INNOVATIONS FROM THE FIELD: GENDER MAINSTREAMING FROM THE GROUND UP FOR THE WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME
Synthesis reportAlyson Brody, Naomi Hossain, Katy Oswald and Sally Smith
Innovationsfrom the FieldGender mainstreaming from the ground up for the World Food ProgrammePhase One: June 2013 – September 2014
INNOVATIONS FROM THE FIELD: GENDER MAINSTREAMING FROM THE GROUND UP FOR THE WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME
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Front coverClockwise from top: Images from our programmes from Senegal, Malawi, Kenya, Lesotho and Guatemala.
AcknowledgementsIsatou Jallow, former Chief of Women, Children and Gender played an instrumental role in the initial inception and development of this programme. Sonsoles Ruedas, the current Director of the WFP Gender Office and Patrick Teixeira, Programme Advisor on Gender, have worked in close partnership with the IDS team and participating country and regional offices to plan and implement the pilot phase of the programme.
We would particularly like to acknowledge the following people for their commitment and contribution to Participatory Action Learning in the five pilot countries:
Guatemala Josefina Tamayo Muñoz Leonorilda Coc Francisco Fión
Kenya Sara BelfrageDavid KamauRobin Landis Lorna Likhanga Ruth Musili Patricia Njoroge
Lesotho Makhauta Mokheti
Malawi Bertha Chiudza Sarah Rawson
Thanks also to Leigh Hildyard for her support in Lesotho and Malawi
Senegal Blandine Legonou FanouMahamane BadamassiMaimouna CisséFatouma DiadéHalima Diallo HouleyeBoubacar DieméElisabeth DioufAramata Doumbouya Sirandou FallFatoubinta FallbaldeCheikhAbdou LoumFlorence NdourKhady TendengBibata Sankara
Thanks also goes to the Country Office Directors and Deputy Directors in Kenya, Malawi, Guatemala, Senegal and Lesotho for their support during the pilot phase and to other partners and stakeholders who have participated in the programme.
Vital support for the programme was also received from several colleagues at IDS, including Georgina Aboud, Adrian Bannister, Tom Barker, Rosalind Eyben, Amy Hall, Elaine Mercer, Jethro Pettit, Patta Scott-Villiers and Kelly Shephard.
Finally, we wish to thank the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) for their financial support and interest in the programme.
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ContentsAcknowledgements Insidefrontcover
Executive summary 2
Biographies of IDS team 4
Glossary 5
Acronyms 5
1Introduction 6
1.1 GendermainstreamingintheWorldFoodProgramme 6
1.2 OriginsofjointWFP-IDSprogramme 7
2Programme Objectives, Design and Methodology 8
2.1 Programmeobjectivesandtheoryofchange 8
2.2Programmedesignandmethodology 8
3Emerging Themes and Examples of Good Practice for Gender-Sensitive Programming 10
3.1 EnhancingprotectionofwomenandgirlsthroughWFPinterventions 10
3.2Recognising,reducingandredistributingwomen’sunpaidcarework 1 1
3.3 Identifyingpathwaysforengagingmen 12
3.4Challenginggendernormsandassumptions 14
3.5 Incorporatingrightsintoprogramming 15
3.6Promotingcollectiveactiontoenablewomen’sempowerment 16
4Learning and recommendations about gender mainstreaming in WFP 18
4.1 ThebigpictureofgendermainstreaminginWFP:theLevyanalysis 18
4.2Keylessons 19
ThereisuntappedpotentialforgendermainstreaminginWFP 19
Strongleadershipandaccountabilityongendermainstreamingarecritical 21
Abettergeneralunderstandingofgenderisneeded 23
Creatingspaceforreflecting,listeningandlearningongenderiscrucial 24
Resourcesarecriticalforsuccessfulgendermainstreaming 25
4.3Recommendations 26
Optimisinglatentpotentialforgendermainstreaming 26
Strengtheningleadershipandaccountabilityforgender 26
Strengtheningunderstandingofthegenderissues 26
Resourcinggendermainstreaming 27
Annex One 28
Endnotes 31
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WFP staff and partners at the country level are often adopting innovative practices which respond to, and deal effectively with, local gender realities and priorities, but these are rarely shared. Taking a ‘bottom-up’ learning approach to gender mainstreaming will allow successful innovations to be captured, shared and embedded across the organisation.
Executive summaryFoodandnutritionsecurityandgenderequalityarecloselylinkedandmutuallyconstitutive.Thefactthatwomenandgirlsareamongthemostundernourishedintheworldandareoftenhardesthitbyfoodinsecurityunderlinesthis.Women’sproductivelabourandunpaidcareworkiscentraltotheproduction,preparationandprovisionoffood.Yettheirabilitytofeedthemselvesandtheirfamiliesispersistentlyunderminedbyinstitutionalisedgenderbiasesinaccesstoresources,markets,socialservicesandsocialprotection,aswellassocio-culturalnormswhichprioritisethenutritionofmenandboysandlimitwomen’sdecision-makingpower.
Acknowledgingthegenderedfoundationsoffoodandnutritionsecurity,theWorldFoodProgramme(WFP)announced‘EnhancedCommitmentstoWomen’andbeganmainstreaminggenderthroughoutitsoperationsinthelate1990s.Sincethattimeithassuccessfullytargetedthespecificneedsofwomenandgirlsand
enhancedtheirparticipationinfoodsecurityprogramming.However,ithasalsorecognisedaneedtogofurthertoaddresstherootcausesofgender-basedfoodinsecurityacrossthedifferentcontextsinwhichitoperates.Aspartofitseffortstodoso,WFPhasenteredintoalearningpartnershipwiththeInstituteofDevelopmentStudies(IDS).Thepremiseforthe‘InnovationsfromtheField’programmeisthatWFPstaffandpartnersatthecountrylevelareoftenadoptinginnovativepracticeswhichrespondto,anddealeffectivelywith,localgenderrealitiesandpriorities,buttheseare
rarelyshared.Takinga‘bottom-up’learningapproachtogendermainstreamingwillallowsuccessfulinnovationstobecaptured,sharedandembeddedacrosstheorganisation.
Inthisfirstphaseoftheprogramme,IDShasfacilitatedaprocessof‘participatoryactionlearning’infiveWFPCountryOffices:Guatemala,Kenya,Lesotho,MalawiandSenegal.Thishasenabledstafftoreflecton,explore,documentandsharegoodpracticesforgender-sensitivefoodsecurityprogramming.IthasalsoallowedwiderreflectiononcurrentbarrierstoeffectivegendermainstreaminginWFPandhowtheycouldbeovercome.Thisreportsummarisesthelearningsofar.
Emerging themes and good practice for gender-sensitive food security programmingAnumberofthemesemergedtowhichWFPneedstopayparticularattentioninitsprogramming.ThefirstisprotectionandWFP’sobligationtocarryoutfoodassistanceactivitiesinwaysthatcontributetothesafety,dignityandintegrityofpeopleinthecommunitieswhereitoperates.Genderiscentraltoprotection.Thedegreetowhichpeopleareexposedtorisksisinlargepartdeterminedbytherolestheyfulfillbasedontheirgenderwithsomewell-knownriskstowomenandgirlssuchasexposuretogender-basedviolenceat,oronthewayto,fooddistributioncentres.Basedonpreviousprotectionassessments,WFPhastakenstepstomitigatesuchrisks,butsomerisksaredifficulttodetectaspartofquantitativemonitoringsystemscurrentlyusedbyWFPandrequirethatparticipatoryapproachesareusedformorequalitativemonitoringofrisks.ThiswasconfirmedbylearningactivitiesinMalawiandKenyathatfoundtherangeofgender-relatedprotectionissuestobewiderthantheissuescurrentlyincludedinthemonitoringtools.
Arelatedthemeiswomenandgirls’disproportionateresponsibilityforunpaid care work.Thisisaconcernbothforprotectionandgenderequality,giventhevariouswaysWFPprogrammescanaddtothiswork(e.g.requiringwomentotraveldistancestocollectrations,orrelyingonwomen’sunpaidlabourascommunityvolunteers).Programmescanbedesignedbetterto‘recognise,reduceandredistribute’unpaidcarework;forexample,theSchoolMealsProgrammeinMalawiisacknowledgingthecontributionofvolunteercookswithcertificatesandhasintroducedkitchentoolstoreducethehazardsanddrudgeryoftheirwork.
Alsoimportantistheneedtoengage with men infoodsecurityprogramming.AlthoughlongrecognisedasanimportantareaoffocusinWFP,staffreportedalackofunderstandingofhowtodothiseffectively.ThepilotsinGuatemala,SenegalandMalawiprovidednewinsightsintomen’sperspectivesandpossiblewaystoengagewiththem,suchasreinforcingpositiveimagesofmenparticipatinginprogrammestoimprovetheirchildren’snutrition,targetingmalecommunityleadersandlocalauthoritiesforsensitisation,andformingallianceswithnetworksofmenadvocatingforequalrights.
Thisalsobroughtouttheneedtochallenge assumptionsaboutgendernormsandrolesinthecommunitiesWFPworkswith.Programmedesignisoftenbasedonassumptions(e.g.thatmenwould
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usecashtransfersforpersonalgain)orinadvertentlyreinforcesgenderinequality(e.g.requiringgirlstoserveandclearfoodwhileboyssuperviseinSchoolMealsProgrammes).Throughinterrogatingandchallengingtheseassumptions,simpleadjustmentsindesigncouldmakeasignificantdifferencetogender-relatedoutcomes.
FurtherstrengtheningoftheincorporationofrightsintoWFPprogrammingisalsocalledfor.Aspartoftheorganisationsapproachtoprotection,WFPhasforanumberofyearsbeenworkingtoensurethatpeople’srightsaresupportedthroughitsinterventions.WFPstaffinvolvedinthepilotsrepeatedlyreturnedtotheneedtoenhancewomen’sunderstandingof,andaccessto,rightsaspartoftacklingrootcausesoffoodinsecurity,andtoensurewomenareadequatelyprotected.TheGuatemalaCountryOfficehassincetakenconcretestepstowardsthisbyincorporatingeducationonwomen’srightsintoitsnutritionprogrammes.
