• ACMV• EACMV-Ug

Cassava Belt

Known CMD pandemic

Threatened areas

CMD ‘crisis’ zones

Cassava Belt

Known CMD pandemic

Threatened areas

CMD ‘crisis’ zones

Addressing the emerging threats of disease

• Keep ahead of a problem• Prevention is better than cure


Cassava Crop and Research

• Cassava: Manihot esculenta Crantz• Family: Euphorbiaceae has commercial plants, rubber,

Castor oil, ornamentals Euphorbia spp.• Genus Manihot 98 species with useful genes for

improvement Cassava is the only species that is widely cultivated for food

• Manihot has 2n=36 diploid and out crossed, by bees and wasp

• Cassava is perennial woody shrub, produce starchy tuberous roots


Cassava Crop and Research cont.

• Leaf lobes are 3 to 9 usually odd number, in Africa we have elliptical and lanceolate. Leaf area approaches maximum size 4 to 5months

• Roots have feeder and storage. Planted cuttings develop adventitious root at the base 2 to 3 weeks, change to fibrous roots (for water and minerals (200cm) some (3 to 10) starts bulking to become storage roots after about 8weeks after planting

• Seeds develop tap root like dicots 30 to 60days some tuberisation starts with cambium cells activity


Cassava Crop and Research cont.

• It is monoecious and flowering can start 6weeks after planting male flowers occur at the top and female to the base, female open 10 to 14days before the male on the same branch, selfing can occur

• Female stigma remain receptive 6hours after flower opening between 11:00 to 12:00. Pollens lose viability after 2 days (Kawamo 1978)

• After fertilization mature fruit form after 75 to 90days• Other facts about cassava research cycle 1year, long

season, faces all the seasons wet and dry hence how do we handle cassava for quality research?

• BIG QUESTION, What do we do?


HOW SHOULD WE HANDLE CASSAVA?

• How do we work effectively to get excellent results with cassava?• Some ideas?• Long season crop, huge plant, stems dry up, time runs fast• Appreciation of our cassava crop and friend will help• There is the need to study and understand the crop cycle• We will do this in stages so we will add to our tonnes of experience• Segment objectives repeated• 1.a better understanding of cassava• 2.To identify key traits for characterisation• 3. Phenotyping skills developed for pest and diseases• 4. Principles for good hybridization work• 5. identification of gaps in data collection and real time data

management


Cassava Breeding Objectives

To develop cassava:• Nutritious cassava with target carotenoids concentration

of 15 μg/g fresh wt. of β-carotene (colour chart, iCheck, Spec NIRs and HPLC) and now Fe and Zinc

• with high, dry matter that satisfy food preferences – garri, fufu, flour, boiled roots

• With high stable fresh and dry root yields ( G by E testing)

• With disease and pest resistance ( Severity and incidence scoring phenotyping expose clones to hot spots or use spreaders)


Cassava Breeding Objectives cont.

• Plant types preferred by farmers and for mechanization ( Scoring done for selection)

• Nutrient use efficiency ( fertilizer work),• Ease of peeling and prolonged self life ( PPD

scoring)• Low cyanogenic potential• New traits to make cassava useful for food• feed, fuel both as a staple and industrial crop


• cassava breeding methods• Mass selection, recurrent selection,• Mating design• Diallel, Line x tester, backcrossing, elite x elite• trial design RCBD, Augmented• data management

selection Index Dry yield 60% CMD 25% Harvest Index 15%.

