The Small Reservoirs Toolkit

SMALL RESERVOIRS TOOLKIT

A SenzanjeBioresources Engineering

University of KwaZulu-NatalPietermaritzburg, 3201

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

“If the only tool you have is a hammer, then you see all your problems as nails...” Abraham Maslow

“A solution in search of a problem…”

CAUTION – TOOLS & TOOLKITS!

Background to the SR Toolkit SR Toolkit main applications

Intervention Planning Application (1 case) + Linkage with Phase II

Water Quantification & Hydrology Health & Ecosystems

Exercise (1 case to try out) Management issues

Feedback/Discussion

Outline of Presentation

DEVELOPMENT From CPWF Phase I Project PN46 – Small Reservoirs

Project PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS

IWMI ZEF IRD WRI UZ (UKZN) TU-Delft SEI Embrapa DGIRH UFV

FUNDING CPWF GTZ

PUT TOGETHER M Andreini, T Schuetz & L Harrington

SR TOOLKIT INTRODUCTION …1

SMALL RESERVOIRS & RURAL LIVELIHOODS SR central to water provision for rural

communities Key feature of rural water supply infrastructure

TYPICAL USEAGE Truly MUS Domestic, livestock watering, small-scale

irrigation, gardening, small-scale fishing, brick making, wildlife, silt traps for larger dams, etc


SMALL RESERVOIRS ISSUES Planning & development (maybe) not so

properly done (cf large dams) Different players involved, different

developmental trajectories Not considered as systems – thought of in

local context Impact on hydrology not properly researched

or documented – based on numbers & density


SMALL RESERVOIRS QUESTIONS Ownership issues? Roles and responsibilities for O&M and R&M? Some falling into disrepair & functioning sub-

optimally? Possible conflicts over water use? Worthiness not quantified? MUS water productivity unknown? Ecosystems goods and services?

MORE QUESTIONS Socio-institutional – technical – economic –

environmental - etc


MAIN RESEARCH IDEA BEHIND TOOLKIT – Twin objectives Basin level objective

Promote & support SR planning, development and development satisfy water related ecosystems services

Local level objective Support use of SR that are properly located, well

designed, well maintained and operated rural livelihoods improvement


SOURCE MATERIALS FOR SR TOOLKIT Research from the 3 basins Literature material

Journal articles PG theses/dissertations Grey literature etc

Other research activities – directly & indirectly linked to SRP46


SR TOOLKIT MAIN PURPOSE Make information more ACCESSIBLE in a

USEABLE manner to practitioner SR Toolkit to complement “other” tools

TARGET USERS All involved in and with SRs

NGOs Government agencies Researchers – NARES, universities, etc Donor agencies Multilateral agencies

SR TOOLKIT …1

WHAT IS the SR TOOLKIT? Frameworks, tools, flowcharts, processes and

procedures, literature sources, suggestions/recommendations, …

How to…

SR TOOLKIT …2

SR TOOLKIT FORMAT – STANDARD THROUGHOUT [A] TITLE of TOOL

(Authors)

[B] TARGET USERS of TOOL

[C] SCOPE (Questions or challenges answered by the tool)

[D] DESCRIPTION & APPLICATION of TOOL

[E] LESSONS LEARNT & RECOMMENDATIONS

[G] LIMITATIONS of the TOOL

SR TOOLKIT …3

SR TOOLKIT – 33+ TOOLS I – INTERVENTION PLANNING [4]

I01 – I04 II – STORAGE & HYDROLOGY [5] +[8]

IIa01 – IIa05 IIb01 – IIb08

III – ECOSYSTEMS & HEALTH [9] + (2) III01 – III09

IV – INSTITUTIONS & ECONOMICS [7] IVa01 – IVa04 IVb01 – IVb03

SR TOOLKIT …4

SR TOOLKIT USEAGE …2012

SR TOOLKIT USEAGE …2014

Approx. 13000 visits/months

Website www.smallreservoirs.org

Requirements Stable internet connection

What is there? Project proposal Institutions involved Publications Photos Toolkit

Documentation describing each tool and how to apply it (pdf)

People to contact for follow-up References for that toolkit

Participants areas

SR Toolkit Access

SR TOOL I01 – INTERVENTION PLANNING Use of PIPA in research or intervention

planning bring about DESIRED OUTPUT

SR Toolkit Applications - PLANNING

[A] TITLE Participatory Impact Pathways Analysis

[B] SCOPE Tool to describe processes (what, how, etc, …, linkages) to

follow to enhance the uptake of research findings by target group desired OUTPUTS, OUTCOMES & IMPACTS see example!

