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Human mobility in GHANA
Prepared by
Dr. Edmond Agyeman
Centre for African Studies
University of Education, Winneba
&
Dr. Mary Boatemaa Setrana
Centre for Migration Studies
University of Ghana, Accra
Cape Town, 03 /12/2014
OUTLINEIntroduction
History of Ghanaian Migration: Key Trends
Contemporary trends in Human Mobility
Ghana’s Migration Policies and Legislations: Overview
Stakeholders in Migration Governance
Assessment of Migration Governance
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
Purpose of the Project
Four country study to have an idea about human
mobility dynamics in these countries
Methodology
Study countries (Ghana, Nigeria, Angola and South Africa)
Desk Review (UNDP, World Bank, Academic Journals etc)
Key informant interviews
HISTORYOF GHANAIAN MIGRATION: KEY
TRENDS
Pre-independence migration
Large scale immigration to Ghana from Neighbouring African
countries
Large scale internal migration from Northern Half to the Southern
Half of the country
Immigration of Indians and Lebanese
To feed the colonial economy
HISTORYOF GHANAIAN MIGRATION: KEY
TRENDS
Post-independence migration
- Transformation of Ghana into a major migrant sending country
- first towards neighbouring countries (Nigeria and Cote d’Ivoire)
- later towards Europe, North America and Asia after the 1980s
- Departure of Labour Migrants from Ghana (Alliance Compliance Order 1969)
- Arrival of Refugees and Asylum seekers from neighbouring countries
- Post 1990s return of Labour migrants, immigration of foreign investors and
significant presence of Chinese
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
Tota
l nu
mb
er o
f im
mig
ran
ts
Nationality
IMMIGRATION: TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS
Source: GSS, 2013
Total Number of immigrants by country of origin (2013)
Total Number of Immigrants
for 2013
:600,049
% of total population
:2%
% of 2000 total population
: 3.9%
IMMIGRATION: REFUGEES
12,000
12,500
13,000
13,500
14,000
14,500
15,000
15,500
16,000
16,500
Tota
l nu
mb
er
of
Re
fuge
es
Year
2009 2010 2011 2012
Source: UNHCR 2014a
Distribution of refugees between 2009 and 2012
Total Number Refugees in
Ghana (2014)
:18,681
Main Countries of Origin:
Togo, Cote d’Ivoire, Liberia
Causes of their movement
- escaping armed conflicts
- violence in their home
countries
IMMIGRATION: ASYLUM SEEKERS
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Nu
mb
er
of
Asy
lum
Se
eke
rs
Year
2009 2010 2011 2012
Source: UNHCR 2014a
Distribution of Asylum Seekers between 2009 and 2012
Total Number Asylum Seekers
(2014)
:1,914
Main Countries of Origin:
Togo, Cote d’Ivoire, Sudan
Majority are from Cote d’Ivoire
- although Cote d’Ivoire was once
a receiving country
IMMIGRATION: LABOUR MIGRANTS
Employee
Self Employed
Casual Worker
Contributing family worker
Apprentice
Domestic employee
Other
Persons Seeking work for the first time
10.9%
65.6%
1.4%
14.7%
2.8%
0.8%
0.4%
3.4%
Economically Active Immigrants by Sex and Employment Status (2010)Source: GSS, 2013
Ec
on
om
ica
lly
Ac
tiv
e
Determinants of labour immigration
Constitutional Rule in 1992
Stable political environment
economic improvement
TOURISTS AND VISITORS
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
428.5497.1
586.6
698.1
802.8
931.2
1,080.20
Arr
ival
s (i
n 0
00
)
Years
Source: Ghana Tourist Board (cited in ISSER, 2013)
Status of tourism indicators between 2005-2011
Ghana has interesting
destinations eg: Colonial
castles, national parks,
festivals, etc.
The Ebola may have had
negative impact on tourism in
2014
REPATRIATION OF FOREIGN NATIONALS
58
15
7
3 3 3
23
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Chinese Nigerian Bangladeshi Sri-Lankan Sudanese American Others
2010 Repatriation of Foreign Nationals from Ghana
Source: GIS 2010
Fre
qu
en
cie
s
Country of Origin
112 foreign nationals repatriated
Major countries of origin
China, Nigeria,
Migrants have been repatriated
for various offences.