P= G x E Phenotype is the result of genotype by environment

Important facts about cassava breeding


FIELD EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED• Crossing blocks• Seedling Nursery• Clonal Evaluation Trial• Preliminary Yield Trial• Advanced Yield Trial• Uniform Yield Trial• Multi-location Trial• National Coordinated Research Project (NCRP)• International Collaborative Trials (ICT)• Regional Nursery Trials (RNT with partners)• Genetic Stock• Genetic Gain population• Mapping populations, Double haploid trials, Sink/source, agronomic,• Nutrient use efficiency, drought trials, weed management trials,• Flowering ability trials, inter-specific hybrids, rapid seed

multiplication

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

2013-14Harvest Plus

Cassava Breeding

Cycle:The Pipeline of New Varieties

Seedling nursery (SN)70,000

Multi-location Uniform yield trial (UYT)

210

Clonal evaluation (CE)3,139

Preliminary yield trial (PYT)1,926

Advanced yield trial (AYT)407

New Seeds – 162,500 S1, FS1,160,000 HS

National Variety Testing and farmer trials

14

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Year 4

Years 5 & 6

Multiplication and Release31st, 32nd wave

Partners

Years 7 & 8

Rapid M

ultiplication

Regional Trials 16


IITA Hybridization in Ubiaja and Ibadan


Seedling Nurseries

Ibadan, Nigeria Approximately 90% germination


Top Seedlings in Ibadan Seedling Nursery

Entry Seedling ID Female Male Pedigree TC iCheck™ Dry Matterµg/g fresh wt. %

1 1320128 I011371 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 25.8 25.82 1320412 IBA120038 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 23.9 33.43 1320412 IBA120038 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 23.2 33.64 1320478 I083849 I071026 I011277/I011412(4X) 22.0 5 1320130 I070593 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 21.5 30.76 1320130 I070593 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 20.0 33.87 1320128 I011371 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 18.9 32.78 1320128 I011371 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 18.5 28.59 1320412 IBA120038 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 18.1 29.9

10 1320498 IBA120004 IBA120017 I061635/I070593 18.0 11 1320140 I070593 IKN120039 I070593/I070539 17.9 36.112 1320128 I011371 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 17.6 32.613 1320126 I011368 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 17.5 2414 1320176 I070593 IBA120037 I061635/I061744 17.5 35.315 1320412 IBA120038 IBA120004 I070481/GM3569-12 17.2 24.9


High throughput evaluations in the fieldiCheckTM Carotene Estimates proVitamin A

• Validated in comparison to spectrophotometer and also HPLc

• Rapid processing produces results in one day

• Field durable


Mean CMD

SeverityFresh yield

Dry matter

Total carotenes

Beta-carotenes

Genotype t/ha % ug/g fr. wt ug/g fr. Wt.

NR07/0220 2.2 23.1 32.7 9.3 8.7

IITA-TMS-IBA070593 1.4 21.5 34.6 9.5 7.7

IITA-TMS-IBA070539 1.7 20.3 31.9 9.6 7.9

Results from 2011/12 and 2012/13 NCRP


TMS-IBA070593 shows stable high TC across ten environments


NCRP TOWARDS RELEASE

S/No. Genotype1 NR1S1/1312 NR1S1/2053 NR1S1/0594 NR1S1/2005 NR1S1/0966 NR07/2407 IITA-TMS-IBA0705578 IITA-TMS-IBA0837399 IITA-TMS-IBA07070810 IITA-TMS-IBA08372411 IITA-TMS-IBA09009112 TMS 01/1368 (Check)13 TMS 30572 (Check)14 Local Best (Check)

10 Locations – NRCRI (Umudike, Otobi, Nsukka, Uyo, Iresi)IITA (Mokwa, Zaria, Ikenne, Ubiaja, Kubwa)


Molecular breedingMolecular breeding

dissecting drought and CMD tolerance


Using Markers for Biofortification Breeding


Characteristics of Markers used to test the putative presence of CMD2 gene



Marker for CMD screening


THE FUTURE, HEALTH, NUTRITION AND FOOD SECURITY IS OUR FOCUS


SAMPLE PROJECT FOR OUR STUDY

• Segment objectives• 1.To have a better understanding of cassava in relation

to a project example the HarvestPlus project• 2.To be able to identify and list major task categories• 3. To identify major phenotyping skills needed for each

task or category level• 4.To mention strategies to effectively handle task by

categories• 5. To identify communication channels for team work and

quality performance


Dissecting a Project to understand task

Ia.Screening and parent building.(1a. 1 to 5)New germplasm introductions from CIAT and African, Evaluate and determine breeding value TC initiation, distribution of seeds early flowering materials

