WELCOME

Course seminaron

SULPHUR MANAGEMENT IN RAPESEED AND MUSTARD

2

SupervisorDR.R.N. MEENA

Speaker AWADHESH KUMAR SINGH

I.D.No. A-14015

Department of AgronomyInstitute of Agricultural Sciences

Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005

INRODUCTION CROP NURIENT(SULPHUR) ROLE OF SULPHUR DEFICIENCY SOURCE MANAGEMENT RATE TIME METHOD CONCLUSION

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTIONIn India, oilseeds are the second largest agricultural commodity after cereals, which occupy about 13.5% of the gross cropped area in the country, and account for 5% of GNP and 10% of the value of all agricultural products (Rai et al., 2002). Among oilseeds, rapeseed & mustard occupies a prestigious position and ranks second after groundnut in area and production, contributing 23% of the total oilseed production. It is estimated that 58 million tons of oilseeds will be required by the year 2020, wherein the share of rapeseed-mustard will be around 24.2million tons (Bartaria et al., 2001).

India is one of the major rapeseed-mustard cultivating countries in the world ranking third in terms of acreage (19.29%) after Canada (24.55%) and China(20.58%).

It account for 11.127% of total production next to China(22.08%) and Canada(21.77%).

It cultivated in about 6.70 mha of area and with total production of about 7.96 million tonnes with an average productivity of 1188 kg/ha.(DOAC,2014)

Uttar Pradesh share 10.8%(6.60 lakh ha.) area and 10.3% (7.70 lakh tone)production of India (DOAC,2014)

6

Fig. 1 Rapeseed & Mustard 2012-13 Statistics (DRMR, Bharatpur)

Production of R&M (World)

Acreage R&M(India) Production R&M (India)

Acreage R&M (World)

India 19.29 %

India 11.12 %

Fig 2. Rapeseed-Mustard Production trends in World

DRMR,Bharatpur

Sulphur (S) is one of the essential secondary macronutrient required for the growth, metabolism and development of all plants and is rightly called as the fourth major plant nutrient.

It is the 13th abundant mineral in the earth crust(0.06%-0.10)

It’s essentiality was established by Sachs Knop in 1857.

It is constituent of amino acid (cysteine ,cystine, methionine) and vitamins ,needed for activity of many enzymes.

Its critical level in soil usually 10 mg/kg (range 8-30 mg/kg)

Its critical level in plant is <0.15-0.2% .

Sulphur: An Essential Plant Nutrient

Part of every living cell

Necesary for the formation of chlorophyll

constituent of three Important amino acid namely cysteine(26%s),cystine (27%s) and methionine (21%s)

Help in synthesis of fat or oil

Involved in the formation of glucosides and glucusinolates , synthesis of glutathione.

Constituent of Fe-S protein called ferrodoxins for activity of ATP- sulphurylase which involved in S metabolism.

Helps in synthesis of coenzyme- A, vitamin B1,biotin and thiamin.

Constituent of the sulphydril linkage (-SH)which provides pungency of mustard oil

Role of sulphur in plant

Sulphur (S) is a crucial element for rapeseed & mustard in determining its seed yield, oil content, quality, and resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses.

Besides promoting chlorophyll formation and oil synthesis, it is an important constituent of seed protein, amino acids, various enzymes, and glucosinolate.

Sulphur increases the seed yield of mustard by 12 to 48% under irrigated and 17 to 124% under rainfed conditions (Aulakh and Pasricha, 1988).

The increase in oil content of mustard due to S application is associated with the increase activity of an enzyme named acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which is also a precursor for oil synthesis

Rapeseed-mustard requires 0.33 to 0.40% S in leaf for obtaining 90% of its potential yield (Cheema and Arora, 1984).

ROLE OF SULPHUR IN RAPESEED & MUSTARD

           

       

           

       

Cysteine Methionone

Biotin Thiamin Coenzyme-A

ATMOSPHERE

H2S SO2

Organic sulphur

Cysteine

APS

Sulphate

Sulphate

Sulphide

Sulphite

acetate

O-acetylserine

6 Fdox

6 Fdred

O-acetylserine(thiolyase)

Sulphite reductase

AMP+RSSR

2 RSH

PPiATP

APS educates

ATP sulphurylase

SHOOT

Sulphate ROOT

Pedosphere

Vacuole

oxidatoin

Pathway of sulphur uptake and metabolism

OCH2CH3 SCoACCH2

SH CoACO

SCOO

OC

C

H

HCoAH3CSH C

OO

OC

C

H

HCoA CH3 SCoACo

CO2 ATPCH3 SCoACo SH COO

OC

C

H

HCoA ADP

CH3 SCoACo H O2COOHCH3 SH CoAAcetic acid Coenzyme-A Acetyl coenzyme-A

Acetyl coA

Biotinyl

enzyme

Mn++

Malonyl co A ( 3C )