Eg. Fake documentation,
unauthorized economic activities
EMIGRATION: TOTAL NUMBER OF EMIGRANTS
Source: GSS, 2013
Total Number of emigrants by destination (2013)
6.8
1.5
0.6
1.7
3.1
0.9
7.8
3
10.4
37.7
23.6
2.3
0.5
Nigeria
Liberia
Sierra Leone
Gambia
Togo
Burkina Faso
Cote d’Ivoire
Other ECOWAS National
Africa other than ECOWAS
Europe
America (North, South/Caribbean)
Asia
Oceania
(%) Total Number of Ghanaian
emigrants for 2013
:250,624
There is a shift from
neighbouring African states as
the main countries of destination
to European and Northern
American destinations
SEX COMPOSITION OF GHANAIAN EMIGRANTS
More than half (64%) of
Ghanaian emigrants are males
One third (36%) are females
However, in the Netherlands,
Canada and Germany Ghanaian
female migrants outnumber
males
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
Male
Female
EMIGRATION: REFUGEES
Source: UNHCR 2014a
Distribution of refugees between 2009 and 2012
14628
19922 1978623922
2009 2010 2011 2012
Ghanaian economic migrants
use the refugee and asylum
channel to gain legal acceptance
in destination countries
Major Countries of destination:
Italy, UK, Ireland, Canada,
Causes of their movement
- for better opportunities
EMIGRATION: ASYLUM SEEKERS
Source: UNHCR 2014a
Distribution of Asylum Seekers between 2009 and 2012
8041205
1960
2849
2009 2010 2011 2012
Countries of destination:
Italy, UK, Canada, Ireland
Causes of their movement
- for better opportunities
EMIGRATION: LABOUR MIGRANTS
Source: GSS, 2013
76%
6%
14%
4%
Employed Unemployed Student Other
Reasons for migrating
-Improve financial, human
and social capital.
76% of Ghanaian Emigrants are
employed
Source: GSS 2013
SEX COMPOSITION OF LABOUR EMIGRANTS
The number of females who are
unemployed is 4.3% more than
their male counterparts.
The percentage of males who
are employed is 6% more than
the females
125,637
8,828
20,863
4,948
65,382
6,517
14,321
4,127
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
Employed Unemployed Student Other
Male Female
24.2
2.91
1.4
5.18
2.81
1.51
5.4
7.13
1.72
3.02
10.7
2.48
1.08
2.81
8.81
1.08
3.89
13.72
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
United Kingdom
Germany
Netherlands
Italy
Denmark
Canada
South Africa
USA
Libya
Spain
Israel
Egypt
Belgium
Japan
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
South Korea
Others
IRREGULAR MIGRATION: FORCED RETURNGhanaian Deportees and countries of destination (2010)
Source: GIS, 2010percentages
Total number as at 2010 by GIS:
925
Major Countries of destination:
UK, Israel, Saudi Arabia
UK, 41
Italy, 19
USA, 12
Germany, 7
The Netherlands, 6
Israel, 3
Others, 12
, 0
RETURN MIGRATION
Source: Setrana and Tonah, 2014
There is relatively little
information on return migration to
Ghana
Source: ISSER, 2013
REMITTANCES
Amount of remittances to Ghana
$163 million (IOM, 2014)
Recipients of remittances:
Individuals
NGOs
Purpose of remittances:
-invest in businesses
-welfare of families
-consumption
Ghana is described as a country of origin, transit and destination for men,
women and children exposed forcefully to labour and sex trafficking.
Main destination Countries
Nigeria; Cote d’Ivoire; Burkina Faso; The Gambia; South Africa
Israel; Syria; Lebanon; The United Arab Emirates; Saudi Arabia
Ghana consistently has been in Tie 2 since 2010 to 2013 (TIP Report, 2013). - The government of Ghana does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the
elimination of trafficking
Rescued Victims:
82 Nigerian and 41 Ghanaian victims;’ and detained 10 Nigerian and 6
Ghanaian suspected trafficking offenders (TIP Report, 2013).
