SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN KABUPATEN BEKASI, INDONESIACHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIESRADEN AJENG KOESOEMO ROEKMI

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, DEAKIN UNIVERSITY

I N T E R N AT I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S U S TA I N A B L E WAT E R M A N A G E M E N T, P E R T H , 2 9 N O V – 4 D E C 2 0 1 5

OVERVIEW OF KABUPATEN BEKASI

Total Area: 127,388 ha

Total: 23 districts

Urban Areas: 12 districts

Population 2013: 3,002,112 people

Urban Areas: 2,360,660 people

Population Growth: 4.78

Population density:

Average: 24 person per ha

Highest: 109 person per ha

Industrial Estates: 9 areas

Industrial Companies: 3000 companies

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INDONESIA

79 % population

URBAN PIPED WATER SUPPLYPublic water utilities: PDAM Tirta Bhagasasi◦ Service coverage is less than 20 % of total population

◦ 22 % water loss from production and 30 % from distribution

◦ 18.15 m3 average water consumption per connection per month

◦ Low water quality and continuity

Private water utilities (Housing and Industrial Park Developers & Private companies)◦ Together with PDAM share less than 30 % coverage in urban

areas

◦ Services are varied

◦ Less government monitoring:◦ no government monitoring on water quality

◦ State their own water price, some use PDAM price as benchmark

WATER VENDORSWater carriers◦ Get bulk water from (private) piped water

services

◦ Distribute to water refilled kiosks and residential

◦ No government monitoring on pricing and quality

Water refilled kiosks◦ Get bulk water from water carriers

◦ Supply water for drinking purposes

◦ 33 % samples were contaminated by coliform bacteria

GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL

◦ Groundwater withdrawal in Indonesia:93 % for water supply, 2 % for agriculture & 5 % for industry

◦ For domestic use:◦ Individually

◦ Each houses can pump groundwater for daily consumption

◦ Communally

◦ Recent condition in Kabupaten Bekasi:◦ Increased damaged zone from 1.93 km2 (2010) to 5.73 km2 in 2012

◦ Subsidence rate in 2009 was 10.6 cm per year

◦ Residential groundwater sample contain high concentration of Nitrate, Mangese, Iron and coliform

LEGEND

Non aquifer

Recharge zone

Save zone

Disturbed zone

Critical zone

Damaged zone

2006 2012

Groundwater Zone in Bekasi Karawang Aquifer, Source: ESDM Jabar

Groundwater zone

Contaminated/damaged zone : • TDS > 100,000 mg/l

or electrical conductivity > 5,000 µS/cm

• Decrease groundwater table > 80 %

• Decrease phreatic > 80 %

• Decrease piezometric> 80 %

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60 m2 residential plot site plan

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Common 60 m2 Plot Site Plan Source: caramendesainrumah.com

Bedroom

Bedroom

Living room

Dining room

Kitchen

Water Source

Septic Tank

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Current river quality: 18 rivers are highly polluted

INDUSTRY

◦ Each industrial estates have their owned WWTP

RESIDENTIAL

◦ No city WWTP, but there is a black water plant with capacity of 150 m3 for the whole region

◦ There is a project of domestic WWTP that service 70 houses

Domestic waste dumping near on riverbankSource: Google Map, 2015

Makeshift Latrine, KedungwaringinPhotographer: Ahmad Ahyad

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Urban water supply

◦ Improvement on public water company services:◦Decreasing water loss

◦ Improving water service continuity

◦Maintaining water quality

◦ Expanding coverage

PROPOSAL FOR IMPROVEMENT

• Regulation for private water companies

• Service coverage

• Water pricing

• Maintain water continuity and quality

• Regulation for water vendors

• Monitor water quality

Groundwater withdrawal

◦Monitoring groundwater withdrawal and recharge

◦ Prevent illegal groundwater withdrawal by industries and domestic economic activities (laundry, car wash)

◦ Expanding and improving community based water supply system

PROPOSAL FOR IMPROVEMENT

Regulation for new housing complex development

◦ Provide water supply other than groundwater pumping (piped water supply, install individual or communal rainwater harvesting or provide community based water supply system), especially in dry area

◦ Provide communal waste water treatment plant

PROPOSAL FOR IMPROVEMENT

Communal WWT Project

R. A. Koesoemo RoekmiSchool of Engineering

Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC 3216, Australia

radena@deakin.edu.au

THANK YOU