By product utilisation of citrus

fruitsBY

GOODU MASTAN VALIID NO: 16FT1D7821

Citrus Family• Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the family Rutaceae.• The generic name originated from Latin, where it referred to either the plant now known as Citron

or a conifer tree (Thuja). • Citrus fruits and plants are also known by the Romance Loanword agrumes (literally "sour fruits").• Important are Oranges, lemons, Grape Fruit, Limes and Tangerins, total 60 varieties of fruits come

into this family.• Origin is in the part of Southeast Asia, Northeast India and China.• The fruit is a specialised berry, 4–30 cm (1.6–11.8 in) long and 4–20 cm (1.6–7.9 in) diameter, with

a leathery rind or "peel" called a pericarp.• Citrus fruits are notable for their fragrance, partly due to flavonoids and liminoids (which in turn

are terpenes) contained in the peel.• Many species are cultivated for their fruit, which is eaten fresh, pressed for juice, or preserved in

marmalades and pickles.• They are good source of Citric Acid, Vit.C, Flavonoids include Flavanones and Flavones.• The major citrus fruit producing states in India are Karnataka, Puducherry, Tamilnadu, Andhra

Pradesh, Maharashtra, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Madya Pradesh, Orissa, Jarkhand etc.,

WORLD WIDE PRODUCTION STAT’STop ten total citrus fruits producers 2007 (tonnes)

Country Grapefruit Lemons and limes Oranges Tangerines, etc. Other Total

Brazil 72,000 10,60,000 1,82,79,309 12,71,000 - 2,06,82,309

China 5,47,000 7,45,100 28,65,000 1,41,52,000 13,08,000 1,96,17,100

United States 15,80,000 7,22,000 73,57,000 3,28,000 30,000 1,00,17,000

Mexico 3,90,000 18,80,000 41,60,000 3,55,000 66,000 68,51,000

India 1,78,000 20,60,000 39,00,000 - 1,48,000 62,86,000

Spain 35,000 8,80,000 26,91,400 20,80,700 16,500 57,03,600

Iran 54,000 6,15,000 23,00,000 7,02,000 68,000 37,39,000

Italy 7,000 5,46,584 22,93,466 7,02,732 30,000 35,79,782

Nigeria - - - - 33,25,000 33,25,000

Turkey 1,81,923 7,06,652 14,72,454 7,38,786 2,599 31,02,414

World 50,61,023 1,30,32,388 6,39,06,064 2,65,13,986 71,37,084 11,56,50,545

Source: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division

Production of Fruits (Million Tonnes) in India and World in 2010-11.

India World Contribution Rank In World

Apple 2.89 70.30 4.10 3Banana 29.78 100.00 29.80 1Citrus 7.8 119.7 6.50 4Grapes 1.24 67.32 2.00 10Mango & Guava 17.65 39.98 44.00 1Pineapple 1.42 19.41 7.30 6• 121270 T/Year of Citrus Fruits are producing world wide (2013 – 2014).• 7400 T/Year of Citrus Fruits are producing in India (2013 – 2014).

WHAT IS WASTE ?• Food Processing wastes are those end products of various Food Processing Industries that

have not been recycled or used for other purposes.

• These wastes could be considered valuable by products if there were appropriate technical means and if the value of the subsequent products were exceed the cost of reprocessing.

Impacts of waste not managed wisely:

• Affects our Health, Socio Economic Conditions, and affects our climate.

CITRUS WASTAGE

MAJOR WASTAGE & By Products

Citrus Fruit

Peel (45 – 55%)

Pectin

Marmalades

Candied Peels

Limonene

Animal Feed

Seed (2 – 7%)Oil Extraction

Animal Feed

PECTIN MANUFACTURING

Citrus Peels

Cutting into small pieces

Blanching 90-92°C for 5 min

Drying at 50°C (10% moisture)

Extraction 0.05N HCL for 1 hr at

95°C

Filtration (Muslin Cloth)

