Spring Canola in 2016

Meghan Moran

Canola & Edible Bean Specialist, OMAFRA

meghan.moran@ontario.ca

519-546-1725

1

Clubroot Identified in Ontario

West Nipissing, Ontario in summer 2016

2

Photo: www.ontariocanolagrowers.ca

Clubroot in Canada

Affected Regions:

• Established in vegetable growing regions of BC, ON, QC, Atlantic provinces

• Identified in Alberta canola in 2003, now in over 1,000 fields

• Present in some SK and MB fields

3

Photo: Canola Council of Canada

Clubroot Symptoms

• Yellowing

• Stunting

• Wilting

• Premature death (early infection)

• Patches of premature ripening (later infection)

4

Photo: North Dakota State University

Photo: Canola Council of Canada

Clubroot Symptoms

• Above ground looks like other diseases or stresses – you must dig up plants to confirm

• Galls or swelling of roots, caused by altered plant hormones

5Photos: Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives

Clubroot Survey

• Northern half of Ontario – 68 soil samples

• Southern half of Ontario – 27 soil samples

• 20 soil cores in “w” pattern around field entrances, and wet areas

• Sanitation procedures – wash probe, buckets and boots with bleach solution between each field

6

Clubroot Survey Results

95 samples taken, clubroot detected in 11 fields.

New Liskeard area - 4

Verner area - 4

Bruce Peninsula - 1

Dufferin county - 2

7

8

Clubroot Survey North

25 samples36 samples

9

Clubroot Survey South

10

Renfrew

Dufferin

Wellington

Bruce

Lanark

Grey

About Clubroot

• Cannot be removed from infected fields

• Spores can survive up to 20 years in soil

11Photos: www.canolawatch.org, U of Alberta

Conditions for Clubroot

• Faster acting on soils with pH < 6.5

• Higher soil moisture typically more severe

• Early infection, favourable conditions and moderate to HIGH spore load can cause up to 100% yield loss

• LOW spore load, less favourable conditions can result in little to no yield loss

12

Management

• Scouting

• Long rotations, 3-4 years between canola

• Control brassica weeds and volunteer canola

• Use resistant varieties

• Sanitation

• Prevent erosion and overland flow

13Photo: www.canolawatch.org

14

Photo: North Dakota State University

15

Photo: www.canolawatch.org

Next Steps

• Pathotype

• More mapping?

• Communication

16

www.clubroot.ca

17

www.canolacouncil.org

Swede Midge

• Overall, lower levels of damage in 2016

• Good spring conditions and fast, early growth

• June 1st detected in Wellington, Renfrew, Grey and at threshold in Temiskaming

• Many had increasing traps counts after crop had bolted

18

Swede Midge

19

Swede Midge Monitoring in Temiskaming

20

2016 Swede Midge MonitoringHenwood Township

1

5

25

125

625

3125

Jun

e 1

4-1

7

Jun

e 1

7-2

1

Jun

e 2

1-2

4

Jun

e 2

4-2

8

Jun

e 2

9-J

uly

3

July

3-8

July

8-1

2

July

12

-16

July

16

-25

July

25

-30

July

30

-A

ug

2

July

6-1

0

Au

g 3

-6

Au

g 6

-10

Total #Installed : June 14th 2016

Previous crops: oats 2016wheat soybeans barleycanola 2011

D. Tassé, OMAFRA 21

Cabbage Seedpod Weevil• Adults feed on buds

• Economic damage occurs when larvae feed inside the pods

• Adults lay eggs in newly developing pods (approx. 1” pods)

• Aim to spray before pods are 1”, at 20% bloom

Photo credit: Phil Thomas 22

Cabbage Seedpod Weevil

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Canola Quality

• Overall good quality

• No reports of green or brown seed

• Low moisture levels, little to no drying

• Oil content higher than last year, not higher than Western Canada

24

Canola Yield

• “Better than expected”

• “Yields were consistent and strong”

• Dry, hot weather likely a factor in lower yields

• Yields in north and northeastern Ontario were higher than 2015, southern Ontario lower than 2015

25

Huron, Oxford, Perth, Waterloo 2,200 lb/ac

Bruce 1,820

Grey 2,058

Wellington 2,322

Dufferin 2,223

Peel, Simcoe, York, Durham 2,150

Kawartha Lakes, Northumberland, Peterborough, Prince Edward

1,289

Frontenac, Lanark, Lennox & Addington, Ottawa, Prescott & Russel, Renfrew

1,967

Cochrane, Rainy River, Thunder Bay 2,256

Manitoulin, Sudbury, Temiskaming 2,006

Nipissing 2,719

AVERAGE 2,09526

2015: 25,035 acres insured

2,341 lb/ac average yield

2016: 29,539 acres insured

2,095 lb/ac average yield

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Eastern Canada Canola Rotation Study

Meghan MoranCanola & Edible Bean Specialist, OMAFRA

Photo: Dalhousie U

All the Credit Goes To…

Research Lead:

Dr. Claude Caldwell, Dalhousie U, Nova Scotia

with Doug MacDonald and Jili Li

Collaborating Researchers:

Dr. Don Smith and Dr. Selva Arunachalam, McGill U, Quebec

Dr. Bao-Luo Ma and Lynne Evenson, AAFC Ottawa, Ontario

Locations1) AAFC, Ottawa ON

2) McGill U, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue QC

3) Dalhousie U, Canning NS

Rotation Trial Methods• 2012- 2016, one year remaining

• Randomized, 4 reps

• Conventional tillage

• Spring wheat, corn, soybean, canola

• Bayer 5440 seeded at 5.3 lb/ac

• 100 kg N/ha (urea)

