Functional Foods and Health

Reducing Risk of

Non-communicable diseases

Dr. Parmeet KaurSenior Dietician

NCD in India –a big challenge

Non – communicable diseases in developing countries are a major public health and socio-economic problem. They are the major challengeto development in the 21st century (WHO,2009)

NCDs cause poverty and poverty increases the risk of NCDs. The illness, disability and

premature death due to NCDs in low-income populations reduce productivity and results in

loss of household income

). First Global Ministerial Conference on Healthy Lifestyles and Non-

communicable Disease Control, Moscow (28–29 April 2011)

Why fight it?

First Global Ministerial Conference on Healthy Lifestyles and Noncommunicable Disease Control, Moscow (28–29 April 2011).

CVD will be the largest cause of death and disability in India by 2020

• Estimated overall prevalence/1000 popnDiabetes- 62.47Hypertension - 159.46Ischemic Heart Diseases (IHD) -37.00

Why fight it?

Non-communicable diseasesdiet disease relationship

4 Diseases, 4 Modifiable Shared Risk Factors

Tobacco use

UNHEALTHYDIETS

PhysicalInactivity

Harmful use of alcohol

Cardio-vasculardiseases

√ √ √ √

Diabetes √ √ √ √

Cancer √ √ √ √

RespiratoryDiseases

√

(WHO,2009)

NCD epidemic in India

Individual foods or

a well balanced diet ?

TRADITIONAL INDIAN DIETSphytochemicals, dietary fibre, vitamin E, carotenoids and phenolic compounds

Individual foods/food groups- Not many proven clinical trials on humans

Balanced Diet- Available data may be interpreted to seek affordable solution

Disease-preventing phytochemicals in plant foods (Narasinga Rao,Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr 2003: 12 (1): 9-22)

Specific foods/food groups Main health promoting chemical

Useful in the prevention of

Whole cereal, grains Dietary fibre, tocopherols† Cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease,hypercholesterolaemia

Vegetables, fat α-linoleic acid, linoleic acid, tocopherols,†

Cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease,hypercholesterolaemia

Palm oil Tocopherols,† tocotrienols,† carotenoids

Cancer, heart diseases, atherosclerosis,cataract, pulmonary diseases, muscle injury

Yellow or green leafy vegetablesyellow fruits

, Carotenes,† ascorbic acid,† dietaromega-3 fatty acids, pectinsy fibre,

Cancer, heart diseases, atherosclerosis

Disease-preventing phytochemicals in plant foods (Narasinga Rao,Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr 2003: 12 (1): 9-22)

Specific foods/food groups Main health promoting chemical

Useful in the prevention of

Rice bran oil Sterols, PUFA Hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes,cardiovascular disease

Linseed oil, fish oil Omega-3 fatty acid Hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes,cardiovascular disease

Spices, fenugreek seeds, turmeric

Gums, curcumin, eugenol, capsicin

Cancer, cardiovascular disease,detoxification of dru

†Antioxidant. PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid.

Hypo-cholesterolaemic and antioxidant potentials of some edible oils consumed in India

(Narasinga Rao,Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr 2003: 12 (1): 9-22)

Edible oils

Phytosterols

Triterpenealcohols

Sesaminol

Tocopherols

Tocotrienols

Sesmolin†

Carotene‡

Palmolein 0.14 0.09 − 0.64 0.49 − 0.50

Rice bran oil 1.66 1.08 − 0.18 0.37 − −

Corn oil 1.70 0.02 − 0.78 − − −

Sesame oil 0.56 0.17 0.85 0.07 − 0.4 −

⌂ Hypocholesterolemic agents (%)

⌂ Antioxidant agents (%)

†Hydrolysed to sesamol. ‡In red palm oil.