1b. Crosses and early product development (1b.1 to 5) Establish crossing blocks , Establish 2015-2016 seedling nurseries Establish at least three 2015 - 2016 Clonal Evaluation, Selected new set of elite ,cassava base

1c. Intermediate product development (1c.1 to 4)Evaluate 2014-2015 YR to 2015/16 CET or pyt, 2014-2015 CET to PYT or AYT. 2014-2015 PYT to ATY or UYTs, Rapid multiplication

1d. Final product development (1d.1a to c, 1d.2 and 3) single location AYT to multi-location AYTs and UYT, multi-location AYTs to multi-location UYTs ( mealiness and poudables), 2014-2015 multi-locational 14UYT, to NCRPs and regional trials, UYT stay green

1d. Final product development


1e. Enabling technologies (1e. 1 to 3)use of genotyping by sequencing, optimize protocol for NIRS and iCheck™,iron and zinc analysis 2a. Conduct GxE trials in target countries (2a 1and 2) (NCRP) coordinated by NRCRI and on-farm testing, ICT and Regional Nursery Trials RNT Ghana , Benin etc

2b. Analysis of farming practices to improve nutrient content (2b. 1 and2)multi-site agronomic demonstration trials, evaluation of effect of fertilizer type and rate

4. Facilitate dissemination, promotion, and consumer acceptance of crops in target countries (4a. 1 to 4)In-country coordination and capacity building, organise 2015 farmer field days, farmer preferences and perception gender study, technical backstopping to NARS in SSA, Plant breeders meeting for 2015 4b. Seed production (4b. 1 and 2)Additional 3 ha of breeder’s seed produced, Backstop DRC Vitamin A cassava dissemination

Harvest Plus Project task categories cont.


Small (household)

Medium scale


WOMEN EMPOWERMENT


Gender-responsive: both men and women benefit from RTB technologies and neither are harmed.Gender-transformative: both men and women are helped while gender roles are transformed and more gender-equitable relationships between men and women are promoted


TAKE HOME MESSAGE

• Cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz 2N=36 18pairs • Major staple provides energy as Cabohydrates• Leaves (protein, Fe, zinc and other micro nutrients • Vegetatively or clonally propagated• Breeding by hybridization, it is outcrossesd by bees• Molecular tools are being used to fast track breeding• Maturity takes one year• Key traits biotic and abiotic stress, dry matter, ppd or

shelf life, mealiness, ease of peeling, Vitamin A, many more


SYNDICATE GROUP WORK

Group one GARI

List 5 breeding objectives for a biofortification cassava projectIdentify strategies for achieving your target of 15ug/g TC and 45% dry matterMentions 5 possible dangers that could mitigate or fight your successSuggest some solutionsPrepare for Seedling Nursery harvesting at your station( 10 key preparations or protocol)

Group two TAPIOCA

Mention key traits to measure in cassava breeding and whyMention 5 precautions you will take in doing this and 5 sources of errorsDescribe the methods available for measuring the dry matter contentPrepare protocol for harvesting your UYT in two locations that are 5hrs apart in this trial you need to bring samples to the lab. for TC analysis and DM determination oven method


Group three YUCA

List 3 diseases and 3 pests in cassavaWhat strategies will you use to get your team members to collect good dataPrepare a protocol or preparation towards planting a PYT for 300 clonesand AYT for 15 clones in Ubiaja one location

Group Four FUFU

Compare cassava to maize or rice and list the morphological and genetic differences (<10 differences)What are 5 considerations that you will make before you site a cassava trialMention four ways used in fighting micro nutrient deficiency example vitaminAPrepare a protocol for participatory evaluation of a Multi- location trial at a town three hours away from your station( write out your preparation step by step)

Tips for each activity identify the objectives for the trial

A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.orgww.iita.orgA member of the CGIAR consortium

Thank you

Government & Nonprofit

Training on increasing the capacity of research technicians in Breeding