Pectin Extraction

Precipitation with 95% Ethanol

Filtration Thick Muslin Cloth

Washing of Precipitated Pectin with 70% Ethanol

Distillation

Drying at 50°C Pectin Powder

Packing

PECTIN & IT’S APPLICATIONS• Typical levels of Pectin in Citrus Peels are about 30%.• Pectin occurs as a white to light brown powder or granular & odourless.Food Industry:• Mainly used as Gelling agent, Thickening agent and Stabilizer.• Used in confectionary Jellies to give a good Gel structure, clean bite and to release a good

flavour.• Use to stabilize Acidic protein drinks, like Yogurt.• Typical levels of pectin as a Food Additive are between 0.5 – 1.0%.Pharma Industry:• Used against constipation, Diarrhea.• Used as a Demulcent (Mucoprotective agent).• In Cosmetic industry it used as Stabilizer.

MANUFACTURING COMPANIES• Krishna Pectins Pvt. Ltd. Jalgaon

http://www.krishnapectins.com/Home.html • Cifal Herbal Pvt. Ltd. Nellore

http://www.cifalherbal.com/index.html• Pacific Pectin Inc, California

http://www.pacificpectin.com/index.html• CP KELCO, Atlanta,

https://www.cpkelco.com/products/pectin/ • Vincent Corporation, Tampa, Florida,

http://www.vincentcorp.com/products

ABOUT MARMALADE

• It refers to a fruit preserve made from the Juice and Peel of Citrus Fruits, sugar and water.• It is a Fruit jelly in which slices of the fruit or its Peel are suspended.• Place of origin Britain, preferred fruit is Seville orange, high pectin content.• For Marmalade Pectin and Acid contents kept on higher side.• Bitterness is regarded as desirable characteristic of Marmalade.

METHOD OF PREPERATIONFruits

Washing. Peeling & Cutting

Boiling (30 - 40 min)

Decanting

Addition of Sugar

Cooking (68° Brix)

Addition of Shredded Peels

Boiling Till Jellying Point

Packing in Jars / Cans

Storage

Keep peels aside

Shredded Peels

MANUFACTURING COMPANIES• Solagri Arl, UK,

http://www.exportersindia.com/solagri-arl/#products_services

• The J M Smucker Company, USA, http://www.smuckers.com/products/fruit-spreads

• Smgk Agro Products, Delhi, http://www.indiamart.com/smgk-agro-product/fresh-fruit-pulps.html

• Solitaire Drugs & Pharma Pvt Ltd, Delhi, http://www.indiamart.com/solitairefood/jams.html#orange-marmalade

• Satvika Bio Foods India Pvt Ltd, Chembur, http://www.indiamart.com/satvika-bio-foods/#

• Mapro Foods Pvt Ltd, Wai, http://www.indiamart.com/maprofoods/#

• Ganesh Products Pvt Ltd, Kolkata, http://www.indiamart.com/ganeshsharbat/#

• Poorva Pratishthan, Allahabad, http://www.indiamart.com/poorva-pratishthan/

CANDIED Citrus PEEL MakingFruits

Slice the Peel away from the fruit

Cut the Peel into Slices

Boiling of the peels

Drain the water & Keep Peel aside

Preparation of Sugar Syrup

Add the Peels to Sugar syrup

Cook for 30 – 45 min

Remove the Peels & Roll in sugar

Allow for drying

MANUFACTURING COMPANIES• Frulin, http://frulin.com/ • Frutex Australia, Kingsgrove,

http://www.frutex.com.au/Products/Detail/PEEL040 • L’Epicerie, USA,

http://www.lepicerie.com/Agrimontana/ • Cesarin, Italy,

http://www.cesarin.it/eng/content/frutta-candita-1 • Miyone, Japan,

http://www.miyone.com/english/products/peel.html • NCL Agro Foods, Gujarat,

http://www.dial4trade.com/product/86383/orange-peel-candy-india.htm

• Kalyani Fruit Products, Kerala, http://kalyanifruit.tradeindia.com/candied-orange-peel-2047866.html

• Vedantika Herbals, New Delhi, http://satvikshop.com/ayurveda/cholesterol/vedantika-herbals-orange-peel-candy/20107/p_B1011905