Finally,theroleandpotentialofwomen’s collective actiondeservesgreaterattentioninWFP.AlthoughWFPregularlyworkswithwomeningroups,thisistypicallynotframedaroundanunderstandingofwomen’sempowerment.ProgrammessuchasPurchaseforProgress(P4P)andtheRuralResilienceInitiative(R4)inSenegaldemonstratethatfacilitatingwomen’sactiveinvolvementinsingleormixedsexgroupsnotonlyenablesthemtocontributedirectlytohouseholdwellbeing;italsobetterequipsthemtoinfluencelocalagendasandlayclaimswithauthorities,bothofwhichareimportantfortacklingstructuralcausesoffoodandnutritioninsecurity.
Learning and recommendations about gender mainstreaming in WFPAlongsidethesethematiclessonsforprogramming,thereareanumberofprocess-orientedrecommendationsforhowtoimprovegendermainstreaminginWFP.1. Therearelargereservesoflatentcapacityfor
gendermainstreamingamongWFPstaffandpartners,butmuchofthispotentialisuntapped.GenderAdvocatesandstaffinWFPsub-officesandpartnerorganisationsareoftennotgiventheautonomy,timeorresourcestodriveforwardworkongender,noraretheyrewardedfordoingso.Recommendationsinclude: • Recognise,utiliseandrewardexistingcapacity
andenthusiasmaroundgenderamongWFPstaff • EnsureGenderAdvocateshaveaclearmandate
andadequatetimeandresources • EngagemorestrategicallywithCOpartner
organisationsongenderissues
2. Strongleadershipandaccountabilityongendermainstreamingarecritical.WFPisjudgedtobestrongintermsofhigh-levelpoliticalcommitmenttogender,butleadershipattheCOlevelisuneven
andaccountabilitymechanismsweak.Thelatteriscompoundedbyafocusoncountingnumbersofwomenbeneficiariesandcommitteemembers,whichcangivelittleindicationofachievementsagainstgender-equitablefoodandnutritionsecuritygoals.TheemphasisonnumbersisoftenreinforcedbyreportingrequirementsforCOs.Recommendationsinclude:
• Buildarobustbusinesscaseforwhygendermainstreamingismission-criticalforWFP,andallocateresourcesandauthoritytocommunicatethiseffectivelytoallseniormanagers
• StrengthenexistingaccountabilitymechanismsandindicatorstoensureseniormanagersareheldresponsibleformeaningfuloutcomesongenderattheCOlevel
3. ThereisalackofconsistencyintheunderstandingofwhatgenderisandwhyitmattersforWFP’swork.Thisisreflectedandreinforcedbythelackofsystematicattentiontogenderacrosstheprojectcycle,whichmeansmanychancesforsmarterprogrammingaremissed.Asthingsstand,gendermainstreamingtendstohappeninreactivewaysandisdependentonindividuals’capacity,commitmentandinterest–notonthecorporateorinstitutionalmandateormission.Recommendationsinclude:
• Developstaffcapacityongenderthroughtraining,identificationofGenderAdvocateswithinallsections(programmes,VulnerabilityAssessmentandMapping(VAM),monitoringandevaluation(M&E),logisticsandprocurementetc),andrecruitmentofgenderspecialiststoprovideadditionalsupport
• RevisetheVAMapproachandprocess,consideringalternativeconceptualframeworksandmoregender-sensitivetoolsforassessingvulnerability
• Createopportunitiesforstafftoreflect,listenandlearnongender,includingproblem-basedlearningspecifictoprogrammeandcountrycontexts
4. Inthe‘projectised’cultureofWFP,targetedfundingpreventstheimplementationofcomprehensive,engagedgender-sensitiveprogramming.Programmebudgetsrarelytakeintoconsiderationthetruecostsofmainstreaminggenderandachievinggender-relatedgoals.Thereisalsoalackofresourcesforthecross-programmaticworkneededtobuildinstitutionalcapacityandresponsivenessongender.Recommendationsinclude: • Developbetterorganisationalunderstanding
ofthetruecostsofgendermainstreamingandensurecostsforgender-relatedworkaredetailedinprogrammebudgets
• Donorsshoulddemandgender-sensitiveprogrammedesignandreporting,ontheconditiontheysupportthiswithadequateresourcesforworkongender.
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Alyson Brody
Katy Oswald
Naomi Hossain
Sally Smith
Biographies of IDS team
Alysonisananthropologistwithover15years’experienceinthefieldofgenderequality,women’srightsandsocialdevelopment.InadditiontodirectingtheInnovations from the Fieldprogramme,sheisthemanagerofBRIDGE–aglobalgenderanddevelopmentresearchandinformationprogramme–andco-leaderoftheIDSGenderandSexualitiesCluster.Alysonhasauthoredandco-authoredanumberofpublicationsonkeygenderanddevelopmentissues.ShehasworkedwithseveralNGOsonwomen’sandchildren’srights,andisaformermemberoftheUKGenderandDevelopmentNetworkAdvisoryBoard.
Katyisasocialscientistwithaspecialisationinactionlearningmethodologiesandreflectivepractice.ShehasworkedwithseveraldevelopmentcharitiesandUNagenciestosupporttheirorganisationallearningonawiderangeofissues.Sheisco-convenoroftheReflectivePracticeandSocialChangecourseatIDS.
NaomiisaResearchFellowatIDS.Shehasworkedfor20yearsasadevelopmentresearcherandonprogrammedesignandevaluationonissuesofpovertyandpublicservicesinlowincomecountries.Sheisparticularlyinterestedinissuesofwomen’sempowermentandinthepoliticsoffoodandsocialprotection.Naomihasrecentlyledtwolargeprojectsstudying,amongotherthings,people’sperceptionsofandstrugglesaroundtherighttofood.SheistheauthorofabookoneliteperceptionsofpovertyinBangladeshaswellasnumerousjournalarticlesandreports.
Sallyisanindependentresearchconsultant.Herresearchcentresaroundtrade,development,povertyandgender,withspecialistknowledgeofglobalproductionsystemsandthegenderedeconomy.Shealsofocusesoninstitutionallearning,includingimpactassessmentandmonitoringandevaluationsystems.Shehasprovidedresearchandadvisoryservicestoarangeoforganisationsandinstitutions,includingFairtradeInternational,theEthicalTradingInitiative,OxfamandComicRelief.Sheisamemberofvarioussteeringcommitteesandworkinggroups,includingComicRelief’sTrade,EnterpriseandEmploymentAdvisoryGroupandFairtradeInternational’sGenderWorkingGroup.SallywasaresearcherattheInstituteofDevelopmentStudies(UniversityofSussex)from2001to2010andpriortothatspenteightyearsworkinginGuatemalaandCambodia.
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AIDS AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome
CEDAW ConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationAgainstWomen
CFS CommitteeonWorldFoodSecurity
CO CountryOffice
ECWs EnhancedCommitmentstoWomen
EMOPs EmergencyOperations
GMAF GenderMainstreamingAccountabilityFramework
HIV HumanImmunodeficiencyVirus
IASC Inter-AgencyStandingCommittee
IDS InstituteofDevelopmentStudies
MDGs MillenniumDevelopmentGoals
NGOs Non-governmentalOrganisations
PAL ParticipatoryActionLearning
P4P PurchaseforProgress
R4 RuralResilienceInitiative
SDGs SustainableDevelopmentGoals
SGBV SexualandGender-basedViolence
SFC SavingsforChange
SMPs SchoolMealsProgramme
SUN ScalingupNutrition
UNSWAP UnitedNationsSystem-WideActionPlanforGenderEqualityandtheEmpowermentofWomen
VAM VulnerabilityAnalysisandMapping
WFP WorldFoodProgramme
Gender mainstreaming Aprocessforassessingimplicationsforwomenandmenofpoliciesorprogrammesandastrategyformakingwomen’saswellasmen’sconcernsandexperiencesintegraltothedesign,implementation,monitoringandevaluationofpoliciesandprogrammes,sothatgenderinequalityisnotperpetuated.Gendermainstreamingaimstoachievegenderequality,andincludespositivemeasurestonarrowandclosethegendergap.
Participatory action learning (PAL)
Anapproachtoappliedlearningwithinorganisations,inwhichthelearnersaresupportedtostudyandreflectontheirownorganisationalpractices.
Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)
Formsofviolencethataresexualorwhichtargetpeoplebecauseoftheirgenderroles.SGBVisoftenreferredtoasviolenceagainstwomen,becauseitoftenoccursasaresultofgenderinequalitiesthroughwhichwomenaredominatedbymen.
Unpaid care work Workwhichisprimarilyreproductiveinnature,andinvolvesatleastcleaningandgroomingpeopleandhomes,gatheringwater,foodandfuel,preparingandcookingfood,feedingpeopleandprovidingphysicalandemotionalcare.Suchworktakesplaceswithinpersonalrelationshipsandisunpaid.Mostsocietiesundervalueitandseeitas‘naturally’theresponsibilityofwomen.Itisaprimaryfoundationofgenderinequalitybecausedomesticresponsibilitiesforcarecreateobstaclesforwomentoearnanincome,travel,andengageinpublicandciviclife.
Acronyms
Glossary
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The close positive relationship between food security and gender equality implies that food security programmes need to systematically take into account gender power relations in the contexts in which they operate.