• Sulphur and boron pre-plant

Photo: B. Ma

1 C-C-C-C

2 C-S-M-W

3 S-M-W-C

4 M-W-C-S

5 W-M-S-C

6 C-W-M-S

7 W-M-S-C

8 M-S-C-W

9 S-C-W-M

10 C-W-S-M

11 W-S-M-C

12 S-M-C-W

13 M-C-W-S

14 W-W-W-W

15 M-M-M-M

M = maize/cornNo corn following canola

Continuous canola

Continuous spring wheat

Continuous corn

Canola following soybean

Canola following corn

Canola following wheat

Plot Size: Ottawa 6m x 15m

Quebec 5m x 7m

Nova Scotia 15m x 20m “field scale plots”

Canola Yield Results in Ottawa

General

• 2012 and 2016 very dry and lower yielding

• No issues with flea beetle in canola plots at all

• Full statistical analysis not yet complete, another year of study to go

Photo: B. Ma

Canola Yields @ 10% Moisture (lb/ac)

CropRotation

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

contin. canola 1874 2586 2379 2527 1410

after soy 1904 2924 2569 2775 1884

after wheat 1714 2810 2706 2400 1659

after corn 1860 2737 2751 2319 1353

Canola Yield Results in Ottawa

No significant difference

No significant difference

Canola Yield Results in Ottawa

Wheat Yield Results in Ottawa

Wheat Yields @ 13% Moisture (bu/ac)

Crop Rotation 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

contin. wheat 23.4 33.0 36.4 33.9 21.6

after canola 40.6 43.45 62.6 68.0 40.3

after corn 28.4 40.1 49.0 70.4 32.5

Significant Significant

A

B

C

A

A

B

Crop Yield Result Summary

Generally,

• Few statistically significant yield differences for rotations

• Continuous mono crops tend to have lower yields, whether statistically significant or not

• Canola was not significantly affected by the previous crop and did not significantly affect the crop’s yield after it

• No differences in canola oil and protein content

Disease Ratings

Quebec

2014, 2015 - no disease observed in field, no ratings given

Nova Scotia

2014 - Septoria on wheat, white mould in continuous soybean

2015 - white mould in continuous soy and neighbouring plot

- clubroot in continuous canola

Clubroot at Nova Scotia 2015

• Continuous canola plots not harvested in 2015

• No history of clubroot; vegetables in this area in past

• Resistant variety in 2016 significantly better performance on same plot

Continuous Canola Canola following wheat

Disease Ratings Ottawa 2014

Roots samples taken and cultured for pathogens

• white mould in soybean following canola

• rhizoctonia isolated from wheat following canola

• anthracnose and fusarium oxysporum (wilt) isolated in mature canola following soy

Disease Ratings Ottawa 2014

Rotationroot rot

June (0-5)root rot Oct (0-5)

dry weight (g)

white mould (%)

yield(lb/ac)

CANOLA

cont. canola 1.2 b 1.7 a 0.6 a 38.8 a 2379 a

after soy 1.3 b 1.4 a 0.9 a 16.3 b 2569 a

after wheat 1.3 b 1.6 a 1.1 a 6.8 d 2706 a

after corn 2.2 a 1.7 a 0.8 a 11.3 c 2751 a

SOYBEAN bu/ac

after canola 1.8 a 3.1 a 0.8 a 13.8 a 52.3 a

after wheat 2.0 a 3.0 a 0.7 a 1.8 b 56.0 a

after corn 1.9 a 2.9 a 1.0 a 3.3 b 52.1 a

Manitoba Crop Rotation Data

• Collected from crop insurance data

• 2010-2015 shown

• All data from fields 120 acres or more

• Compare average yield of all fields to average yield in a specific rotation

Reference: Manitoba Agriculture

Previous CropCanola Yield Response (% of 2010-2015 avg)

Red spring wheat 102

Winter wheat 98Oat 95

Barley 104Canola 86

Flax 103Pea 104

Soybean 104White bean 119

Corn 112Potato 117

Canola is best planted after...

Reference: Manitoba Agriculture

The best crop to plant after canola is...

Previous CropYield Response (% of 2010-2015 avg)

Red spring wheat

Winterwheat

Soybean Corn

Red spring wheat 85 84 101 98

Winter wheat 75 83 105 96Oat 93 86 100 99

Barley 90 91 101 92Canola 101 105 100 99

Flax 96 104 98 78Pea 101 82 68 94

Soybean 108 93 94 103White bean 119 NSD 107 111

Corn 98 67 102 89Potato 88 70 111 91

Ongoing Fertility Studies

4 years, 5 sites, 2 varieties

• Pre-plant Nitrogen vs Split Nitrogen

• Determine threshold level of sulphur and boron deficiency

– Boron pre vs at flowering

– Sulphur at 0, 10, 20, 40 kg/ha

• Nutrient balance of nitrogen and sulphur

– Combination of 3 rates of N, and 4 rates of S

Funding for this activity has been provided by the AgriInnovation Program’s Research and Development stream, under the Growing Forward 2 policy framework.

Funding for this project has been provided by Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada through the AgriInnovation Program.

Questions?