[C] TARGET GROUP of the TOOL Project & program managers and coordinators Planners Implementers Researchers Stakeholders and beneficiaries

SR TOOL I01 – PIPA …1

[D] TOOL DESCRIPTION & APPLICATION Description of project impact pathways (IPs) from PROBLEM TREE &

NETWORK MAPS perspective Problem tree cause – effect Day 1 Network maps network perspectives (now & in the future) Day 2 Develop Outcome Logic Models (OLMs) and M&E Day3

[E] LESSONS LEARNT Application of tool for M&E of the SR project meant project became

more impact oriented PIPA components (problem tree, outputs, vision, network maps)

helped in planning & reviewing progress s towards research objectives

[F] LIMITATION of the TOOL Impact pathway methodology still being learnt and yet to be fully

understood and applied

SR TOOL I01 – PIPA …2

RESEARCH PROBLEM Seek for causes of failure and rehabilitation

requirements for small scale water infrastructure (SWI). Identifying, adapting, implementing, demonstrating,

promoting and provide training of various RWH structures on the production areas shall be assessed.

Identify the extent of institutional, policy and governance matters towards the causes of dysfunctionality of SWIs and lack of adoption of RWH technologies in the rural communities of the four Limpopo basin countries.

SR TOOL I01 APPLIED to L2 - LBDC

KEY 1ST OUTPUT OF L2 RESEARCH Definition and categorisation of small scale water

infrastructure See hand-out

WHY? To make sure that we are all talking the same language!

DOWNSTREAM USE (IMPACTS)? Interest of definition from many quarters, e.g., LIMCOM, etc

SR TOOL I01 APPLIED to L2 - LBDC

L2 Opportunities, outputs, actors and locationOpportunity Role of

researchOutput Next users End users Politically

important actors

Location

Optimization/revitalisation of existingdysfunctionalInfrastructure(WP1)

Analysis of reasons for failure and assessment of alternative options

Inventory of dysfunctional infrastructure and reasons for dysfuntionality

Government, NGO, Development agencies, private organizations

Farmers, rural communities,

Provincial & local government, traditional leaders,

SA Limpopo, ZIM Mat south

Small scaleinfrastructuredevelopment formultiple uses(WP3)

Identification of suitable technologies and range of options for crops, livestock and domestic use

Appropriate technology guidelines and production options. Piloted technologies

Extension workers, Government (SRM, IAE), NGO,

Farmers, rural communities

Provincial & local government, traditional leaders, Donors

SA, ZIM, BOT, MOZ

Opportunities, outputs, actors and locationOpportunity Role of

researchOutput Next users End users Politically

important actors

Location

Small reservoirs andinsitu water harvesting(WP4)

Develop appropriate and usable systems and options

Appropriate technology and use guidelines

Government, NGO, Donors, Private sector, Universities

Farmers, rural communities

Provincial & local government, traditional leaders

SA, ZIM, BOT, MOZ

Better use of greywater and harvestedwater for multiple use(WP4)

Develop appropriate technology for gray water use, quality management and ecosystem integrity

Guidelines for grey water use

Government, Municipalities, NGO, Donors, Private sector, Universities

Peri-urban and urban farmers, aquaculturalist, municipalities,

Municipality BOT, SA, ZIM, MOZ

Irrigation scheme(ALL)

Change in Knowledge, Attitude and/or Skills Change in Practice / Behaviour Impacts

Project outputs

Empowerment and ability to use technical briefs, knowledge

pamphlets, demonstrations and other other awareness raising activities for

rehabilitation, design and implementation

Sustainably implement, rehabilitate and manage improved small-scale SWIs and appropiate