1 Introduction1. 1 Gender mainstreaming in the World Food ProgrammeFoodandnutritionsecurity,genderequalityandwomen’sempowermentarecloselylinkedandmutuallyconstitutive.Thefactthatwomenandgirlsareamongthemostundernourishedintheworld,evenincountriesexperiencingrapideconomicgrowth,suchasIndia,underlinesthecorrelationbetweengenderinequalityandfoodinsecurity.Women’sworkiscentraltofoodandnutritionsecurity,whetheritisincome-earningorunpaiddomesticcareresponsibilities:womenproduceasmuchashalfoftheworld’sfood,areconcentratedasfamilyorpaidworkersintheagriculturalsector,andaretypicallyresponsibleforgettingfoodtofamilies–growing,gathering,buying,preparing,cooking,feedingandassociatedactivities.1
Yetwomenarealsooftenhardesthitbyfoodinsecurity,becausesocialnormsorhouseholdcopingstrategiesprioritisethenutritionofmenorboys,andbecausefood-relatedshockshaveadirectimpactontheirworkofsecuringfoodandnutritionsecurity.2Lowerlevelsofeducationamongwomenhavebeenlinkedtomalnutritionamongchildren,andpregnancyandlactationoftenleavewomenvulnerabletomalnutrition,whileevidenceindicatesthatwomen’sempowermenttranslatesdirectlyintohouseholdnutritionaloutcomes.3Acrossdifferentcontexts,women’saccesstoassets,technology,inputsandsocialprotectionresourcesisconstrainedasaresultofgenderinequalitiesinrelationto
propertyregimes,segmentedmarkets,malebiasesinpolicyandpractice,andothermanifestationsofunequalgenderpowerrelations.4
Theclosepositiverelationshipbetweenfoodsecurityandgenderequalityimpliesthatfoodsecurityprogrammesneedtosystematicallytakeintoaccountgenderpowerrelationsinthecontextsinwhichtheyoperate;
andthatmoreeffectiveandsustainablefoodsecurityprogrammesarelikelytobethosewhichworktoadvancegenderequalityandwomen’sempowerment.AchievingthefirstMillenniumDevelopmentGoal(MDG1),anewSustainableDevelopmentGoalonhungerpost-2015,andthegoalsoutlinedundertheZeroHungerChallenge,thereforedependsonmoregender-sensitivefoodsecurityprogramming.5
TheWFPhasdemonstratedastrongcommitmenttoaddressingtheselinkedissuesoffoodsecurityandgenderinequalitythroughanambitiousgendermainstreamingpolicyandprogrammefirstrolledoutin2003andrevisedin2009.TheWFPappliestheUnitedNations(UN)definitionofgender mainstreamingas:
[T]heprocessofassessingtheimplicationsforwomenandmenofanyplannedaction–includinglegislation,policiesorprogrammes–inallareasandatalllevels.Itisastrategyformakingwomen’saswellasmen’sconcernsandexperiencesanintegraldimensionofthedesign,implementation,monitoringandevaluationofpoliciesandprogrammesinallpoliticalandsocietalspheressothatinequalityisnotperpetuated.Whiletheultimategoalofgendermainstreamingistoachievegenderequality,itdoesnotexcludepositivemeasurestonarrowandclosethegendergap.6
The2003policy,structuredaroundeight‘EnhancedCommitmentstoWomen’(ECWs),framedwomenas‘themosteffectivesolution’toaddressingfoodinsecurity,recognisingthespecificneedsofadolescentgirlsandwithpregnantandlactatingwomenseenasaprioritygroup.
WFPevaluatedthepolicyin2007.Itspositiveoutcomesincludedsuccessesinincreasingthevisibilityofwomenandgirls,andinlayingstrongfoundationsforgendermainstreaming.Howevertheevaluationpointedouttheneedtofocusongenderrelationsandtoengagemeninprocessesdesignedtoaddresswomen’ssituationandstatus.Italsoidentifiedadisjuncturebetweenthegendermainstreamingpolicydevelopedlargelyatheadquarters,anditsimplementationattheoperationallevel.TheevaluationrecommendedthatfutureWFPinterventionsshouldbemoreinformedbyneedsonthegroundandbythelocalsocio-culturalcontextofgenderrelations.
ArevisedWFPGenderPolicywasproducedin2009andstressedtheneedforamorecontext-relevantholisticapproach,goingbeyondsupportingtheneedsofwomenandgirlsandincreasingtheirvisibility,tofosteringawarenessandunderstandingofgenderinequalitiesinordertopositivelyinfluencebehavioursandattitudes.ThepolicybuildsontheECWswhilealsoemphasisingnewprogrammingprioritiesandinstitutionalsupportmeasures,including:
• Addressing gender-related protection challengesandengagingmenandboystofosterunderstandingofthelinksbetweengenderinequalityandhunger,involvetheminactivitiestoprotectwomenandchildrenfromviolence,andreduceburdensonwomen
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• BreakinggenderbarriersinWFPMotherandChildHealthandNutritionprogrammesbytargeting men and boys for education activitiestoimprovetheirknowledgeofandcommitmenttomaintainingthenutritionandhealthofmothersandchildren
• Promoting positive gender relations and supporting sustainable livelihoodsthroughcashtransfers,cashforworkandfoodforworkandtrainingprogrammes,makingsurewomenbenefitequallywithmenwithoutnegativeimplications
• Ensuring women farmers have equal access to marketswhilebenefitingdirectlyfromcashpaymentsfortheirproduce
• UsingWFP-supportedschoolfeedingprogrammesasentrypointstopromote gender equality during early childhood development
ThenewpolicymadeitmandatoryforWFPoperationstoincorporateagenderperspectiveatallstagesofaprojectcycle.
1.2 Origins of joint WFP-IDS programme The2009GenderPolicyemphasisedtheimportanceoforganisationallearningaroundgendermainstreaming,andofresponsestohungerthatarebasedongender-sensitiveevidence.InresponsetheChiefofWomen,ChildrenandGenderapproachedIDSasapotentialpartnerorganisationforenablingtheseobjectives.IDSworkedwithWFPoverasixmonthscopingperiodtoidentifythemosteffectiveapproachtoenablingengagedorganisationallearningthatwouldcontributetothedevelopmentofmorecontext-relevant,effectivegendermainstreaming.
DuringthescopingphasemembersofstafffromacrossWFP–manywithexperienceasWFPcountryofficedirectors–wereinterviewed.Mostrecognisedtheimportanceofagender-awareapproachatalllevelsofoperations,basedoncountryorfieldexperienceofthespecificwaysgenderissuesarerealisedindifferentcontexts.7KeychallengesidentifiedbyWFPstaffincluded:
• Makinggendermainstreamingandgenderequalitymoretangibleandmeaningful,movingfromconceptstopracticalapplication
• Overcomingreluctancetochallengedeeplyrootedgenderedculturalnormsatthelocallevel
• Persuadingthosewhoareunconvincedbytheneedforgendermainstreamingofitsvalue,particularlyinhighlypressurisedcrisisenvironments;supportinggendermainstreamingincrisis/emergencysituations
• Engagingmen–WFPstaff,partnersandbeneficiaries–inenablingshiftsingenderequality
• Ensuringgendermainstreamingapproachesintegratewithothercross-cuttingissuessuchascarework,climatechange,youthandhumanitarianprinciples.
AkeyobservationwasthatWFPstaffandpartnersatthecountryandfieldleveldooftentakegender-sensitiveapproachesthatareinnovativeandwhichrespondtolocalrealities,oftenwithoutevenrealisingtheyare‘doing’gendermainstreaming.ThenatureoftheWFPasahighlyoperational,decentralisedorganisationfuelsthiscapacityforcreative,flexibleandresponsiveapproaches.Yetthesepracticesarerarelysharedwithinandacrosstheorganisation,andusefulorganisationallearningislost.Onerespondentnoted:‘WFP is a very complex organisation and runs the risk of not learning from what it does – we don’t often have the luxury of stopping, reflecting and learning from what we do and feeding that back’.
OurhypothesisfortheInnovations from the Fieldprogrammewasthatreflectingon,learningaboutandsharingtheseexistinginnovativepracticescanresultingender-sensitiveprogrammeimprovements,moreinformedunderstandingofgenderandofhowtomainstreamgenderinprogramming.Insteadofassumingthatthebestandmostusefulunderstandingsofgendercomefromthecentreandneedtobetransmittedoutwardtotherestoftheorganisation,theprogrammestartsfromarecognitionthatmuchvaluableandeffectiveworktoadvancegenderequalityalreadyhappensinthefield,andlearningabouttheselocalinnovationscouldbenefitthecentreandtheorganisationasawhole.
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Girl selling plums by the roadside in Malawi.
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2 Programme objectives, design and methodology2.1 Programme objectives and theory of change TheimpacttheprogrammeaimsforistosupportWFP’smandateofachievingMDG1,anewSustainableDevelopmentGoalonHungerpost-2015andthefiveZeroHungerChallengegoalsthroughenablingittodelivermoreeffective,gender-equitablefoodsecurityprogrammesthatcontributetowomen’sempowermentandgenderequality.
Theprogrammeaimstoachievethisthroughasetofactivitiesdesignedtoachievethefollowingoutcome:WFPisequippedandorientedtomainstreamgenderequalitytodeliveronitsMDGcommitments,newSustainableDevelopmentGoalsandZeroHungerChallengegoalsfromthebottomup,throughlearningsystemsthattransformfrontlineinnovationswithgenderequalityintooperationallearning.
TheprogrammedesignisrootedintheknowledgethatWFP’smandatecanbeachievedfasterandmoresuccessfullyifgenderequalityissuccessfully
mainstreamedthroughitsoperations,butalsothateffortstoimposegendermainstreamingfromthetopdowngenerallyfail.ThecoreofthetheoryofchangeisthatanorganisationlikeWFP,withitsuniquefieldpresenceandmultiple
partnerships,ismostlikelytosuccessfullymainstreamgenderequalityinitsprogrammingifita)learnsfromandfurtherdevelopswhatalreadyworksatfieldandcountrylevels,b)‘tricklesup’thatlearningacrosstheorganisationandc)recyclesthelearningbackintochangedoperationalpractice.Thisisbecauseitwillenable:
• Closerattentiontothediversecontextsofgenderrelations
• Morescopeforaccountabilityforgenderequalitythroughdirectaccesstothebeneficiaryexperience
• Abetterfitwithfrontlinepracticalitiesandthechallengesofprogrammedelivery
• Organisationalgenderequalitypoliciestogainlocalstaffownershipandcredibility
• Aclearerandmoredirectlinkbetweengenderequalityprogrammingandresults
Fortheseadvantagestobegained,frontlineinnovationswithgenderequalityneedtobe
identified,documented,analysedandcommunicatedacrossWFPinformatsthatstafffinduseful.Staffthenneedtobeenabledandsupportedtoapplytheirlearningtotheiroperationalpractice.