Malonyl co A ( 3C ) Acetomalonile co A

Acetomalonile co A 4 NADPHButyril coA (4C)

+CO2 +H2O +

4 NADPButyril coA (4C)Malonyl coA

6 C compoundMalonyl coA8C compound 16 C / 18 C

(fatty acid)

Fatty acid synthesis

Biosynthesis of glucosinolate

amino acid

R C COOH

H

NH2

R C COOH

H

NH2OH

R C

H

N OH

CO2

OH2

UPP GlucoseUDP PAPS ADP

R C

SH

N OH

R C

S

N O

Glucose

SO3-

R C

S

N OH

Glucose

S from Cysteine

N- hydroxyamino acid Aldoxime

Thiohydroximate Thioglucoside Glucosinolate

Glucose H+

MYROSINASE R C

S

N OSO3

-

R C

S

N O

Glucose

SO3-

R-N=C=S R-C=N-S R-S-C=N

SO4

--

HSO4

SO4

--

Isothiocyanates Nitriles Thiocyanates

Spontaneous

EnzymaticEpithiospecifier proteins

Thiohydroximate -O- sulphonates Thiohydroximate -O- sulphonatesGlucosinolate

R C

S

N OSO3

-

?

Mustard oil formation

Sulphur deficiencies have been reported from more than 70 countries over the world, including India.

Intensification of agriculture with high yielding crop varieties and multiple cropping, coupled with use of high analysis S-free fertilizers and restricted use of organic manures, has accelerated the deficiencies of S in arable lands.

Most of the soils of Indo-Gangetic plains,red,latreitic and hill soils are prone to S deficiency while coastal soils are reported to be adequate in it.

Sulphur deficiency is also wide spread in calcareous as well as medium and shallow black clay soils due to low organic matter content.

DEFICIENCY OF SULPHUR

ProteinCist & methionine

GSSG

GSH

Ascorbate

Dehydroascorbate

Myrosinaseactivity

GSLs

L-cyste edesulfydase

SoilPlant

SO2H2SAtmosphere

O-acetylserineH2S

SulphitePantoic acid

+- alanine

CoASHSA

-oxidation pathwayTrans-cinnamic acid

Cys

APSSO4

S04

Sulphur metabolites and pathways of SIR in Brassica

Progressively greater removal of soil Sulphur as a result of higher agricultural production and cultivation.

Low level of fertiliser use in pulses and oilseeds that have a higher requirement of S than cereals per unit of grain production.

Use of high analysis N and P fertiliser containing little or no sulphur like urea and DAP instead of using (NH4)2SO4 and SSP.

Lesser use of organic matter,crop residue and S containing pesticides.

Leaching and erosion losses of S.

Causes of sulphur deficiency

As sulphur is an immobile nutrient in plant , the deficiency symptoms first appear on younger leaves.

Yellowing of younger leaves which persist even after N application,and become cup shaped at the later stage .

Underside of leaves turn redding . Stems of the crop also become reddish tint Growing points are arrested. Stunted plants. Delayed maturity. An excess of sulphur free amino acid

(e.g.asparagine,glutamine and arginine) due to the inhibition of protein synthesis

Deficiency symptoms of sulphur in Rapeseed & Mustard

Deficiency symptoms of sulphur

Fig 4

Correction of sulphur deficiency

In view of the increasing incidence of sulphur deficiency in soils & plants, it is important to suggest corrective measures for ameliorations of sulphur deficiency. The major source of sulphur are gypsum, pyrities, & elemental sulphur, and the sulphur containing nitrogenous (ammonium sulphate), phosphatic (SSP), potassic (potassium sulphate) fertilizer and micronutrients fertilizers like zink sulphate, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate etc.

SOURCES OF SULPHUR In natural condition, major source of S is organic matter.

>95% of total sulphur present in organic matter.S originated in soil through weathering of rocks.In arid condition S forms sulphates of Calcium, Magnesium,

Sodium and Potassium.

In atmosphere S present in the form of SO2.

In most of cultivated land sulphur ranges from 8-30 mg/kg.

