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Index
Civilizing mission
French colonialism in Indochina
Fundamental dilemmas
The revolutionary path
The August revolution
Civilizing mission
111 B.C. – 10th century: Vietnamese state was conquered by the
Chinese Empire
long and direct acquaintance with Chinese civilization.
10th Century -: Dai Viet expanded southward along the coast of
South China Sea (war with Champa)
By 1700: conquered Champa, seized the vast Mekong delta
lack of the territorial cohesion
Vietnam was divided into two separate warring states.
Civilizing mission
1802: Hue was founded as the royal capital of the Nguyen
dynasty that united Vietnam.
prohibited Christian missionary activities in the country
Early 19th Century: Industrial Revolution the West turned to
Asia for cheap raw materials and consumer markets.
Dutch -> East Indies, British -> Burma & Malaysia, French ->
Vietnam as a toehold on the Southeast Asian mainland.
“Civilizing mission”: introduce advanced Western civilization (democratic institutions, capitalist economics, modern
technology, culture).
French colonialism in
Indochina
Cochinchina: taken in 1859 and run by admirals until 1879, was
later administered under a governor as a direct colony of
France.
Tonkin: seized in 1882, was ruled after 1897 as a direct protectorate with the French resident superior taking the role of
the former Annamese viceroy.
Annam: was ruled after 1884 as an indirect protectorate with the
Emperor and the Court of Hué in place, and the French resident
superior having the real power.
French colonialism in
Indochina
Profit and production: proto-capitalist system, based on
land ownership,
increased production,
exports (rubber, coal)
low wages (slave physically and mentally)
Taxation and monopolies: extensive taxation system
income tax on wages,
a poll tax on all adult males,
stamp duties on a wide range of publications and documents
imposts on the weighing and measuring of agricultural goods
Monopolies on rice wine and salt
Fundamental dilemmas
Imperial court: how to respond the threat from abroad
Traditional tactics of guerrilla warfare
Appease the French while attempting to introduce political and
economic reforms
The emperor ceded provinces in Mekong delta to the French
placed patriotic Vietnamese in a dilemma.
Should they follow imperial orders and refrain from active
resistance to continuing French advances, or
Should they resist on their own initiative?
Fundamental dilemmas
Phan Dinh Phung (resistor) – Hoang Cao Khai (collaborator)
Phan Dinh Phung:
Confucian scholar-official: patriotism before loyalty
Bitter guerrilla struggle against French colonial regime
Can Vuong (Save the King) movement
Hoang Cao Khai: old childhood acquaintance
Continued fighting would only produce more hardship for people
Can Vuong movement ended in tragedy and failure
New stage in the anti-French movement
Fundamental dilemmas
Phan Boi Chau – Phan Chu Trinh
Phan Boi Chau
Organized the Modernization Society (Duy Tan Hoi)
First modern nationalist
the country must adopt Western technology/political/
economic institutions
sought assistance from foreign sponsor
Phan Chu Trinh
Allow French to carry out civilization mission
Colonial rule brought many benefits
Hope “then transfer power to an independent
Vietnamese government”
The Revolutionary Path
Ho Chi Minh’s activities:
1890 May 19, Nguyen Tat Thanh (later known as Ho Chi Minh)
was born.
1911: Leaving Saigon, traveled throughout the world
1914 (WWI): settled in GB, became aware of Karl Marx’s ideas
1919: joined Parti Socialiste de France (PSF)
1920: helped found Parti Communiste de France (PCF)
1923: went on to Moscow for training in revolutionary strategy by
the Communist International
The Revolutionary Path
Ho Chi Minh’s activities:
1924: arrived in Guangzhou in December
real task: the formation of the first genuinely Marxist
revolutionary organization in Indochina.
1925: established Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League (RYL)
1927: wrote The Revolutionary Path
1930: Vietnamese Communist Party (VCP) Indochinese
Communist Party (ICP)
1931: was arrested by British authorities in Hong Kong in June
The Revolutionary Path
1941: France accepted Japan's demand for military control of Indochina.
1941: The Viet Minh, a nationalist movement led by Communists,
was founded.
1942: after imprisoning Ho Chi Minh, the Chinese Nationalist
leader Chiang Kai-shek was pressured into releasing him by
America's Office of Strategic Services (OSS). The OSS sought his
release so he could continue his fight against the Japanese. The
Viet Minh also benefited from U.S. arms and equipment.
1943-1945: Ho Chi Minh offered American intelligence assistance
in reporting on Japanese troop movements and helping Allied
fliers shot down.
The August Revolution
1945, August 14th: Japanese imperial government accepted
Allied peace term. The Pacific war was over.
August 18th: the northern and central provinces in Vietnam
under command of ICP
Late August: Emperor Bao Dai announced his abdication.
September 2nd: Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnamese
independence.
By the end of the year, Vietnam was divided into a
communist north and a noncommunist south, with French forces
trying to restore control over all of Indochina.
Conclusion
The August Revolution: confirmed the Vietminh Front had been
accepted by the majority of the Vietnamese people as the
legitimate representative of their national aspirations.
Vietminh victory was a triumph in a vacuum, achieved in the chaotic conditions at the end of the war
Still, it was the best organized movement in Vietnam and would
do its utmost to meet the immediate needs of the people