2.2 Programme design and methodologyAttheheartoftheprogrammedesignisaParticipatoryActionLearning(PAL)andknowledgesharingapproach,whichfocusesasmuchonprocessesofgatheringandrespondingtoinformationasonresearchfindings.Theapproachisintendedto:
• BeledbyWFPstaffandpartnersinregional,countryandfieldoffices
• Facilitatestaffandpartnerstoreflectontheirownpractices–exploringwhatworksandwhy
• Supportstaffandpartnerstoapplytheirlearningtoimproveprogrammesandpractice
• Captureknowledgeandlessonslearned,andsharethesein-countryandacrossWFPincreativeways
ThisenablesparticipantstobuildonexistingmomentumwithinWFPratherthandwellongapsandconcerns,andtotacklerealissuesinrealsituationswhicharerelevantandimportanttothem.Atthesametime,itbuildstheircapacitytodevisestrategieswhichrespondtolocalrealitiesandgeneratesimmediateresponsesandaction.Thelearningthatemergesfromthisprocesscanthenbesharedhorizontallyandverticallytoenablebroaderuptakewithintheorganisation.
TheprogrammehasinvolvedbuildingapartnershipbetweenWFPandIDS,withworkingrelationshipsatmultipleorganisationallevels.Fromprogrammedesignthroughtodelivery,monitoringandevaluation,ithasinvolvedjointplanningateverystage.Thestepsintheprocessforthisfirstphaseoftheprogrammeareoutlinedbelow.
Scoping phase Asixmonth,pre-programmescopingphaseinvolvedextensivemeetingsbetweenIDSteammembersandWFPstaffacrossdifferentdepartmentsatWFPHeadquarters,plusareviewofkeyWFPmaterials.Backgroundpaperswerealsowrittenonfivecorethemes.8TheoutcomesoftheseactivitiesshapedthedesignofthejointprogrammeproposedbyWFP’sChiefofWomen,ChildrenandGenderandIDS.
Efforts to impose gender mainstreaming from the top down generally fail.
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BELOW
Members of the WFP PAL team from Tambacounda region in Senegal with local participants in the rural resilience programme.
Identifying countries for the pilot phaseItwasimportantforparticipationfromthecountryofficestobemotivatedratherthanenforced.CountriesintheUSAIDFeedtheFutureprogrammewereinvitedtosubmitexpressionsofinterest(EOIs)forinclusioninthepilotphase,resultinginfivecountriesputtingthemselvesforward:Kenya,Senegal,Lesotho,GuatemalaandMalawi.9
Inception workshopAninceptionworkshopwasheldinRomeinJune2013,attendedbytheIDSteamandrepresentativesfromeachoftheparticipatingcountries.Theworkshopprovidedanopportunityto:
• Introduceandfurtherdeveloptheprogrammeaimsandmethodology
• GeneratecriticaldiscussiononcurrentapproachestogendermainstreamingwithinWFP
• MapwaysinwhichknowledgeflowsandissharedwithinWFPatnational,regionalandgloballevels
WFPparticipantswereaskedtodeveloptheirproposalswiththeirCountryOffices(COs)inlightofthediscussionsandtobeginplanningforincountrystart-upinliaisonwiththeirallocatedIDSresearcher.
Country office inception phaseMembersoftheIDSteamcarriedoutcountrymissionsineachofthepilotcountriestoinitiatethePALprocess.ThisinvolvedtwotothreedayPALworkshopswithacross-sectionofWFPstaffand(sometimes)partners,pluskeyinformantinterviewsandfieldvisitstofamiliariseIDSwiththecontextofWFPoperations.DuringthePALworkshopsWFPstaffengagedinaprocessofguidedreflectiontobegintodrawoutlessonsaboutwhathasworked(andwhathasnot)tomainstreamgenderequalityinWFP’sprogramming,andtoidentifycriticalquestionsandareasofinquiryforfurtherexploration.
Followingtheworkshops,COsfinalisedtheirPALworkplansandbudgets,withremotesupportfromIDSstaffandtheWFPGenderOffice.Theinquirythemes,questionsandmethodologiesforthePALactivitiesineachCOareshowninAnnexOne,withexamplesbeing:
• Mappingbenefitsandconstraintsformen’sinvolvementinnutritionactivities(Senegal)
• Buildingcapacityforgenderanalysistoimproveprogramming(Guatemala)
• DocumentinglessonslearnedfromthePositiveDevianceprogramme(Lesotho)
• Understandingdecision-makingandcontroloverresourcesorganisedwithinhouseholds(Malawi)
• Exploringcomplaintsandfeedbackmechanismswithagenderlens(Kenya)
Implementation of PAL activities EachPALthemewasinvestigatedbyasmallteamofinterestedWFPstaffoveraperiodofsixtoeightmonths,withongoingremotesupportfromtheIDSteam.Activitiescarriedoutincluded:interviewsandfocusgroupdiscussionswithbeneficiariesandnon-beneficiaries;meetingsandworkshopswithWFPstaffandpartnerorganisations;reviewsofprojectdocumentsandM&Edata;andpreparationofpoliciesandguidancematerials.AsecondcountryvisitwasmadebyIDSstaffatthemidwaypoint,toreviewprogress,conductjointanalysisandshareinitialfindingsbetweenPALteamsandwithmanagement.10
Development of knowledge sharing strategies KnowledgesharingstrategiesforeachCOweredevelopedduringthesecondIDScountryvisits,withplannedactivitiesandoutputs,whichhaveincluded
• Developmentofcreative,engagingknowledgeproducts–Prezi,videos,casestudies,blogs,slideshows–whichwillstimulateinterestacrossWFP
• Practicaltoolsforgenderanalysis(includingPALtools)andguidelinesforgender-awarepractices
• PromotingtheworkwidelywithinWFP(horizontallyandvertically),throughexisting,effectiveplatforms(e.g.GOwebsite,GenderAdvocatesNetwork)aswellasinformalnetworks
• SharingknowledgewithlocalauthoritiesandWFPpartners
• Feedbackloopstoshowhowvoicesofmenandwomenonthegroundarebeingtakenintoaccount
FurtherknowledgesharingproductsandactivitieswillbedevelopedonthebasisofthisSynthesisReportandoncetheCOproductshavebeenfinalised.
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3 Emerging th emes and examples of good practice for gender-sensitive programmingDuringthePALworkshopsandsubsequentactivitiesundertakenbystaffindifferentcountries,anumberofthemesemergedasimportantconsiderationsforgender-sensitiveprogramminginWFP.Sixkeythemesaresummarisedbelow,withconcreteexamplesoftheirrelevancetoWFPprogrammingandhowtheyarebeingdealtwithininnovativeways.
3.1 Enhancing protection of women and girls through WFP interventions Inrecentyearstheconceptof‘protection’hascometotheforeintheUNsystem,encompassingcommitmentsto‘donoharm’andtakingarights-basedstanceonhumanitarianaidwork,includingactingtoprotectandaddresstheunderlyingriskstothesafetyanddignityofciviliansincrisisorpost-crisissituations.Thisincludesadvocacyandstrengtheninglocalinstitutionstosupportpeoplewhoareparticularlyvulnerableduetotheirgender,religionorethnicity.
WFPhasaroleinprotectiononthreelevels:(a)withinthedesignandimplementationof
itsprogrammestomakesurethatthesearesafe,dignifiedandrespectpeople’srights;(b)byimplementingfoodassistanceprogrammesthatalsoseektoachieveaprotectionobjective;and(c)bysupportingadvocacyonprotectionconcernsnotdirectlylinkedtofoodsecurityandensuringcoordinationandreferralsonprotectionissues.
WFPhasexaminedprotectioninthecontextofitsprogrammesforclosetoadecadeandin2012adoptedaHumanitarianProtectionPolicy.Sincethenmorethan30WFPcountryofficeshavebegunactivelyintegratingprotectionconcernsintotheirprogrammes.ForWFPprotectionmeans‘carryingoutfood-assistanceactivitiesinwaysthatcontributetothesafety,dignityandintegrityofpeopleinthecommunitiesreceivingthatassistance’.11InlinewithotherUNagencies,overthepastdecadeWFPhasdevelopeditsunderstandingoftheinterlinkagesbetweenfoodinsecurity,foodassistanceandprotectionrisks.Foodisakeyfactorimpactingpeoples’exposuretoandabilitytocopewithrisks,andifprogrammesareimplementedconsideringthese
Danger at work? Gender and protection in Cash and Food For Assets projects in Kenya
InKenya,WFPstaffwereconcernedaboutunintendednegativeimpactsonwomenfromaresultofbeingtargetedforparticipationinCashandFoodForAssetsprogrammes.Theyencouragementoassisttheirwivesandfemalerelativeswithassetcreationwork,butknowtheyarenotalwayssuccessful,meaningwomenmaybeburdenedwithtoomuchworkandbeexposedtohealthrisks.BuildingonwhathadalreadybeenfoundinthestudyExaminingProtectionandgenderinCashandVoucherTransfers(2013)thePALteamdecidedtoinvestigatewhatwashappeningonthegroundintwocontrastingpartsofKenya.