RWH technologies

Improved rainwater productivity

L2 OUTCOME LOGIC MODEL

OUTCOMES

Do alternative design of SWIs that will foster MUS and appropriate

RWH technologies and new investments in the Limpopo basin

Farmers and rural communities

Provincial and Municipal governments, Traditional leaders and NGOs

More understanding of and skills to use various design and operations

options of SWIs Positive mindset on the value of

multiplier effects of MUS

Empowered / capacitated

researchers, students, farners

Pamphlets for investment options. More knowledge of various design

options of SWI for MUS

Policy makers and investors

Policies incorporated into development plans &

implementation support

Clear inventory in GIS database of

dysfunctional SWI, distribution and

reasons for dysfunctionality/failure

and rehabilitation guidelines

Design manuals for SWI and improved

rainwater management technologies

Economically sustainable MUS SWI

design and management

Improved yields and income for household

food security / l ivelihoods

See Technical Brief Hand-out: “LBDC (L2) Research Project’s Impact on Changes

in Stakeholders’ KAP”.

L2 RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS

SR TOOL I02 – STAKEHOLDER & CONFLICT ANALYSIS Tool helps to analyse stakeholders’ aims, goals

& interests in a developmental project

SR Toolkit Applications – PLANNING

SR TOOL I03 – CREATING COMMON GROUND FOR DIALOGUE Drawing tool to foster better communications

and bring about improved mutual understanding of issues by stakeholders


SR TOOL I04 – OUTCOMES MAPPING – MONITORING CHANGE & OUTCOME Tool to help planners monitor the

implementation, adoption and changes in stakeholders’ attitudes, and behaviour, i.e., tracking behavioural changes in development programmes…


SR TOOL IIa01 – RESERVOIR INVENTORY MAPPING Tool on use of satellite imagery to inventorise

SR in a basin or catchment – number, size and distribution.

SR Toolkit Applications – STORAGE & HYDROLOGY

SR TOOL IIa02 – ATLAS OF LAKES AND RESERVOIRS IN BURKINA FASO Tool for getting an inventory of reservoirs in an

area using secondary data (by generating metadata from official sources/reports).


SR TOOL IIa03 – SMALL RESERVOIR CAPACITY ESTIMATION Tool for using remotely sensed surface areas

(A) to estimate SR water volumes (V) through developed V = f(A) relationships.


SR TOOL IIa04 – NEAR-REAL-TIME MONITORING OF SR WITH REMOTE SENSING Tool on use of radar satellite imagery (not

affected by clouds) to monitor SR volumes fortnightly or monthly in a basin or catchment in near-real-time. Important during droughts (or even floods).


SR TOOL IIa05 – ASSESSING HYDROLOGICAL IMPACTS OF SR ENSEMBLES Tool (analytical framework) for use in assessing

the hydrological impacts of SR groups in an area. Impacts include evaporative losses, spillage, irrigation water use, and drainage water.


SR TOOL IIb01 – CALIBRATION OF RUNOFF MODELS WITH REMOTELY SENSED SRs Tool for a method to develop simple

hydrological models for dammed upland watersheds based on monitoring reservoir surface areas with radar remote sensing.


SR TOOL IIb02 – RAINFALL-DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIPS FOR MOONSONAL CLIMATES Tool to develop simple water balance models

to predict river discharges in arid climates of Africa where you get a distinct dry season and drying of soil layers.


SR TOOL IIb03 – ASSESSING DEEP SEEPAGE IN SRs Tool provides a method for assessing deep

seepage (drainage) under SRs.


SR TOOL IIb04 – ESTIMATING EVAPORATION LOSSES FROM SRs Tool for estimating open surface evaporation

losses from SRs (evaporation losses are considered unproductive water loss).


SR TOOL IIb05 – WATER QUANTITY ASSESSMENT OF SILTED-UP SRs Tool to estimate amount of water stored in

silted-up SRs in the Limpopo basin.


SR TOOL IIb06 – RADIONUCLIDE TRACER METHOD TO ESTIMATE EROSION & SEDIMENTATION AT HILLSLOPE AND SRs SCALE Tool for using measurements of 137Cs

concentration in soil samples collected from the watershed to estimate soil erosion losses from fields and that deposited in SRs.