Sulphur is 13th abundant element in the earth crust, average ranging between 0.06-0.10. Sulphur in soil being derived from weathering of rocks and soils; i.e. gypsum, barite, epsomite, mirabirite.

The C:N:S ratio of soil organic matter is approximately 125:10:1.2 .

The soil with less than 10 mg kg-1 available sulphur is considered as low. However , the critical level may ranges between 8 to 30 mg kg-1, depending upon the method of extraction , soil type and nature of the crop.

Status of sulphur in soil

Sulphur in the form of sulphate represent the readily available to the plants. Root absorb SO4

2- ions by mass flow and diffusion process.

S content in the plant ranges between 0.1 to 0.5 with an average of 0.2 to 0.3 S in plants has been considered as a critical limit of deficiency.

The economic part of plant (grain, fruits ) accumulates higher S than non-economic parts.

S uptake is generally 9-15% of N uptake though it can ranges from 5-30%.

Status of sulphur in plants

Fig.5 Sulphur content in Indian mustard

Rathore et al (2015)

1.Organic sulphur This fraction of sulphur constiuets about 80-90% of total sulphur present

in soil 2.Inorganic sulphur (a) Solution SO4

2-:-Root absorb SO4

2- form of sulphur which reach to roots by diffusion and mass flow.

(b) Adsorbed SO42-:-

It is an important fraction in soil containing large amounts of Al and Fe oxides.

(c) SO42- Co-precipitated with CaCO3:-

S occurs as co-crystellized impurity with CaCO3 and is an important fraction of the total sulphur in calcareous soils. Solubility and availability of this form of S are affected by particle size of CaCO3, soil moisture content.

(d) Reduced inorganic sulphur:- In water logged soil, there may be accumulation of H2S formed by the decay of organic matter.

Forms of sulphur in soil

FERTILIZERS /SOIL AMENDMENTS SULPHUR CONTENT (%)Ammonium sulphate 24.20Ammonium sulphate nitrate 12.10Basic slag 3.00Copper sulphate 11.40Epsom salt 13.00Elemental sulphur 100Ferrous ammonium suphate 16.00Ferrous sulphate 18.80Gypsum 18.60Potassium magnesium sulphate

22.30

Potassium sulphate 17.50Single super phosphate 12.50Urea sulphur 10.00Zinc sulphate 17.80

SULPHUR CONTAINING FERTILIZERS

(AICRP-RM,2008)

Fig.6 Response of Indian mustard to different Sulphur sources

Fig.7 Effect of liquid and elemental S on seed and oil yield of rapeseed & mustard

Factors affecting availability of sulphur

I. Soil organic matter :- A higher amount of total sulphur has been reported in surface than sub surface soil. This is due to a higher OM content in surface soil. Sulphur is a constituent of OM, the amount and nature of OM govern its content in soil.

II. Soil texture:- Finer textured soils contain a higher amount of total and available sulphur than coarse textured soil.

III. Soil reaction:- In general, acidic soil contain higher amount of S than the alkaline soil.

Contd…

IV. Salt content:- Accumulation of sulphur is accompanied by the accumulation of sulphates. High content of salt in coastal saline and alkaline alluvial soil have resulted from the accumulation of salt of sulphate in these soils.

V. Climate:-Soils located at higher altitude compared with lower altitude contain a higher amount of total and available sulphur , because of increase in OM content of soils because of higher rainfall and lower temperature at high altitude.

The Sulphur CycleThe essential steps of the sulphur cycle are:- Mineralization of organic sulphur to the inorganic form, hydrogen sulphide, H2S.

Oxidation of sulphide and elemental sulphide(S) and related compounds to sulphide, SO4

2-

Reduction of sulphate to sulphide.

Microbial immobilization of the sulphur compounds and subsequent incorporation into the organic form of sulphur.

Fig. 8

S oxidation:- Sulphur oxidation occuring in soil is mostly

biochemical in nature. S-oxidation is accomplished by no. of autotrophic bacteria including those of genus Thiobacillus , four spp. of which have been characterized:-

(a) Thiobacillus thiooxidans. (b) T. thioparus. (c) T. denitificans. (d) T. ferroxidans. Reaction:- H2S + 2O2

Sulphur oxidation and reduction

H2SO4 2H + SO42-

2S + 3O2 2H2O 2H2SO4 4H+ +2SO42-

Sulphur reduction• Sulphates tends to be unstable in anaerobic

environments so they are reduced to sulphides by a no. of bacteria of two genera- Desulphovibrio and Desulphotomaculum.

The organism use the combined oxygen in sulphate to oxidize organic materials.