Theyfoundinterestingdifferencesbetweenthetworegions.Inthenortheastthereisasurplusoflabourandwomenfinditrelativelyeasytofindsomeonetoreplacethemwhentheyareill,pregnantorotherwiseunabletowork.Incontrast,inthecoastalregion
thePALteamfoundwomenstrugglingtoconvincehusbandsorotherrelativestostepin,asthereisahigherlevelofengagementinotherincomegeneratingactivities.Asaresult,theyoftenendupworkinglateintotheirpregnanciesandreturnsoonaftertheirbabiesareborn,eventhoughWFP’sworknormssaytheymaybeexcusedfromduties.
Whattheyalsofoundwasthatdelaysinthedisbursementofcashtransferscanexposewomentorisks,withwomenreportingtensionsathomeastheir
husbandsquestiontheirparticipationintheprogramme,andtensionwithlocaltraderswhentheyareunabletopayoffdebts.Theseprotectionrisksarenoteasilypickedupinthestandardisedmonitoringsystemsandrequiretheuseofparticipatoryapproaches,suchasthefocusgroupdiscussionsusedaspartofthePALprocess.TheKenyacountryofficehadalreadyinitiatedaprocesstoincludegenderandprotectionissuesmoresystematicallyinmonitoringbyincorporatingasectionongenderandprotectionintheBeneficiaryContactMonitoring(BCM)tool.Thiswouldallowthecountryofficetomonitorandrespondtoprotectionandgenderissuesinamoreeffectiveway.
ThefindingsfromthePALworkendorsedtheimportanceoftheseprocessesandhavecontributedtogreaterawarenessandcommitmentofmanagementtoeffectivemonitoringongenderandprotection.
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Group discussion with women who are part of WFP’s Food For Assets programme in Turkana county, Kenya.
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risks,foodassistancecanbeapowerfultooltohelpkeeppeoplesafeandmaintaintheirdignity.Genderisacentralfactordeterminingthedegreeandtypeofriskpeopleareexposedto:widelycitedexamplesincludetheexposureofwomenandgirlstosexualandgender-basedviolence(SGBV)asaresultofunsafeconditionsonthewaytoandfromfooddistributionsites.Healthrisksforpregnantandlactatingwomeninvolvedincashandfoodforworkprogrammeshavealsobeenraised,aswellasrisksassociatedwithspecifictypesofworkthatmainlymenareengagedin.
Considerableprogresshasbeenmadeinraisingawarenessamongstaff,conductinganalyses,andincorporatingprotectionconsiderationsintoprogrammeimplementationandtools.TheseeffortsmustbesustainedhowevertoensurethatprotectionisconsistentlyintegratedacrossallWFP’sprogrammes,andatallstagesoftheprojectcycle,fromanalysisandprogrammedesignthroughtomonitoringandimpactassessment.NewprotectionrisksarisingoutofthechangingenvironmentsandprogrammemodalitiesthatWFPengagesinmustalsobeanalysedandmitigated.ThisisillustratedintheexamplefromKenyaabove,whichdemonstratestheimportanceofcarefulplanningandanalysisinprogrammedesign,andflexiblesystemsformonitoringgenderimpactsandprotection,bothpositiveandnegative,throughoutthelifeofWFPprogrammes.
ThelinksbetweenfoodinsecurityandSGBV12remainunder-explored,oftenduetothe‘invisible’andunspokennatureofSGBV.However,workhasbeenconductedbyWFPtobetterunderstandtheseconnections.In2011,WFPpublishedtheresultsofastudyon‘Enhancingpreventionandresponsetosexualandgender-basedviolenceinthecontextoffoodassistanceindisplacementsettings.’13Anumberofsubsequentprotectionanalyses,includinginKenyaandMalawi,havefurtherdeepenedtheunderstandingoftheconnectionbetweenfoodinsecurityandSGBV.Buildingontheseanalyses,thePALworkhasalsoexaminedtheseconnections,withafocusonthewaysinwhichfoodinsecuritycanbecompoundedbypersonalinsecurityforwomenandgirlsinrefugeecamps–astheexamplefromMalawibelowillustrates.
InLesothothePALworkshopandotherlearningactivitiesreignitedthedesireforformulatingmoreeffective,comprehensiveandgender-sensitiveprotectionresponses.TheCOusedtheenhancedlearningthroughthePALworkshops,withsupportfromseniormanagement,todesignagenderandprotectionstrategy.Thestrategywasdesignedtointegratelearningongenderandprotectiontoimproveprogrammedesign,ownershipandaccountability.
3.2 Recognising, reducing and redistributing women’s unpaid care workAlltheavailableevidenceindicatesthatwomenandgirlsundertakethevastmajorityofunpaidcarework–domesticorreproductivework,ortheworkinvolvedinensuringfamiliesarefed,cleanedandgroomed,caredforwhenill,veryyoung,elderlyordisabled.InthefoodinsecurecontextsinwhichWFPoperates,thisworkofteninvolvescarryingwaterandfuellongdistances,gatheringwildfoods,preparingandcookingfood,andtravellinglongdistancestohealthfacilities,aswellastheunpaidworkonfamilyfarmsorenterpriseswhichwomenalsoperform.14Reproductivelabourhasrecentlybeenrecognisedasamajorhumanrightsconcern,ofparticularlygreatimportanceforthepoorestwomen.Thismeansaddressingunpaidcareworkisaconcernbothforgenderequalityandforprotectionissues.
ThereisaclearriskthatWFPprogrammesmayharmwomenbytargetingthemifbydoingsotheyincreasetheirnetburdenofunpaidcarework.ThatinvolvementinWFPprogrammesmayburdenwomenwithadditionalworkwasraisedasaconcernbyWFPstaffinseveralpilotcountries.Alongsidethisconcernwasafeltneedtodeveloppracticalsolutionstomitigatepotentialnegativeimpactsonwomenandtoenhancethepositiveeffectsoftheirengagement.Examplesofhowwomen’sunpaidcareworkburdensmaybeexacerbatedbyprogrammesinclude:
• Requiringwomentotraveldistancestocollectrations
• Involvingwomenincashorfoodforworkschemes,inwhichtheyprovidelabourforpublicworksschemes
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Women (with infants on their backs) preparing corn-soya blend mix for supplementary feeding programme in Malawi.
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Violence in the hungry season: gender-based violence in Malawi refugee camps
AspartofthePALworkinMalawi,CountryOfficeandRegionalBureaustaffhavegatheredevidencefromgovernmentofficials,UNsurveys,andWFPbeneficiariesandstaffthatSGBVisdirectlyandcausallyaffectedbyincreasedfoodinsecurity.Personaltestimoniesshowedthatintherefugeecampsinparticular,foodinsecurityoftenmeanspersonalinsecurity–includingviolenceandsexualexploitation.ThesearehighlysensitivemattersthatWFPstaffaretacklingdirectly,havinghadthespaceandtimetomakesenseoftheseconnections.
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• Relyingonwomen’sunpaidlabourascommunityvolunteersforcooking,committeework,orpreparingsupplementaryfeeding
Alloftheseactivitieshaveclearbenefitsforwomenandtheirfamilies,buttheyalsoinvolveadditionaltimeandlabourawayfromtheirhomes.Intheirabsence,otherpeople,usuallygirls,willprobablysubstitutebypreparingmealsorlookingafterinfants,peoplewhoareillordisabledwhoneedtobecaredforathome.Programmesoftenfailtoevaluatetheirimpactsintermsofthesenon-monetarycosts,andsomayover-estimatethebenefitstheybring.Atthesametime,programmescanbedesignedtobettersupport,reduceorredistributetoughdomesticwork,sothatwomendoublybenefitfromtheprogrammecashorfoodtransfers,andfromthereleaseoftheirtimeandenergyforotheractivities.Forinstance,publicworksschemescanbesensitivetowomen’scareworkneeds,byprioritisingthedevelopmentofdomesticwatersourcesorroadsonroutesthatwomenandchildrenneedmost.IncorporatingDianeElson’swell-known‘recognise,reduceandredistribute’–3R–approach15acrossallWFPprogrammingmaynotonlyhelpindoingnoharm,butshouldalsoensurethattheycontributemoredirectlyandmoreconsistentlytowomen’sempowermentandgenderequality.
3.3 Identifying pathways for engaging men TheconceptualshiftfromaWomeninDevelopment(WID)toaGenderandDevelopment(GAD)approachtogendermainstreamingintheearly1990swasinformedbytherecognitionthatafocusonwomenaloneisnotsufficientforaddressingtheunequalgenderpowerrelationsunderpinningpoverty.GADemphasisedthesociallyandculturallyconstructedrelationsbetweenwomenandmen,16promotingthevalueofengagingmeningender-awareprogrammingasameanstostrengtheningapproachesandtransformingunequalgenderrelations.Thishasrarelyhappenedinpractice,meaningthatvitalopportunitiesaremissedforcreatingalliancesbetweenwomenandmen,andforenablingchange.17ForexampleengagingmenandboysinprogrammestoaddressGBVcanleadthemtoquestionandchangetheirownpracticesandbehaviours.Providingspacesforreflectionontheunpaidcareresponsibilitiesthatsooftenfalltowomencanalsoprovideastartingpointforshiftingperceptionsaboutgenderrolesandnorms.Thiscanleadtogreatermaleinvolvementinthecareandnutritionoftheirchildren,whichcontributestoalleviatingwomen’sburdenandcanbe
LearningactivitiesconductedbystaffinMalawirevealedthatSMPsarehighlyreliantonthevoluntaryworkofstudents’mothers,whoprepareandservethemeals.Thisworkcaninvolveasmuchaseighthoursofworkperday.Insomeplaces,itwasdifficulttosustainthislevelofvolunteercommitment,butwhentokencashpaymentswereofferedforthework,menstartedtocomeforwardtowork.Basedonwhatitwouldcosttomaketokenpaymentsfortheworkofpreparationandcooking,thevalueofwomen’sunpaidworkontheSMPwascalculatedatsomeUS$0.5millionperyearforMalawi.