TRAFFICKING AND SMUGGLING
MIGRATION POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONS
National Migration
PolicyNational
Legislation on Migration
• Immigration Act 2000 (Act 573)
• Citizenship Act, 2000 (Act 591)
• Other Legal Instruments
• The Alien Act of 1963 (Act 160)
International Legal
Instruments
• The 1951 UN Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol.
• The 1990 African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child.
• The 1981 African Charter on Human and People’s Rights etc.
Regional Legislative Instruments
• ECOWAS Protocol on FreeMovement of Persons, Residenceand Establishment
• The Convention RegulatingInter-State Road Transportationwithin the ECOWAS sub-regionof 1982
• ECOWAS Political Declarationand Regional Plan of Actionagainst Trafficking in Persons ofDecember 2001
Governmental Institutions, Agencies and Departments
Ministry of Interior
Migration Unit
Ghana Immigration
Service
Ghana Refugee Board
Ministry of Tourism
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Regional
Integration
Diaspora Affairs Bureau
Ministry of Employment and Labour Relations
Labour Migration Unit
Ghana Statistical
Service
Other Government
institutions eg. Bank of Ghana
GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS, AGENCIES AND DEPARTMENTS
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS
InternationalOrganisations/
Institutions
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR
MIGRATION (IOM)
Provides technical and logistic support
to Ghana Government on all
migration and development issues.
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSION
FOR REFUGEES
(UNHCR)
Provides technical, expert and logistic
support to all refugee and asylum matters in Ghana.
OTHER INTERNATIONAL
ORGANISATIONS, NGOs AND CSOs
eg: ILO, UNDP, UNFPA, the ECOWAS
and the AU, The Catholic and Other
Church Groups.
Academic and
Research Institutions
Centre for Migration Studies (CMS), University of
Ghana
Regional Institute for Population Studies
(RIPS), University of Ghana
Institutes and Centres for African Studies eg. Centre
for African Studies, University of Education
ACADEMIC AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS
ASSESSMENT OF MIGRATION GOVERNANCE
IN GHANA
COORDINATION
Activities of ministries, agencies and other important stakeholders working on migration are usually on smaller scale, not adequately
represented, lack consistency and sometimes overlap each other.
CONTINUITY AND COHERENCE
lack of political will on the part of incumbent
governments to continue with policies and programmes
drawn up by previous governments has generated
policy inertia and incoherence.
MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
Too many ministries and institutions involved in migration issues in the
country at the moment, without clear demarcation of competences and
boundaries.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
This has been blamed on lack of political will, lack of
expertise on migration issues, corrupt officials, insufficient
funding and improper institutional structures.
ASSESSMENT OF MIGRATION GOVERNANCE
MAIN FINDINGS
Ghana remains both a migrant origin and a migrant destination country.
Neighboring African countries, particularly Nigeria and Cote D’Ivoire aregradually fading out as the main destination for Ghanaian immigrants.
There is increasing presence of Asians esp. Chinese in Ghana
Little is known about the economic impact of foreigners in the country.
1) ETHICAL AND HUMANITARIAN ISSUES
- The level of deportation and repatriation of Ghanaian migrants’ overseas and immigrants in Ghana is quite significant.
- Much of this has often been blamed on irregular migration and security concerns of destination countries.
2) IMPACT OF EMIGRATION/IMMIGRATION ON
DEVELOPMENT
- The focus should not only be on Ghanaians and the Diaspora
- Impact of Immigrants on Ghana’s economy and environment has to
be assessed
3) REGIONAL AND ASIAN IMMIGRATION
- knowledge gap on regional migration dynamics
The need to map the flows (origins, destinations and stock), and assess impact on regional peace, security,
economic development and the regional integration effort.
4) GENDER AND FAMILY ISSUES
- Knowledge gap on gender and family issues
For Example: it will be very interesting to understand how gender, family and trafficking
issues are related in Ghana and in
the West African coast in general.
KEY RESEARCH ISSUES AND GAPS