Reaction:- 2R-CH2OH +SO42-

2R-COOH + H2O + S2-

Org. alchohol Org. acid Sulphide

Also sulphites (SO32-) , thiosulphates(S2O3

2-) and elemental sulphur (S) are rather easily reduced to the sulphide form by bacteria .

N (Kg/ha)

S (Kg/ha

Glucosinolate content(μmoles/g in defattedmeal)

Palmitic

Stearic

Oleic acid

Linoleicacid

Linolenicacid

Eicosenoicacid

Erucic acid

75 0 64 2.61 1.17 11.78 14.99 6.48 50.91 11.80

75 20 72 2.88 1.31 10.15 14.53 5.14 52.75 12.28

100 0 52 2.58 1.58 13.16 15.31 7.01 49.55 10.57

100 20 42 3.91 1.65 11.94 15.06 6.13 49.63 12.18

125 0 52 3.01 1.33 12.19 16.17 5.91 47.71 12.26

125 20 42 4.42 1.31 16.12 16.55 6.57 44.77 9.55

Table 1 Effect of N and S levels (kg/ha) application on fatty acid composition and glucosinolate content in Brassica juncea cv.

Varuna

Source: AICRP-RM, 2007 at Ludhiana

The rate of application is influence by-CropSoilCropping sequenceUse of FYM and CompostIntraction with other nurient

RATE OF SULPHUR APPLICATION

Fig 10 .Seed and oil yield of Indian mustard under different doses of Sulphur

Available S in soil(mg/kg)

S fertility class

Increase in yield (%)

Soil deficiencyclass

Amount of S fertilizer added (kg/ha)

Cereal Oilseeds Pulses

<5 Very low 50-85 Very high 60 40 30

5-10 Low 20-50 High 45 30 20

10-15 Medium 5-20 Moderate 30 20 15

15-20 High 1-5 Low 15 10 10

>20 Very High 0 Very low 0 0 0

Table 2.S fertilizer recommendations based on available S status of soils

Patel et al. ,001GAU, Anand.

At the proper physiological stage of the plant.

Application of sulphate-S to mustard at seedingtime gives the highest increase in yield and S uptake.(Malhi et al.,

2005).

Applications at sowing are generally more effective than at early flowering stages.(Rathor et al.,2015)

An application at early flowering can moderately correct S deficiency damage (Malhi, et al., 2005).

In case, if the S application is missed at sowing, S may be top dressed to 20-40 days of growth to get good yield.

S is leachable, like nitrate, it is safer to apply close to the time of plant uptake by splitting the doses.

TIME OF APPLICATION

Tretments Yield (kg/ha Nutrient uptake (kg/ha) Net return (Rs./ha)

Seed Straw N P K SSources of Sulphur

Gypsum 1645 5370 97.2 27.4 62.1 13.4 24334Elemental sulphur

1510 4946 84.6 22.8 55.4 10.9 22118

Pyrites 1602 5118 91.7 25.0 59.3 12.2 23645CD (P= 0.05) 31.68 43.49 1.18 0.29 2.82 0.17 207.6 Sulphur level (kg ha-1)30 1492 4901 81.5 22.0 50.4 10.6 2229360 1607 5465 92.7 25.5 58.2 12.4 23618 90 1709 5521 99.4 27.8 63.3 13.9 24180 CD(P=0.05) 32.31 39.90 0.81 0.26 2.72 0.17 189.8

(Singh et al . ,2015)

Table . 3. Effect of varieties, sources and levels of sulphur on yield, nutrient uptake and net returns of Indian mustard (Average of 2 years)

BASAL APPLICATON:-Especially for sandy soil BROADCASTING:-If adequate rainfall or irrigation is

available to leach the S into the root zone. SIDE BANDING:-It is the most effective way to apply

sulphate-S fertilizers to produce maximum seed yield and to prevent any damage to mustard seedlings.

BROADCAST-INCORPORATION:-This method can produce seed yield similar to side banding (Malhi, et al., 2005).

FOLIAR SPRAY:-This method is less effective as compare to soil application due to high requirement of crop, but if S deficiency symptoms appear on foliage, 3-5 sprays of 0.5% soluble sulphate salts like ammonium sulphate, potassium sulphate, zinc sulphate etc. can be done on the standing crop.