Thewomenvolunteercooksthemselvessaytheyarepleasedtodothework,becauseitbenefitstheirchildrenandfamilies,aswellasthoseofthewidercommunity.HoweverstaffandseniormanagersinWFPMalawirecognisedthepotentialforincorporatinga‘3R’approachandhavebeenexploringstrategiesforreducingthehazardsanddrudgeryofschoolmealspreparationbyprocuringlong-handledcookingutensilsandovenmitts,andforrecognisingtheircontributionsbydistributingcertificatesinpublicceremonies.Oncetheyhadrealisedtheimportanceofrecognisingwomen’scontributions,thedistributionofcertificatescosttheCountryOfficealmostnothing.Theimpactonthewomenwassignificant:
‘I honestly got shocked, speechless and motivated at the same time. It was a mixed feeling. I also got inspired to keep on providing my services to SMP as I now know my efforts were and still are being
acknowledged and appreciated at the same time. This is evidenced by the certification of my cooking services, as well as your follow-up visit today’(ModesterMazeze,38,VolunteercookforSMPsinMbwadzuluschool,Malawi)
‘The certificate remains hanging on the walls of the living room of my house, not only as an object of decoration but it […communicates] to both my relatives and children that hard work pays and it is indeed a source of inspiration to all people around me…The community, after seeing it, they inquired a lot how I got into participating in this programme and many showed a powerful interest to join in supporting the programme by cooking… Now we are perceived as professional cooks we are invited at different events in the village to assist them in cooking, be it weddings, religious functions, you name it’(AsiyatuJames,33,Mbwadzuluprimaryschool)
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WFP Malawi Deputy Country Director, Baton Osmani, hands over a certificate of appreciation to a cook at Mbwazulu primary school, as a first step to recognising women’s unpaid work contributions to WFP programmes.
Recognising women’s contributions to school meals programmes in Malawi
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empoweringformen.18Evidenceshowsthatmoretransformativeapproachesaremoreeffective.19Afocusonmenandboyscanalsohelptoaddressthespecificvulnerabilitiessomeofthemface.
Accordingtothe2009WFPGenderPolicya‘moreholisticapproachtogenderisneededthatimprovesthebalanceinrelationshipsbetweengendersandinfamilies’.20Thereportalsocallsforgreaterengagementofmen,particularlyinmaternalandchildnutritionandhealthprogrammes.However,acrossthepilotcountriesWFPstaffreported
eitherhavinglimitedsuccessindoingso,orlackingsufficientknowledgeonhowtogoaboutit.
PALactivitiesinSenegal,GuatemalaandMalawiservedtoprovidenewinsightsonmen’sperspectivesandpossiblewaystoengagewiththeminthecontextofnutritionprogrammes,suchaspartneringwithmenwhoarethe‘exceptionstotherule’.
Goingforward,sharingknowledgeandsuccessfulinnovationsforengagingwithmenshouldbecentraltoWFP’sgendermainstreamingstrategy.
Engaging men in Senegal, Lesotho, Guatemala and Malawi
PALactivitiesinSenegalfocusedontryingtounderstandhowmenarecurrentlyinvolvedincareofchildrenandnutritionandhowtheirinvolvementcouldbeincreased.Duringfocusgroupdiscussionswomennotedthatmenaccompanytheirchildrentothehospitalwhentheyaresick,butarerarelyinvolvedinnutritionactivitiesattheclinic.Whenmenwereaskedaboutthistheysaidtheywereafraidofbeingmockedasengaginginchildnutritionis‘notaman’srole’.Theysaidthatinfacttheyhelpedtheirwiveswithhouseholdandcaringactivitiesbutdidnotwantthisfacttobepubliclyexposed.Therewerealsoexceptions,wheremensharedcaringresponsibilitieswiththeirwivesandwerethepeopleinvolvedinnutritionactivities,withoutfearofbeingjudged.WFPSenegalhasrecognisedthepotentialtochangeattitudesaboutmen’srolesatthelocallevelbyengagingtheminopendiscussionsandinvolvingthe‘exceptions’aspotential‘changemodels’.
InLesothoastudywasconductedtounderstandthegenderdimensionsoftheEarlyCareChildandChildhood(ECCD)programme,whichtakestheformofcommunity-basednurseriesorpre-schoolwherechildrenaresuppliedbyWFPwithmid-morningsnacksandlunch.ECCDcare-giversaresourcedfromwithinthecommunityandarepaidanominalfeefortheirwork.Eventhoughthepostsareopentobothwomenandmen,themajorityofcare-giversarefemalebecausemanymenfeelitisnotasuitableroleforthem.Whenmenareinvolvedtheydonotusuallyengageincookingorother‘female’tasks,eventhoughalltasksaresupposedtobesharedamongtheECCDcare-givers.
Effortsarebeingmadebycommunityleaders,districtauthorities,ECCDcare-giversandparliamentarianstoencouragemorementoengageinthesepaidcareworkopportunities.ThishasresultedinanincreasingnumberofmenbecomingECCDcaregivers.Mofuta,amalecaregiveratinoneoftheECCDcentresarguesthatthesemenstillfacealotofcriticismfromothermensincecaregivingisconsideredtobewomen’sresponsibility.Hesaid‘despitethecriticisms,Ialwaysengageindiscussionswithyoungboysinmyareatoconsidertakingthiscareer.Itmaytaketimebutwithmoreadvocacyitwillsoonbeuniform.’
InGuatemala,WFPstaffhavebeenreflectingonwhat‘goodpractice’lookslikeinnutritionprogrammes.Theyhaverealisedthatonlyworkingwithwomenwillnotbesufficienttoguaranteeprogresstowardsgenderequality–itisalsonecessarytoundertakesensitisationwithmen(youths,adults,leadersandlocalauthorities)tocreatetheconditionsforwomen’srightstoberecognised.Menshouldalsobeinvolvedintraining
activitiesonnutritionandchildcare,bothtostrengthennutritionoutcomesandtoraiseawarenessofmen’ssharedresponsibilityforunpaidcarework.
Toactionthislearning,WFPGuatemalaisdevelopingatwo-foldstrategy.First,theyareinvestigatingthepossibilityofcoordinationwiththe‘Men’sNetworkfortheSocialandPoliticalRightsofIndigenousPopulations’,whichalreadycarriesoutsensitisationworkwithmenintheareawhereWFPrunsanutritionprogrammeandcouldpotentiallyincludefoodandnutritionsecurityandinfantandmaternalmortalityasthemesintheirwork.Second,theyareconsideringhowtoincludemenintheircommunityeducationprogrammes.
InMalawi,strongcommitmentwasfoundacrosstheScalingUpNutrition(SUN)21alliancepartners,includingGovernmentofficialsfromarangeofdepartmentsandlocalNGOsformaleinvolvementinchildnutrition.There,incollaborationwithlocalSUNpartners,theteamhavescriptedadocumentaryfilmtoreinforcepositiveimagesofmenparticipatingtoimprovetheirchildren’snutrition.Thebeliefthereisthatwithmorepositiverolemodels,mencanbemoreengaged–anditisvitalforthesuccessoftheprojectthattheyare.
Women waiting for supplementary feeding rations after a nutrition lecture in Ntchisi, Malawi. Of over 100 parents present, two were fathers.
Interviewing a man who has been involved in his children’s nutrition in Senegal.
Young children enjoying their mid-day snack provided by WFP at Meeling ECCD in Mokhotlong district, Lesotho.
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3.4 Challenging gender norms and assumptions‘Gendernorms’refertothesocialexpectationsofappropriaterolesandbehaviourformen(andboys)andwomen(andgirls)–aswellasthesocialreproductionofthesenormsininstitutionsandculturalpractices.Assection3.3suggests,thesenormsarenot‘fixed’butcanchangeinwaysthatbenefitbothwomenandmen,andcreatemorepositivedevelopmentoutcomes.WFP’srecognitionofwomen’svalueandpotentialthroughtheECWsisaverysignificantstep,realisedthroughpoliciesto
makewomenprimaryentitlementholdersandtoenhancetheirparticipationinfoodtargetingandmanagementcommittees.However,genderequalityresearchershaveaskedhowfarpoliciessuchasthesereallyempowerwomen.Theymayenablemoreefficientachievementoffoodsecuritygoalsbuttheyoftenreinforceratherthanchallengeexisting,inequitablegenderrolesandnorms.22
Gender-sensitiveprogrammingshouldinvolveassessingthepotentialimplicationsofprogrammedesignandactivitiesformenandwomen,boysandgirls.Ideallyprogrammingwillchallengeandhelptransformexistinggendernormsthatlimitpossibilities.Thisshouldinvolvechallengingcertainassumptionsor‘myths’aboutgenderthatmaynotbeborneoutinreality.23
Yet,workshopsandPALactivitiesrevealedthatprojectdesignsarerarelyinformedbytheinsightsoffieldstaffandpartnerorganisationsintospecificlocalnuancesofgenderrelationsandissues.Rathertheyoftenrelyonunexaminedassumptionsandstereotypesaboutgenderandfoodsecurity.Forexamplethereisanuntestedassumptionthatwomenwillalwaysusemoneyorvouchersfortheirfamilieswhereasmenwoulduseitinirresponsibleways,but,astheexamplesbelowillustrate,therealitiesoftendifferfromthesefixedideasaboutmaleandfemalebehavioursandroles.
InseveralpilotcountriesitalsobecameapparentthatWFPprogrammingsometimesreinforcesgendernormsandstereotypes,asintheexamplesbelowfromSchoolMealsProgrammes(SMPs)inSenegalandLesotho.ThroughPALactivitieswithbeneficiariesoftheseprogrammes,WFPstaffidentifiedsimpleadjustmentsthatcanbemadetoprogrammedesigntoembedamoretransformativeapproach.
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Girls carrying food trays for a Senegalese school canteen.
