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SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN KABUPATEN BEKASI, INDONESIA CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES RADEN AJENG KOESOEMO ROEKMI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, DEAKIN UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT, PERTH, 29 NOV – 4 DEC 2015

Suwm in kabupaten bekasi, indonesia, challenges and opportunities

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Page 1: Suwm in kabupaten bekasi, indonesia, challenges and opportunities

SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN KABUPATEN BEKASI, INDONESIACHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIESRADEN AJENG KOESOEMO ROEKMI

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, DEAKIN UNIVERSITY

I N T E R N AT I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S U S TA I N A B L E WAT E R M A N A G E M E N T, P E R T H , 2 9 N O V – 4 D E C 2 0 1 5

Page 2: Suwm in kabupaten bekasi, indonesia, challenges and opportunities

OVERVIEW OF KABUPATEN BEKASI

Total Area: 127,388 ha

Total: 23 districts

Urban Areas: 12 districts

Population 2013: 3,002,112 people

Urban Areas: 2,360,660 people

Population Growth: 4.78

Population density:

Average: 24 person per ha

Highest: 109 person per ha

Industrial Estates: 9 areas

Industrial Companies: 3000 companies

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INDONESIA

79 % population

Page 3: Suwm in kabupaten bekasi, indonesia, challenges and opportunities

URBAN PIPED WATER SUPPLYPublic water utilities: PDAM Tirta Bhagasasi◦ Service coverage is less than 20 % of total population

◦ 22 % water loss from production and 30 % from distribution

◦ 18.15 m3 average water consumption per connection per month

◦ Low water quality and continuity

Private water utilities (Housing and Industrial Park Developers & Private companies)◦ Together with PDAM share less than 30 % coverage in urban

areas

◦ Services are varied

◦ Less government monitoring:◦ no government monitoring on water quality

◦ State their own water price, some use PDAM price as benchmark

Page 4: Suwm in kabupaten bekasi, indonesia, challenges and opportunities

WATER VENDORSWater carriers◦ Get bulk water from (private) piped water

services

◦ Distribute to water refilled kiosks and residential

◦ No government monitoring on pricing and quality

Water refilled kiosks◦ Get bulk water from water carriers

◦ Supply water for drinking purposes

◦ 33 % samples were contaminated by coliform bacteria

Page 5: Suwm in kabupaten bekasi, indonesia, challenges and opportunities

GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL

◦ Groundwater withdrawal in Indonesia:93 % for water supply, 2 % for agriculture & 5 % for industry

◦ For domestic use:◦ Individually

◦ Each houses can pump groundwater for daily consumption

◦ Communally

◦ Recent condition in Kabupaten Bekasi:◦ Increased damaged zone from 1.93 km2 (2010) to 5.73 km2 in 2012

◦ Subsidence rate in 2009 was 10.6 cm per year

◦ Residential groundwater sample contain high concentration of Nitrate, Mangese, Iron and coliform

Page 6: Suwm in kabupaten bekasi, indonesia, challenges and opportunities

LEGEND

Non aquifer

Recharge zone

Save zone

Disturbed zone

Critical zone

Damaged zone

2006 2012

Groundwater Zone in Bekasi Karawang Aquifer, Source: ESDM Jabar

Groundwater zone

Contaminated/damaged zone : • TDS > 100,000 mg/l

or electrical conductivity > 5,000 µS/cm

• Decrease groundwater table > 80 %

• Decrease phreatic > 80 %

• Decrease piezometric> 80 %

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Page 7: Suwm in kabupaten bekasi, indonesia, challenges and opportunities

60 m2 residential plot site plan

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Common 60 m2 Plot Site Plan Source: caramendesainrumah.com

Bedroom

Bedroom

Living room

Dining room

Kitchen

Water Source

Septic Tank

Page 8: Suwm in kabupaten bekasi, indonesia, challenges and opportunities

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Current river quality: 18 rivers are highly polluted

INDUSTRY

◦ Each industrial estates have their owned WWTP

RESIDENTIAL

◦ No city WWTP, but there is a black water plant with capacity of 150 m3 for the whole region

◦ There is a project of domestic WWTP that service 70 houses

Page 9: Suwm in kabupaten bekasi, indonesia, challenges and opportunities

Domestic waste dumping near on riverbankSource: Google Map, 2015

Makeshift Latrine, KedungwaringinPhotographer: Ahmad Ahyad

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Page 10: Suwm in kabupaten bekasi, indonesia, challenges and opportunities

Urban water supply

◦ Improvement on public water company services:◦Decreasing water loss

◦ Improving water service continuity

◦Maintaining water quality

◦ Expanding coverage

PROPOSAL FOR IMPROVEMENT

• Regulation for private water companies

• Service coverage

• Water pricing

• Maintain water continuity and quality

• Regulation for water vendors

• Monitor water quality

Page 11: Suwm in kabupaten bekasi, indonesia, challenges and opportunities

Groundwater withdrawal

◦Monitoring groundwater withdrawal and recharge

◦ Prevent illegal groundwater withdrawal by industries and domestic economic activities (laundry, car wash)

◦ Expanding and improving community based water supply system

PROPOSAL FOR IMPROVEMENT

Page 12: Suwm in kabupaten bekasi, indonesia, challenges and opportunities

Regulation for new housing complex development

◦ Provide water supply other than groundwater pumping (piped water supply, install individual or communal rainwater harvesting or provide community based water supply system), especially in dry area

◦ Provide communal waste water treatment plant

PROPOSAL FOR IMPROVEMENT

Page 13: Suwm in kabupaten bekasi, indonesia, challenges and opportunities

Communal WWT Project

Page 14: Suwm in kabupaten bekasi, indonesia, challenges and opportunities

R. A. Koesoemo RoekmiSchool of Engineering

Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC 3216, Australia

[email protected]

THANK YOU