METHOD OF APPLICATION

Treatment

S.K.Nagar Sriganganagar

Ludhiana

Seed yield(kg ha-1)

Net returnsover control

Seed yield(kg ha-1)

Oilcontent(%)

Oil yield(kg ha-1)

Glucosinolate (μmole/g defattedmeal)

Control 1707 1604 34.7 375 130Thiourea (0.1%)

2087 3226 1696 35.9 429 142

40 kg S ha-1

2249 6712 1799 35.2 405 149

40 kg S ha-1 + Thiourea (0.1%)

2039 4070 1883 33.4 411 134

ZnSO4 (0.5%)

1921 4622 1667 33.2 372 126

CD at 5% 150 158

Table 4.Seed yield, net returns, and quality of mustard as influenced by foliar application of S

sources

AICRP-RM, 2003

Table 5. Effect of sulphur levels on different quality parameters of mustard

Sulphurlevel (kg/ha)

Oilcontent (%)

Oilyield( kg/ha)

Protein content (%)

Sinigrin/glucusinolate (%)

Iodinevalue (no.)

0 38.46 537.28 22.55 1.85 104.98

15 39.39 593.97 23.43 1.92 106.09

30 39.98 655.65 23.97 2.00 107.20

45 40.40 695.84 24.43 2.08 109.33

CD (P=O.O5)

0.31 32.42 0.24 0.06 0.74

Singh et al. 1998

Table 6.Effect of sulphur and fortified vermicompost on growth and yield attributing characters of mustard.

Treatments

Plant height (cm)

Branches/plant

Siliquae /plant

Seeds/siliqua

Test weight(g)

A. Sulphur levels (kg ha-1)control 133.18 13.58 130.32 10.03 4.0120 161.11 16.40 151.40 12.10 4.4440 176.23 19.10 171.02 13.32 4.7240 183.05 19.36 173.16 13.54 4.82CD at 5% 11.64 0.81 7.00 0.51 0.22B. Fortified vermicompost levels (t ha-1)control 135.49 13.19 121.54 10.31 3.992 158.30 16.05 151.79 12.02 4.454 173.53 18.78 170.57 13.23 4.726 186.25 20.41 182.01 13.42 4.83CD at 5% 11.64 0.28 7.00 0.51 0.22

(Parihar et al. ,2014)

Treatment Yield (t ha-1) Content ofSeed Stover Protien

(%)Oil(%)

Control 0.42 1.92 19.13 35.92100% fertilizer N 1.10 4.64 21.88 40.49100% fertilizer N +40 kg S ha-1 1.33 5.40 23.81 42.8025% FYM-N + 75% fertilizer N +40 kg S ha-1

1.33 5.39 23.88 42.90

50% FYM-N + 50% fertilizer N +40 kg S ha-1

1.25 5.13 23.13 42.12

75% FYM-N + 25% fertilizer N +40 kg S ha-1

1.00 4.28 21.06 39.28

25% FYM-N + 75% fertilizer N 1.13 4.68 22.00 40.6950% FYM-N + 50% fertilizer N 1.07 4.54 21.56 40.27

75% FYM-N +25% fertiilzer N 0.91 4.02 20.38 38.10CD at 5% 0.07 0.35 0.76 1.27

Table 7.Yield and quality of Indian mustard as influenced by integrated use of FYM and fertilizer nitrogen with and without

sulphur

(Bhat et al .,2007)

Treatments

Seed yield (t ha-1) Stover yield (t ha-1)

2002 2003 Mean 2002 2003 Mean Sulphur (kg ha-1)

0 1.63 1.71 1.67 4.62 4.85 4.7420 1.85 1.94 1.90 5.27 5.47 5.3740 2.03 2.13 2.08 5.83 5.97 5.9060 2.16 2.25 2.21 6.22 6.38 6.3080 2.13 2.19 2.16 6.04 6.22 6.13SEm± 0.05 0.06 0.13 0.14CD(P=0.05)

0.15 0.18 0.39 0.42

Table 8. Effect of level of sulphur on seed and stover yield of mustard

(Jat and Mehra ,2007)

Treatment

N P K S Sulphur useefficiency (kgseed/kgS)

Sulphuruptake(Kg/ha) efficiency (Kg/ha)

Sulphur level (kg/ha)

0 61.21 12.13 122.04 10.7320 76.14 16.50 155.01 14.33 9.80 0.1840 89.78 20.19 195.72 18.11 9.88 0.1860 94.28 22.10 207.38 20.93 6.67 0.17CD(at 5%) 5.01 0.96 9.62 0.91 1.65 0.022