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Getting out of the kitchen? Gender norms and SMPs in Senegal and Lesotho
ParticipatoryactivitieswereheldwithboysandgirlstounderstandtheirrolesintheimplementationofSMPsandthewaysinwhichthiscontributedtoimprovednutritionandgenderequality.Theactivitiesrevealedthatthedivisionoflabourwithintheschool‘canteens’wereinadvertentlyreplicatinggendernorms.Girlswerebeingassignedthebulkofthework,withanemphasisondomestictaskssuchasservingthefood,clearingandwashingtheplates,sweepingfloorsandcleaningtoilets,whiletheboysweregivenmoresupervisorytaskssuchascollectingfeesforthemeals.WFPSenegalhasrealisedthattheSMPscouldprovideausefulentrypointfordiscussinggenderroleswithstudentsanddistributingthetasksinwaysthatchallengeacceptedpractices.
InLesotho,discussionswereheldwithprojectbeneficiariesincludingcooks,schoolprincipalsorfeedingmanagers,membersofschoolsboards,andothercommunitymembers.TheaimwastobetterunderstandthegenderdynamicswithintheSMPprogrammes,understandanybiases,assumptionsandconcernsheldbyallengagedinthisprogrammeanddevelopappropriategender-sensitivesolutionsthataddresswomen’sandmen’sspecificneedsandaddressesgenderinequalitiestoadvancefutureimplementationoftheseprogrammes.
Akeyobservationwasthatonlywomenwerebeingconsideredfortheroleofcook,eventhoughmenalsoapplyforthesepaidposts.To
createmoreequalopportunitiesandavoidreinforcingthesegenderbiasesandnorms,anewapproachhasbeenintroducedinsomeareasforappointingcooks,wheretheyarerandomlychosenratherthanhavingtoundergoalengthyregisteringprocess.Thisisviewedasawaytobeginchangingattitudesaboutmenandboys’roles,buildtheircapacityinnon-traditionalareasandincreasetheirresilience,andalsotosupportwomeninsomeofheavierkitchentasks,givingthemmoretimetoattendtotheirhouseholdandfarmingwork.TheinterviewsconductedaspartofthePALprocessrevealedthisapproachisappreciatedasitismoretransparentandgivesthesameopportunitiestomenandwomen.
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3.5 Incorporating rights into programmingTherealisationofhumanrightsisanimportantconditionforachievingfoodsecurity.Thenotionoftherighttofood–therightofallhumanbeingstoliveindignity,andbefreefromhungerandmalnutrition–isfoundationaltofoodsecurityandhasbeenpromotedthroughglobalagreementssuchastheCommitteeforFoodSecurity(CFS)GlobalGuidelinesproducedin2013.Women’srights,enshrinedintheConventiontoEliminateallFormsofDiscriminationAgainstWomen(CEDAW)shouldbeaddressedintheirownrightaswellasbeingintegraltobroaderunderstandingsofhumanrights.InWFP,respectfortherightsofpeoplereceivingassistanceisafundamentalaspectoftheorganisation’sProtectionPolicyandpartofensuringthatprogrammespositivelycontributetoprotectionoutcomes.PALactivitiesinallthepilotcountriesenabledstaffandbeneficiariestoreflectonwomen’srights,whileinGuatemaladiscussionsledtoconcretestepstointegraterightsintotrainingprogrammes.
Who holds the purse strings? Examining gender myths and realities in Malawi’s cash and food transfers
InMalawi,thegenderadvocatesprogrammeunit(whichincludesgenderandM&E)andthereportsunitwantedtounderstandbetterwhocontrolscashandfood,bothwhenWFPdistributesit,andwhenpeopleearnorgrowitthemselves.Theycollaboratedonalargein-depthstudyofhowcashandfoodtransfersinfluencedgenderrolesandbehavioursduringtheEMOPsin2013.Thestudyconcludedthatsomeassumptionsbehindprogrammedesignswerenotborneoutinreality:forexample,womenandmeningeneralreportedagreatdealmorecollaborationovertheuseofhouseholdresourcesthanhadbeenassumed;reportsofviolenceovertheuseofcashandfoodwereminimal;andWFPcashtransferswereseenassharedorneutralhouseholdresources,ratherthanundermalecontrol,ashadbeenassumed.Thestudyarrivedatseveralpracticalrecommendationsforthere-designofreliefresponsesforfuturehungryseasons.
Theprocesshasinformedtheapproachtotheupcomingreliefresponsefor2014/15.TheMalawiofficehascommittedtoconductinganotherstudytobuildontheresearchin2013-14asawaytocontinuemakingtheiremergencyresponsemoregender-sensitiveandbuildonpotentialopportunitiestoempowerwomen.
The realisation of human rights is an important condition for achieving food security. The notion of the right to food – the right of all human beings to live in dignity, free from hunger and malnutrition – is foundational to food security.
Female focus group discussion in Mangochi district, Malawi. A woman explains to others how she and her husband make a budget with the cash assistance from WFP.
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Raising awareness of rights among women in WFP Guatemala WFPGuatemalahasbeenimplementingnutritionprojectswithindigenouspopulationsinthewesternhighlandssince2011,includinga‘mother-to-mother’community-basededucationprogramme.WFPstaffandcommunityeducatorsreflectedonthelimitationsoftheeducationcomponent,whichtodatehasfocusedonpracticalaspectssuchasgoodhygieneandnutritiousfoods,withouttacklingotherrootcausesofmalnutritionandpoorhealth,includinggenderinequalityanddifferentexpressionsofviolenceagainstwomen.Asanexampletheygavethetragiccaseofawomanwhodiedbecauseshewaswaitingforpermissionfromherhusbandtoseekmedicalcare.Theyidentifiedaneedtoincorporateeducationonrights,includingwomenandgirl’srighttohealthandtobefreeofviolenceinallitsforms,intotheireducationprogrammes,bothforwomenwhoareparticipatinginthemother-to-mothernetworks,andformenintheircommunities.TheCOGenderSpecialisthassincedevelopedthecontentandmethodologyfortrainingcommunityeducators,whointurntraincommunity-basedleadersofmother-to-mothergroups,andthisprojectisnowunderway.
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Women from Totonicapán, Guatemala, reflecting on their experience of ‘mother-to-mother’ groups.
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3.6 Promoting collective action to enable women’s empowermentItisincreasinglyrecognisedthatindividualisedapproachestowomen’sempowermentultimatelyfailbecausetheyassumewomen’sdisadvantagestartsandendsinthehome.Effortstoenablewomentotacklethelargerpowerstructuresthatsustaingenderinequalitycanincludebuildingtheircollective
capacitiestoengageinmarkets,challengeoppression,ormakeclaimsongovernmentsandlocalauthorities.Inrelationtofoodsecurity,someofthemoreimpressiverecentexamplesofwomen’scollectiveempowermenthavebeenthroughfarmercollectives.24
WithinseveraloftheCOs,discussionsaboutsupporttofarmerorganisationsthroughtheP4P(PurchaseforProgress)programmeidentifiedthisasanareainwhichWFP’sworkwasverylikelytobecontributingtowomen’sempowermentwithoutacknowledgingormeasuringthisimpact,orlearningfromit.
ObservationsduringthePALworkechoedevidence
Women’s participation in farmer’s collectives (both single and mixed sex) and other types of groups can contribute to their empowerment in multiple ways.
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Women involved in R4 activities in Senegal.
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Individualised approaches to women’s empowerment ultimately fail because they assume women’s disadvantage starts and ends in the home.
thatwomen’sparticipationinfarmer’scollectives(bothsingleandmixedsex)andothertypesofgroupscancontributetotheirempowermentinmultipleways.Empowermenteffectsincludedbuildingtheirknowledge,skillsandself-confidence,developingsocialnetworkswhichtheycandrawonintimesofneed,enhancingtheirinfluenceoverdecisionmakingintheorganisationswhichtheyarepartof,andenablingthemtoaccessservicesandsupportfromlocalgovernmentbodies.Evenparticipationinrelativelyinformalgroups,suchasthemother-to-mothergroupsinGuatemala(seesection3.5),canhavesignificantpositiveeffectsonwomen’sconfidenceandabilitytonegotiatefoodandhealth-relatedissueswithmalerelatives.ButWFPprogrammesaretypicallynotframedaroundtheseobjectives,andmonitoringandevaluationthusfailstocapturehowthecollectiveaspectsofwomen’sempowermentmaydirectlyorindirectlyinfluencefoodsecurityinthelongerterm.
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Promoting collective approaches to resilience and women’s empowerment in Senegal
Going beyond the numbers: promoting women’s empowerment in farmer organisations in Guatemala
TheRuralResilienceInitiative(R4),acomprehensiveriskmanagementprogramme,isbeingpilotedinseveralareasofSenegal.Theprogrammecomprisesasetofinterventionsthattargetwomenfarmersprimarily,includingtheprovisionofsharedland,seedsandlocalwellsformarketgardens;thedevelopmentofsafetynetssuchasmicro-insurance;andsupportforlocalwomen’ssavingsgroupsthroughaprogrammecalled‘SavingsforChange’(SFC).SFCisaninitiativebyWFPimplementingpartnersOxfamUSAandbuildsonanexistingmodelof‘tontines’,wheregroupsoffarmerscometogetherandpoolmoneythatcanthenbedisbursedwhenneededthroughloansthatarerepaidwithinterest.Focusgroupdiscussionswithwomenfromseveral
communitiesrevealedthatR4hascontributedtowomen’sempowermentinanumberofpracticalandstrategicways.Inadditiontohavingincreasedaccesstoland,seedsandwaterforirrigationanddrinking,womenhavereceivedtraininginnumeracy,literacyandbusiness.Therearealsosignificanttimegainsforthewomenastheavailabilityoffreshfoodandtheproximityofthewellsmeanttheynolongerhavetotravelfarfromhometofetchwaterorsearchforfood.Thereisalsoareductioninstressaswomennolongerconstantlyworryabouthowtheywillfindfoodfortheirchildren,andthesmallfinancialgainsfromsellingtheirsurpluscropsmeantheyarenowabletosendbothmaleandfemalechildrentoschool.