SR TOOL IIb07 – MODELLING SOIL EROSION AT SR SCALE USING WaTEM/SEDEM tool uses soil erosion models to simulate soil

erosion and sedimentation rates at the catchment scale and to produce soil erosion hazard maps.


SR TOOL IIb08 – IDENTIFYING SEDIMENTATION BULGES & SRs SILTATION RATES USING BATHYMETRIC MEASUREMENTS & CORING OF LAKE SEDIMENTS Tool presents approaches/methods using

bathymetric surveys and lake sediment retrievals to monitor changes in reservoir morphology, to measure the thickness of accumulated soil particles, and to calculate siltation rates.


SR TOOL III01 – PARTICIPATORY HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT (PHIA) Tool provides step-wise guidelines intended to

reduce the health risks and increase the health benefits from SRs. Focus is on major water-related diseases associated with SRs in Africa, plus: Added value of community participation in health

assessment Opportunities to mitigate health risks & improve

health through better planning & operation of SRs

SR Toolkit Applications – ECOSYSTEM & HEALTH

SR TOOL III02 – HEALTH QUESTIONAIRRE FOR SCHOOL SURVEYS FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH Tool describes the use of school surveys, an

important tool that supports both participatory and biomedical research

SR Toolkit Applications – ECOSYSTYEM & HEALTH

SR TOOL III03 – EPIDEMIOLGICAL SURVEYS FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH Tool uses standard biomedical methodologies

to determine infection rates for key water-related (or “reservoir-related”) diseases including schistosomiasis and other intestinal parasites, and malaria


SR TOOL III04 – VECTOR STUDIES TOOL Tool describes the use of selected methods to

help stakeholders understand the ecological preferences of vector organisms in relation to small reservoirs.


SR TOOL III05 – WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT TOOL Tool describes selected methods for assessing

the suitability of reservoir water quality. It covers: Biological (parasites, cysts, coliforms, etc) Chemical (EC, chemical)


SR TOOL III06 – BLUE GREEN ALGAE ASSESSMENT TOOL IN SRs Tool aims to contribute to a better

understanding of blue green algae (cyanobacteria, cyanotoxins, photosynthetic prokaryotes) in SRs in less developed countries in tropical basins


SR TOOL III07 – AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION AND ECOLOGICAL THREATS TO SRs Tool demonstrates how to begin the process of

analysing the impact of mans activities on the reservoirs.

SR Toolkit Applications – ECOSYSTEMS & HEALTH

SR TOOL III08 – WATER QUALITY MONITORING IN SRs USING PLANKTON ABUNDANCE & DIVERSITY Tool uses plankton (zooplankton and

phytoplankton) abundance and diversity to measure water quality. Changes in abundance and diversity of these organisms represent direct and profound responses to pollution entering reservoirs.


SR TOOL III09 – PARTICIPATORY DEFINITION OF INDICATORS FOR HEALTH & THE ENVIRONMENT Tool uses mutually agreed indicators to facilitate

communication among key stakeholders to assist in better planning & management of SRs. Indicators from various sources can be tailored to suit local conditions. Example indicators: Water resources Water use Water quality Status of natural resources Agricultural production


[A] TITLE Impacts of reservoirs: Participatory definition of

indicators for health & environment [B] SCOPE

Need to develop mutually agreed indicators for health & the environment using local expertise, experiences, knowledge to facilitate communication among concerned key stakeholders

[C] TARGET GROUP Health professionals, researchers, planners, designers,

builders, managers, and users of SRs Tool requires disciplinary expertise

SR TOOL III09 TRIAL EXERCISE…1

[D] TOOL DESCRIPTION & APPLICATION Understand definition of ‘impact’ = change due to SRs Identify levels of IMPACT based on thematic groups & effects