Sulphur sourcesAmmonium Sulphate

87.22 19.49 185.51 17.83 7.65 0.18

Gypsum 81.17 17.86 172.55 16.07 6.53 0.13

SSP 77.56 17.61 163.30 15.03 6.42 0.11Pyrite 75.44 15.96 158.81 15.18 4.17 0.11CD(at 5%) 5.01 0.96 9.62 0.91 1.65 0.022

Table 9.Effect of level and sources of sulphur on total uptake of N P K S and sulphur use and uptake efficiency by mustard

(Kumar and Trivedi ,2012)

Table 10.Effect of level and sources of sulphur on seed and straw yields, quality and economics of Indian mustard

Treatment Yield (t/ha) Oil content(%)

Protein(%)

Netincome(Rs/ha)

B:C ratio

Seed Straw2006-07 2007-08 2006-07 2007-

08

Sulphur level (kg/ha)

0 1.39 1.41 4.49 4.57 37.12 19.06 18126 3.1220 1.67 1.53 5.44 5.43 38.17 20.89 21580 3.4340 1.79 1.80 6.11 6.19 38.89 22.35 25098 3.7360 1.81 1.80 6.19 6.22 40.03 23.86 24942 3.67CD at 5% 0.21 0.24 1.42 1.50 0.84 0.97Sulphur source

Ammonium Sulphate 1.70 1.71 5.72 5.73 39.25 22.43 23469 3.58Gypsum 1.67 1.66 5.60 5.67 38.50 21.29 22651 3.51SSP 1.60 1.71 5.49 5.55 38.41 20.86 22717 3.54Pyrite 1.53 1.61 5.41 5.49 38.05 21.59 20909 3.32CD at 5% 0.21 0.24 1.42 1.50 0.84 0.97

(Kumar and Trivedi ,2012)

Treatments Sulphur-use efficiency ( kg seed/kg S)

Sulphur-uptake efficiency

2003–04 2004–05 2003–04 2004–05

Sulphur (kg S/ha)15 8.7 10.0 0.27 0.3130 8 9 0.25 0.2945 7.8 8.7 0.23 0.27CD (P=0.05) 0.81 0.87 0.015 0.017Sulphur sourceGypsum 6.7 7.3 0.22 0.25Cosavet 9 10.3 0.28 0.31CD (P=0.05) 1.20 1.30 0.018 0.021

Table 11.Sulphur-use efficiency and sulphur uptake efficiency asaffected by levels and sources of sulphur in mustard

(PIRI and sharma, 2006)

Symbol Treatment Quantity kg/ha

Time of application

Method of application

T1 Sulphur 90 % DP

25.00 Just before sowing

Basal application

T2 Sulphur 80 % WP

5.00 45 DAS Broad cast with urea

T3 Sulphur 80 % WP

1.25 75DAS Foliar application

T4 T1+ Sulphur 80 % WP

25.00+ 5.00 45DAS Broad cast with urea

T5 T1+ Sulphur 80 % WP

25.00+ 1.25 75DAS Foliar application

T6 Farmer practice(No use of Sulphur)

0.00 - -

Treatment details: For next Table

Treatments

Plant height (cm)

Pod length(cm)

Seed/pod

Yield(q/ha)

Test weight(gm)

Oil content(%)

Oil yield (q/ha)

T1 146.2 6.1 15 19.73 6.35 41.4 8.16

T2 147.5 6.3 16 20.52 6.41 41.6 8.53

T3 144.5 5.8 14 18.41 6.15 40.6 7.47

T4 149.7 6.5 17 21.45 6.52 42.2 9.03

T5 150.2 6.5 17 21.94 6.54 42.4 9.30

T6 141.2 5.3 13 17.83 5.82 39.8 7.09

CD at 5%

6.56 NS 2.96 0.95 0.68 1.85 7.45

Table 1: Effect of sulphur containing fertilizers on yield attributes, grain and oil yield of mustard

Conclusion: • As sulphur intracts synergistically with N,P,Ca,Zn and antagonistically with P, Mg, Mo. The balanced rates of different fertilizer nutrients including sulphur should be worked out for different oilseed crops.• There is also the need to develop extension literature on Sulphur fertilization and wall charts, slides sets and video assettes on the subject.• Agriculture Instututions should suggested to the state soil testing laboratories about precise sulphur recommendations based on soil testing.•In order to harness the full potential of newly evolved high yielding varieties of rapeseed and mustard crops, fertilizer sulphur must form a part of their integrated management programme.•Strategies need to be developed to encourage more use of S through judicious mix of fertilizer S, byproduct S, and organic manure attaining sustainable high mustard productivity.

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