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Food consumption changes in Ethiopia
Mekdim Dereje ESSP/EDRI
June 15th, 2015Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Introduction
• Rapid changes in Ethiopia’s economy (Ethiopia one of the fastest growing economies in the world)• Important increases in agricultural production in last decade • Despite improvements in economy and in agricultural production, still
important nutritional problems in the country • Purpose of the analysis: Explore patterns and changes in Ethiopia’s
food economy, based on nationally representative data
Data
• Rely on the Ethiopian Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey (HICES) collected by CSA:- Year 1995/96: 11,678 households- Year 1999/00: 17,320 households- Year 2004/05: 21,560 households- Year 2010/11: 27,831 households
• Use CSA’s retail price dataset for deflation of expenditures
Food versus non-food expenditures
1) Important welfare improvements• Increasing real expenditures
overall• Food expenditures grew by 19%
between 2011 and 2000• Increasing share of non-food- 2000: 37%- 2005: 46%- 2011: 52% 2000 2005 2011
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
FoodNon-food
Birr
/cap
ita
Cereals versus non-cereals
2000 2005 20110
10203040506070
cereals non-cereals
Shar
e in
food
exp
endi
ture
s (%
)
2) Increasing diversification in the food basket• Quantities of cereals consumed is
slightly increasing: - 1996: 127 kgs/capita- 2000: 141 kgs/capita- 2005: 150 kgs/capita- 2011: 155 kgs/capita• Share of cereals in expenditures
on the decline
Non-cereal foods
3) Diversification into high-value food types• Non-cereal foods on the rise: - animal products- oils and fats - F&V - Coffee/tea/chat
2000 2005 201102468
1012
animal products oil and fatF&V enset/kochocoffee/tea/chat
% fo
od e
xpen
ditu
res
Cereals
4) Considerable variation within cereal consumption• In kg terms, maize most important
cereals • Maize consumption increasing over
time (51 kgs in 2011; 37 kgs in 2000)• In expenditure terms, teff, wheat
and maize equally important (each about 7.5% of expenditures)• Processed cereals not important yet
overall (4.6% of expenditures)
2000 2005 20110
20406080
100120140160
teff wheat barleymaize sorghum other
kg/c
apita
/yea
r
Urban versus rural
5) Important difference between urban and rural• Urbanization low in Ethiopia but
taking off• Has implication on Ethiopia’s food
economy• Urban residents have different food
basket:- More consumption of teff and meat- Lower consumption of maize,
sorghum and enset/kocho
teff
sorghum
maize
processed cereals
animal products
enset/kocho
F&V
-1 1 3 5 7 9 111315
RuralUrban
% food expenditures
Sources of food expenditures
6) Food markets becoming more important • Food in rural areas mostly acquired
through own consumption (42%) • However, food markets (sales of
food for food purchase (34%)) already important in rural areas and very high in urban areas • Salaries/wages, sales of non-ag.
products, and remittances important in urban areas
Auto-consumption
Sale ag. products
Sale non-ag. products
Salary/wage
Remittances
Others
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
UrbanRural
% food expenditures
Calorie consumption
7) Average calorie consumption improving• Average calorie consumption 9%
higher in last decade • Cereals stays major source of
calories:- 2000: 65%- 2005: 61%- 2011: 62%• Maize makes up 20% of calorie
consumption in 2011
2000 2005 20110
500100015002000250030003500
cereals non-cereals
Kcal
/day
/adu
lt eq
uiva
lent
Prices per calorie
8) Large variation in prices paid per calorie • Maize is the cheapest source of
calories (followed closely by enset, sorghum, and root crops) • Processed cereals four times as
expensive as non-processed• Cereals half the price of non-
cereals maize
enset/kochosorghum
root cropsbarley
teffwheat
sugar and saltoil and fat
processed cereals
-0.4 0.1 0.6
Birr/kcal
Income and the share of food/cereals
9) Important difference between the poor and non-poor
Poorest q2 q3 q4 Richest0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2011 2005 2000
Shar
e of
food
in to
tal e
xp. (
%)
Poorest
q2 q3 q4 richest0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2011 2005 2000
Shar
e of
cer
eals
in fo
od e
xp.
(%)
Income and cereal expenditures
• Share of cereals going down for richer households• Teff (9.1% versus 4.4%) and
processed cereals (8.9% versus 2.6%) more eaten by the rich than by poor• Maize (13.0% versus 2.6%) and
sorghum (6.9% versus 1.8%) more eaten by the poor than by the rich
Poorest
q2 q3 q4 Richest05
10152025303540
teff wheatbarley maize sorghum processed cereals
% fo
od e
xpen
ditu
res
Income and non-cereal expenditures
• Share of non-cereals going up for richer households• Animal products (17.6% versus
6.6%) more eaten by the rich than by poor• Enset/kocho (6.4% versus 1.7%)
and pulses (10.1% versus 7.6%) more eaten by the poor than by the rich
Poorest q2 q3 q4 Richest0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
animal products pulses oil and fatF&V enset/kocho coffee/tea/chatother
% fo
od e
xpen
ditu
res
Conclusions
• Important food diet transformation in the last decade:1/ Average quantity (+23%) and calorie (+9%) consumption has improved significantly 2/ Share of cereals in expenditures on the decline (43% in 2000; 35% in 2011)3/ Consumption of more expensive foods on the rise (animal foods; processed foods; coffee/tea/chat) • Large differences in food consumption by income levels and between
urban and rural populations
Conclusions
• Implications:1/ Agricultural policy successful in promoting cereal productivity in the past; however, more demand for diversified foods; more emphasis required in the future on diversification in production2/ Agricultural markets play more important role in food economy; further stimulate these markets and better understand constraints in their functioning3/ While average improvements, part of the population no adequate diets; further continuation and strengthening of nutrition-sensitive safety nets required