Water resource, mobilisation, management issue Health disease, risk, hygiene Environment soil, fauna, flora, water properties Agric production system crops, irrigation, livestock, fisheries, etc Socio-economics income, immigration, gender, infrastructure,

labour, etc Select robust indicators of impact based on how well they meet

relevant criteria Feasibility Reliability Reproducibility Frequency Quality Coverage Appropriateness Multi-disciplinarity (See Table 2)


[D] TOOL DESCRIPTION & APPLICATION …(cont.) Develop impact indicators

These should indicate state of the system before &/or after the impacts of any change are realised

Can be qualitative or quantitative – represent reality Finally select key indicators


Theme Impact Key impact indicator

Water Water resources Volume imponded

Water quality Microbial analysis

Water use Water consumed

[D] TOOL DESCRIPTION & APPLICATION …(cont.) Expert indicators

[E] LESSONS LEARNT Indicators derived are site-specific, practical and more

relevant

[F] LIMITATIONS of the TOOL Indicator list is never complete With time circumstances change, so …


EXERCISE Identify key applicable indicators for Case Study

II given to you

NOTE Developed indicators need not be total or complete

but for you to get a feel of going through the full use of the tool.


SR TOOL IVa01 – WEAP MODEL INCLUDING PARAMETER ESTIMATION (PEST) Modelling tool (WEAP) for water planning and

allocation applicable at multiple scales, from community to catchment to basin. WEAP Model: Uses scenarios to evaluate different water allocation

possibilities Can be linked to groundwater model (MODFLOW) Can be linked to water quality model (QUAL2K) Can be linked to socio-economic models for rural

livelihoods assessments based on water allocation

SR Toolkit Applications – INSTITUTIONS & ECONOMICS

SR TOOL IVa02 – FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING MODEL Tool is to convert the outputs of a water planning

model (like WEAP) into variables useful for decision-making by planners and farmers. The tool is designed for the following purposes: to estimate the initial and recurring farm-level costs

of water-related infrastructure, including capital investment and amortization, and operational expenses and to estimate the price and income consequences

for farmers of increased production (higher yields, increased planted area) of particular crops


SR TOOL IVa03 – WATER-LIMITED YIELD MODEL Tool estimating the effect on yields of climate

and weather (deviations from average rainfall patterns such as drought; climate change) and to estimate the effect on yields and water consumption of improved irrigation practices.

It models crop yields under water-limited conditions and irrigation efficiency for different irrigation techniques.


SR TOOL IVa04 – SRs WATER ALLOCATION STRATEGIES BASED ON WATER PRODUCTIVITY Tool uses estimates of water productivity and

social values to inform decisions on the allocation of scarce water resources.

The tool shows how estimates of water productivity can help in the evaluation of the socio-economic contributions of small multiple-use reservoirs


SR TOOL IVb01 – INSTITUTIONS & GOVERNANCE OF SRs WATER RESOURCES Tool describes the methods used to answer a

specific question: “Which indigenous practices, legal frameworks and institutions are most conducive to equitable, win-win, and pro-poor investments within sub-Saharan African transboundary basins”?

It describes case studies on transboundary issues and local water governance institutions from the Volta & Limpopo Basins

SR Toolkit Applications – INSTITUTIONS & GOVERNANCE

SR TOOL IVb02 – INFLUENCE NETWORK MAPPING (NET MAP) Net-Map is an interview-based mapping tool

that helps stakeholders understand, visualize, discuss, monitor, evaluate and improve situations in which many different actors influence outcomes.

Toolkit includes a theoretical framework and two case studies one on organizational learning in multi-stakeholder water governance, and the other one on Research on Fisheries Management in Small Multipurpose Reservoirs


SR TOOL IVb03 – SOCIAL CAPITAL Tool describes a method to assess and analyse

social networks within a community to determine how cooperation in that community influences “who participates, and how” in the development of a collective good such as a small reservoir


RESULT Genuine effort at providing useable tools SR Toolkit being used (?) or being visited

FUTURE Can be improved (by who & when?) Will continue to be a good reference point

CONCLUSIONS

KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTS & INFOGRAPHICS Info briefs Technical briefs Policy briefs Reports & guidelines

TARGET AUDIENCE All levels

PHASE II

Government & Nonprofit

The Small Reservoirs Toolkit