OIL (LIMONENE) EXTRACTION FROM CITRUS PEEL

• The outer peel (Flavedo) of citrus fruit have the good amount of Limonene.• A colour less unsaturated hydrocarbon, with a boiling point of 176°C.• Limonene is a relatively stable terpene and can be distilled without decomposition, it is not soluble in water.• D – Limonene has a citrus smell and it occurs in the citrus peels.• It gives citrus fruits their familiar aroma.• The composition vary with the ripeness of the fruit.Applications:• Used in Cosmetic products, Food flavourings and as a fragrance in Perfume Industry.• Important medicinal properties: sedative, anti stress, anti carcinogenic, relieves heart burn and gastro

intestinal problems.• Used as a Insecticide due to the presence of Enantiomer.• As it is combustible, it considered as a Biofuel.

METHOD OF PREPARATIONCitrus Peel 100 g

Cut into slices

Add distilled water

Homogenize in a Blender

Transfer the mixture to a round flat bottom Funnel

Set Apparatus for steam distillation

Turn on the Hot plate & Condense water

Collect the Distillate

D – Limonene (1.2 g)

MANUFACTURING COMPANIES

• India Essential Oils, Delhi, http://www.indiaessentialoils.com/lemon-oil.html

• Mentha & Allied Products Pvt Ltd, Delhi, http://www.menthaallied.com/D-limonene-food-grade.htm

• Gogia Chemical Industries Pvt Ltd, U.P. http://www.gogiachemical.net/d-limonene-714523.html

• K. Patel Chemopharma Pvt Ltd, Mumbai, http://www.toocle.com/IndiaSuppliers/612548/D-Limonene-2979039.html

• Inter State Commodities Corp, Atlanta, http://icccitrus.com/ • Lemon Concentrate, Spain,

http://lemonconcentrate.com/d-limonene.html#.V9_fjo9OLIV • Florida Chemical Company, Florida, http://www.floridachemical.com/

SEED OIL • The seed content of citrus fruit varies from about 7 % in Grapefruit and 2 %

in oranges.• Citrus seeds can be commercially interesting as a source of Oil (33 - 45%) &

Protein (40 - 45%).Manufacturing Companies:• Jedwards International, Inc. Braintree,

http://www.bulknaturaloils.com/bulk-grapefruit-seed-oil • Health & Beauty Natural Oils Co, Inc. Santa Barbara,

http://www.thomasnet.com/profile/30814930/health-beauty-natural-oils-co-inc.html?what=Grape+Seed+Oils&cov=NA&heading=54791207&searchpos=4&cid=30814930

• Essential Wholesale, Portland, http://www.thomasnet.com/profile/10094881/essential-wholesale.html?what=Grape+Seed+Oils&cov=NA&heading=54791207&searchpos=7&cid=10094881

• Arista Industries, Long Beach, http://www.thomasnet.com/profile/10076776/arista-industries.html?what=Grape+Seed+Oils&cov=NA&heading=54791207&searchpos=10&cid=10076776

MANUFACTURING OF SEED OILReceiving of Seeds

Soaking (24-48 hrs)

Drain the water

Steaming

Drying (2.5 to 3.5 % M.C)

Solvent Extraction

Crude Oil

Refining

Filtered Oil

Seed Meal

ANIMAL FEED

Waste (Peel + Seed)

Drying

Pelletization

Packing

FUTURE SCOPE OF CITRUS WASTAGE• More than 15 Million Tons of Peel, Rag, Seed remain each year after citrus fruits are processed into

Juice, Concentrate.• In the past years, the solid wastes were dumped on wasteland or used as soil conditioners and the

liquid wastes were ponded or flushed into streams, lakes or sewers. Due to which the BOD level increased and polluting the under ground water.

• Now 80 – 90 % of the wastes were converted into usable products such as Pectin manufacturing, Extraction of Oils, Brined peels making, Dried Pulp (Animal Feed).

• Food Wastes are source of valuable compounds for e.g. Pharmaceutical Industry.Approx Statistical Data:• For Pectin Manufacturing : 40% • For Candied Citrus Peel : 10%• For Oil Extraction : 20%• For Marmalade : 5%• For Animal Feed : 10%

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