Framework on Gender, Climate Change, and

Nutrition (GCAN)Elizabeth Bryan (e.bryan@cgiar.org)

with Sophie Theis, Jowel Choufani, Alex De Pinto, Ruth Meinzen-Dick, and Claudia Ringler

Environment and Production Technology DivisionInternational Food Policy Research Institute

Why Care About Gender and Nutrition?

• Ensure social inclusion and gender equality: who is adopting and benefitting from CSA and who is not?

• Mitigate potential harm: how can we catch and reduce unintended negative consequences related to gender and nutrition?

• Enhances CSA effectiveness and impact: How can we maximize the contribution of both men and women?

• Achieve co-benefits/other development outcomes: how will CSA maximize nutrition benefits through health, diets, and care?

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Generic Framework

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Adapted Framework, Household Level

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Elements Influenced by Nutrition

Physical capabilities and productivity

Link between diet choices and environmental outcomes

CSA practices have implications for nutrition

Undernutrition as a consequence of cc

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Where are the Gender Differences?

Gender differences in capacities

Different preferences and decision-making power

Feedback loops may be different

Different impacts

Different influence on the pathways

How We Use the GCAN Framework

• Frame synthesis of literature on climate change, gender and nutrition in selected countries

• Guide engagement with missions during week-long engagements

• Identify research gaps on key elements and relationships in the country context

• Support integration of gender and nutrition in climate risk screening activities

• Develop tools for use during project implementation

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The Climate Signal

What Are the Climate Trends and Risks?

• Historical trends and impacts

• Projections of changes in temperature, rainfall, and variability

• Future impacts on key crops

Nigeria: Precipitation Change, 1980-2010, mm

Statistically significant at 10% level

Source: AgMERRANote: Regression at each pixel using the annual mean daily maximum temperature of the warmest month

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Absorptive and Adaptive Capacity

How Does Nutrition Affect Absorptive and Adaptive Capacity?

• Priorities: • Global Hunger Index 2016• Stunting in children under 5 years: (WHO cutoff ≥20%).• Wasting in children under 5 years: (WHO cutoff ≥5%)• Overweight and Obesity in women ≥20 years

• Micronutrient deficiencies (varies with urban/rural, wealth quintile)• Anemia in women of reproductive age• Anemia in preschool-aged children• Zinc deficiency in preschool-aged children• Vit A deficiency in children and women

How Do Capacities of Men and Women Differ?

• Some key factors include:• Livelihood activities and assets• Access to productive resources (e.g. land, inputs)• Different climate change and risk perceptions • Institutions (e.g. social norms)• Access to information

Women face more constraints to responding to climate change

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Responses and Decision-Making

Think of CSA Strategies that:

Source: Fanzo, Downs and McLaren 2017

Input Supply

Production Post Harvest Storage

Processing Distribution Marketing and Retail

Consumption Food Utilization

Limited available land, soil

degradation, loss of biodiversity,

temperature and water stress, CO2

effects

Contamination, spoilage, increased electricity demands,

damage from extreme weather events

Improper processing of

foods, nutrient losses during

milling, combination

with unhealthy ingredients

Climate impacts on

transportation and retail

infrastructure, export/import

impacts on prices and availability

Lack of access to inputs (seeds,

fertilizer, irrigation, extension)

Advertising campaigns for

unhealthy foods, loss of

small food retailers

Lack of knowledge of

nutrition, nutrient losses

during preparation,

increased diarrhea &

enteropathy

Minimize nutrition “exiting” the value chain

Maximize nutrition “entering” the food value chain

New production locations,

diversification, CO2

fertilization, focus on women farmers,

extension

Aflatoxin control,

refrigeration

Fermentation, drying,

fortification, product

reformulation (reduce salt,

sugar, unhealthy fats)

Moving food from areas of shortage to

areas of surplus,

targeting of vulnerable

groups

Improved varieties, bio-fortification,

fertilizer, irrigation

Messaging on the

importance of nutrition and sustainability,

benefits of certain foods

Home fortification

(fish powders), training in

nutritious food preparation, time mgmt,

food preservation

Women have different preferences but limited decision-making authority

Questions to consider:• What are key livelihood roles of men and women?• What might specific needs and preferences be for CSA?• How are decisions made in the household and

community? • How much input do women have?

Evidence shows that women have less decision-making authority • e.g. decisions about which irrigation technology to

adopt, who can use it, who benefits from it

How Do CC and CSA Responses Influence Nutrition and Gender Outcomes?

Climate Changes and Responses Affect Food Prices and Nutritional Outcomes

Sources: Global Panel (2016); Hauenstein Swan, S., and B. Vaitla(2007); Hendrix, C. (2016); Breisinger, C. et al. (2012)

• Need to consider

implications of climate

change on production and

the effects on food prices

• Also how responses to

increasing food prices

affect nutrition

• Food price volatility poses

risks for everyone – from

farmers to consumers

Will CSA close or exacerbate gender inequalities in agriculture?

WEAI IrrigatorsGender

Parity IndexNon-

irrigatorsGender Parity

IndexContributors to disempowerment

Ethiopia 0.82 0.9 0.85 0.91

•Group membership•Leisure time•Speaking in public•Credit access•Control over use of income

Ghana 0.82 0.86 0.8 0.87

•Credit access•Workload•Group membership

•Control over use of income

•Leisure time

Tanzania 0.88 0.96 0.86 0.92

•Group membership•Credit access•Leisure time•Speaking in public•Autonomy in production

Entry Points for Gender Transformative, Nutrition-Sensitive CSA• Need to improve enabling conditions for women both within and outside the

household

• Strengthen capacity of organizations on gender and cross sector programming

• Consider nutrition and gender along the entire value chain (not just production/consumption)

• Use tools and indicators for assessing gender and nutrition in CSA

• More gender-transformative and nutrition-sensitive programs that:• Involve both men and women in the design of programs, technologies and

approaches to CSA • Ensure that both men and women have access to information, groups,

credit, social protection programs, etc.• Gender disaggregated M&E to track outcomes for women/men• Consider the nutrition risks of climate change and implications of CSA

approaches for nutrition