COMPONENTS OF DIETARY FIBRE

Major class Property

Cellulose Water insoluble - Diabetes, colon cancer,IBS(green beans and dark green leafy vegetables, fruit skins and root vegetable skins, whole-wheat products, wheat oat, corn bran and seeds & nuts)

Non-cellulosepolysaccharide

Pectin Water soluble- Diabetes, Hyperliidemia -A(oat bran, legumes, psyllium, nuts, beans, apples, oranges, carrots, strawberries, citrus fruits, soy beans, apricots, dates, raisins, flax seed and beets)-B

Hemicellulose Water soluble-AB

Gums Water soluble-AB

Mucilages Water soluble-AB

Lignin Water soluble-AB

BIOACTIVE PHYTOCHEMICALS IN FOODS

Classification Main groups of compounds

Biological function

NSA Cellulose, hemicellulose,gums, mucilages, pectins, lignins

Water holding capacity, delay in nutrient absorption, binding toxins and bile acids

Antioxidants Polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, anthocyanine, phenolic indoles

Oxygen free radical quenching, inhibition of lipid peroxidation

Others Alkaloids, volatile flavour compounds, biogenic amines, terpenoids and other isoprenoid compounds

Neuropharmacological agents, antioxidants, cancer chemoprevention

Change in consumption pattern of the urban populationin Habitual Diets (kg/month/capita)- Source GOI, NSSO-2001

FOOD ITEMS1987-88 1993-94 1999-2000

RICE 5.26 5.13 5.10↓

WHEATFLOUR 4.37 4.44 4.45↑

PULSES 0.87 0.77 0.85

LIQUID MILK (LITRES) 4.26 4.89 5.10↑

EGGS (NUMBER) 1.43 1.48 2.06↑

MILK FAT 0.04 0.05 0.07↑

EDIBLE OILS 0.41 0.46 0.74↑

FLESH FOODS 0.39 0.40 0.46↑

VEGETABLES 3.94 3.09 3.00↓

LEAFY VEGETABLES 0.40 0.15 0.17↓

MANGOES n.a. 0.12 0.16↑

BANANA (NUMBER) 5.10 4.48 5.00

LEMONS (NUMBER) n.a. 1.23 1.39↑

SUGAR/JAGGERY 0.97 0.97 1.32↑

Tea leaf 60.43 63.93 70.44↑

BISCUITS 0.07 n.a. 2.06↑

SALTED REFRESHMENTS 0.04 n.a. 1.36↑

PREPARED SWEETS 0.11 n.a. 0.40↑

DAILY ANTI-OXIDANT NUTRIENT INTAKE (PER CU) IN INDIA (Narasinga Rao,Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr 2003: 12 (1): 9-22)

Group B Carotene Ascorbic acid(mg)

Riboflavin(mg) Vitamin E (mg)

(URBAN) HIG

3524 98 1.5 29.9

MIG 2220 70 1.2 24.5

LIG 1328 47 0.9 18.3

RURALAVERAGE

736 55 1.5 13.5

RDA 2400 40 1.4 10.0

SUPPORTING INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

• Strong Evidence– Substantial scientific agreement relationship of a diet-

disease relationship

– Supported by Clinical Trials

• Examples:

– Fortified Margarines – Sterols and Stanols

– Psyllum – soluble fiber

– Soy

– Whole oat products

– Fatty Fish, n-3 fatty acids

SUPPORTING INTERNATIONALSCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

• Moderate Evidence– Scientific evidence supporting diet-disease

relationship is not conclusive

• Examples:– Catechins in green tea – reduce risks of certain

types of cancers

– Lycopene in tomato products – reduce prostate cancer

– Probiotics in dairy products – support GI health

SUPPORTING INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

• Low Evidence– Some scientific evidence suggest a relations ship

but is limited or not conclusive

• Examples – Garlic – reduction of total and LDL cholesterol

– Lutein in spinach, kale, collard greens – reduction of macular degeneration

– Cholesterol lowering effect of probiotics and prebiotics

Functional Foods & IBS

• IBS patients may have different ratios of normal gut flora– ↓Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium

– ↑Clostridium

– Balsari et al, Microbiologica 1982

– Malinen et al, Am J Gastro 2005

– Lin, JAMA 2004

Halpern et al (Am J Gastroenterol 1996)L. acidophilus (Lacteol Fort)Dose – 5 x 109 q day (heat killed)Route – capsuleStudy – randomized, double-blinded, cross-overSubjects entered – 18Criteria – IBS symptoms6 weeks; self-administered questionnaire

Mean daily scores were better on Lactobacillus compared to placebo in 9 patients who responded

Sen et al (Dig Dis Sci 2002)Lactobacillus plantarum 2990Dose - 6.5 x 109 daily (Pro Viva fruit drink)Route – oral (approx. 125 cc)Double-blinded, PC, crossover study12 subjects enteredRome criteria; 4 weeksNo improvement in symptoms

O’Mahony et al (Gastroenterology 2005)Lactobacillus salivarius UCC4331 – 1 x 1010

Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 – 1 x 1010

Route: oral – malted milk drinkRandomized, double-blinded, PC75 subjects entered, 68 eligible for analysis; mean age = 44; 1/3

men and 2/3 womenRome II criteria – all subtypes included8 weeksSx, Qol, stool microbiologic studies, IL-10 and IL-12 serum levels

• O’Mahony et al, cont.– B. infantis improved global symptom scores and

individual scores (pain/discomfort, bloating/distention, difficult defecation) significantly more than both Lactobacillus and placebo

– B. infantis improved QoL score for only domain of health worry

– No change in stool frequency or consistency

Ringel et al, Clin Gastroenterol. 2011

Aim-Clinical efficacy of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (L-NCFM) and Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07 (B-LBi07) in nonconstipation FBDs

Results -L-NCFM and B-LBi07 twice a day improve symptoms of bloating in patients with FBDs.

Functional Foods for prevention and treatment for diarrhea

•Probiotics have gained a role as adjunctive treatment of infantile gastroenteritis together with rehydration

•Their efficacy is less convincing in adults, but promising in antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

•However, evidence of efficacy is limited to a few strains

GG↓

Functional foods & AADJournal of Gastroenterology,2008Jul;42 Suppl 2:S58-63.

• AAD -approx 25% of patients receiving antibiotics

• ↓AAD when probiotics were co-administered with antibiotics.

• McFarland analyzed 25 RCTs of probiotics for the prevention of AAD including 2810 subjects. ↑1/2 trials - efficacy of the probiotic.

• Lactobacillus GG, Saccharomyces boulardii, and the probioticmixtures were effective.

• No studies till date done in developed countries

• The effect of probiotics is strain related and there is paucity of data to establish the efficacy of the probiotic species (namely L. acidophilus, Lactic Acid Bacteria) available in the Indian market

• The earlier studies have documented a beneficial effect on rotavirus diarrhea which was present in > 75% of cases in studies from the west. Rotavirus constitutes about 25% of diarrhea in hospitalised children and 15% in outpatient practice in India.

• The primary outcome analyzed in all the studies was the duration of diarrhea.

• The more objective parameter of stool output was not evaluated.

Conclusions of the IAP National Task Force for use of probiotics in diarrhea,

May 2006

• Strain standardization• Product regulation• Evaluation of more than one

strain for therapeutic effect• Evaluation of probiotics in

subgroups• Dose and duration of therapy• Carrier substances• Interactions with other

medication• Interactions with other entero-

pathogen

Probiotics in theTreatment of DiarrheaConclusions of the IAP National Task Force for use of probiotics in diarrhea, May 2006

What is the functional foods prescription for the population for reducing risk of NCD?

• Can be consumed three or more times a day as needed. • Is priced reasonably. • Available locally & seasonally• Causes no unhealthy side effects when consumed according

to guidelines. • Tastes good. • Is suitable for all ages. • Needs no prescription. • Is proven effective throughout a long history of use. • Is easy to obtain.

Can you guess what it is?

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