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Womenhavegonefrombeinglargelypassivemembers(orabsentaltogether)toplayingameaningfulroleinorganisationallife,andattitudestowomen’scapabilitieshavechangedbeyondrecognition.Thishasstimulatedbotheconomicandsocialempowermentamongwomen,muchofwhichremainsunmeasuredbycurrentmonitoringindicators.
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Using the ‘river of life’ to document a community-based education programme in Totonicapán, Guatemala.
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4 Learning and recommendations about gender mainstreaming in WFP 4.1 The big picture of gender mainstreaming in WFP: the Levy analysisDuringthefirstphaseofInnovations from the Field,keylessonsemergedaboutWFP’sorganisationalapproachtobothgendermainstreamingandgender-specificprogramming.ItshouldbenotedthattheselessonsemergedfromtherelativelycloseengagementwiththefivepilotCOs,buttheyhaverelevancefororganisationalpolicyandplanningatWFPHeadquarters(HQ).Thisthinkingisconsistent
withtheassumptionthatgendermainstreamingfromthetopdowntypicallyfails.
DuringeachcountryworkshoptheLevyframeworkforeffectiveinstitutionalisationofgenderinpolicyandplanning(the‘webof
institutionalisation’),25wasusedtoidentifyareasofstrengthandweaknessatcountryandgloballevels.Theframeworkcomprises13domainsthatfallunderfourinterconnectedspheres:
• Beneficiarysphere:aretheroles,needsandperspectivesofwomenandmentakenintoaccount?WhatistheirlevelofactiveparticipationandinfluenceinWFPinterventions,andtherepresentativestructuresinwhichtheyparticipate?
• Policysphere:isthereastrongWFPgenderpolicy,politicalcommitmentongendermainstreamingandavailableresources?
• Organisationalsphere:whoisresponsibleforgendermainstreaming?Whatproceduresforgendermainstreamingandstaffdevelopmentmechanismsareinplace?
• Deliverysphere:howiseffectivedeliveryofprogrammesandprojectsensured?Whataretheprovisionsforresearchandtheorybuildingongendermainstreaming,andwhatmethodologiesarebeingused?
ThepremiseoftheLevyframeworkisthat13domainsandspheresneedtobestrongfororganisationaleffectivenessingendermainstreamingtobe
achieved.Figure1consolidatesfindingsfromtheworkshopsheldinthefivepilotcountries.ItrevealswhereWFPisfelttobestrong(markedingreen),medium(amber)andweak(red)withregardtotheframework.
TheconclusionsfromthisexercisearebroadlyconsistentwiththeperceptionsandexperiencesoftheIDSteaminconductingthispilot.Thesearethat:
• ThestrongestareaforgendermainstreaminginWFP,relativelyspeaking,ispoliticalcommitmentandpolicymakingatHQandseniormanagementlevels.Thismakessensegivenbothinternalawarenessofthemission-criticalnatureofgenderforWFP’smandate,andthestrengthofdonorcommitmentstotacklinggenderinequality,includingwithrespecttofoodsecurity.
• Gendermainstreamingispresent,butatmediumstrength,withrespecttothebeneficiaryandsomedomainsofthedeliverysphere.Someeffortsaremadetoensurewomenareproperlyrepresentedandabletoparticipateandgivefeedback,butthesearenotalwaysverysensitivetogenderrelationsorwomen’scapacitiesandconstraints.Forinstance,thecorporateindicatorcountingnumbersofwomeninfoodassistancecommitteesfailstorecognisethatwithoutbeingorganisedandsupportedtodoso,womenmaynotbeabletoraisetheirconcernsagainstmorepowerfulmenincommitteemeetings.Womenmaybereluctanttoparticipateiftheyhavetotravelorsacrificetimeorenergytheyneedforunpaidcareresponsibilities.
• Methodologiesandproceduresforassessingvulnerabilitiesanddesigninganddeliveringprogrammesingender-sensitivewaysareonlyatmediumstrengthonaverage,althoughsomecountriesandsectorsaremoreadvancedthanothers.
• UnderstandingabouthowgenderfitsintotheoverallmandateandoperationsofWFP,andwhygenderissocentraltoWFP’scorporatetheoryofchange,isveryweak.TheweaknessstartswiththeassessmentoftheproblemthatWFPismandatedtoaddress.Becausevulnerabilityassessmentmethodologiesarenotinformedby
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The strongest area for gender mainstreaming in WFP, relatively speaking, is political commitment and policymaking at HQ and senior management levels.
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anadequateconceptualunderstandingofwhygendermattersforprogramming,theylackaproperempiricalevidencebaseofhowunequalgenderpowerrelationsshapefoodinsecurityintheiroperationalcontext,whygenderequalityissocrucialforachievingfoodsecurityandwhatgenderequalitywouldlooklike.Thefailuretooperationalisegendermainstreamingeffectivelystartswiththefailureofassessment.
• Alsoveryweakistheallocationofresourcesandresponsibilitiesforgendermainstreaming,andstaffdevelopmentwithrespecttoknowledgeandcapacitiesaboutgender.Improvinggendersensitivityinoperationstypicallylacksurgency.
ThisanalysisenabledtheCOworkshopstoidentifyareasofconcernwhichwerethendeepenedduringthePALactivities.Thesehavebeendevelopedintothefivebroadlessonareasbelow.
4.2 Key lessons
There is untapped potential for gender mainstreaming in WFPTheprojectfoundlargereservesoflatentcapacityforgender-sensitiveprogramming.InallfivecountriestheIDSteamworkedwithWFPstaffmemberswithexcellentknowledgeandideasrelatingtogender-sensitiveprogramming,andtheenergyandwilltointegratethisintotheirwork.CountryOfficestaffareoftenawareofthemission-criticalnatureofgendermainstreamingandknowledgeableaboutthegenderrelationsandinequalitiesintheircontexts.Wheregenderadvocateshavebeenappointedtheyareoftenexperiencedand/ormotivatedtoraiseprogrammingstandardsthroughgender-sensitiveaction.Thisknowledge,skillandcommitmentwasreflectedinthequalityofdiscussion,insightsandideasgeneratedduringtheinitialPALworkshops.
Representative structures
Delivery of programmes &
projects
Research Theory building
Methodology
Staff development
PolicyPolitical
commitment
Active participation &
infl uence
Roles, needs perspectved of
different groups
Resources
Responsibility
Procedures
Figure 1 Consolidated Levy analysis for Phase One
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InmanycasestheideasforPALworkhavebeenimplementedwithrelativelylittletimeandresourcesandhaveenabledstafftoexploresmallbutimportantareasofinnovation.
Insomeofthecountriesthereareschemesandprogrammeswithstrongpotentialfordevelopingintegrated,gender-sensitive
processes.ExamplesofthesearetheInnovationTeaminKenya(seebox),andP4P’sstructureofa
centralhubcoordinatingalargenumberofin-countrypilotsinordertomaximiselearning.
However,muchofthispotentialisuntapped.Thereisalackofconsistencyinlevelsofgenderexpertisebetweenthecountries,andtypicallyanover-relianceonthepersonalinitiativeofkeymotivatedindividualstochampiongendermainstreamingandpushgender-focusedworkforward.Whentheseindividualsmoveon,thisoftenleavesavacuumofexpertise,andalackofcontinuityintheinnovativeprocessestheyhaveinitiated.
There is untapped potential for gender mainstreaming in WFP.
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Focus group discussion on women’s empowerment with a group of men in Senegal.
The value of providing space to develop and test new ideas in Kenya
Kenya’sInnovationTeamprovidesaclearandstrongexampleofahowtocreatespaceandtimeforgender-responsive(orother)programmedevelopment.Thisenablesstafftoexperimentandtestnewprogrammeapproaches,andensuresthatthereisasystematicapproachtolearning.Todatetherehasbeennomajorfocusongender,butstaffinteresthasensuredprogrammesareviewedthroughagenderlensatallstagesoftheprojectcycle.Forexamplethepilottotestaschemetointroducefreshfoodvouchersforpregnantandlactating
womeninDadaabrefugeecampincorporatedaGenderandProtectionbaselinestudy,which
influencedthedesignoftheschemeandtheindicatorsusedtomonitorresults.
Discussing WFP’s Cash for Assets programme with a community in Turkana, north-west Kenya.
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Wheregenderadvocatesandfieldstaffareavailabletoworkongenderprogramming,theyareoftennotgiventheautonomy,timeorresourcestodriveprojectplanningandimplementation,andareobligedtoworkwithintheratherinflexibleexistingprojectboundaries.Noraretheresufficientrewardsandincentivestoencouragestafftotaketheinitiativeandinnovateongender.Forexample:
• TeamsinMalawiandSenegalwereexploringwaysofmakingtheschoolmealsprogrammesmoreeffectiveandgendersensitivebyaddressingissuesofunpaidcareworkandchallengingthegendernormstheyreproduce,buttherearefewresourcesandnomandatetoaddressthisinprogramming
• StaffinKenyaandGuatemalarecognisethatP4Phasgeneratedstrongpositiveimpactsforgenderrelationsinhouseholdsandwithrespecttocommunityleadershipandinmarkets,butfinditdifficulttocaptureorbuildtheseintoprogrammingwithcurrentM&E/programmegoals
• Men’sinvolvementinnutritionprogrammesisrecognisedasimportant,butstafflacktimeandspacetoaddressthisinastrategic,comprehensiveway
Inaddition,opportunitiestolearnfromandlinkstrategicallywithpartnersarebeinglost.Implementingpartners,suchasnationalandinternationalNGOs,oftenhavewell-developedexpertiseandstrategiesforaddressinggenderissues.Otherpartners,includinggovernmentbodies,maylackcapacitybutbewellplacedtoensureWFPimpactsaresustained.Thereisconsiderablescopeforsharingknowledgeanddevelopingjointstrategiesongenderbutthisapparentlydoesnothappenoften,particularlywithimplementingpartners,whoareoftentreatedmoreasserviceprovidersthanstrategicpartners.Thereare,however,somenotableexceptions,asillustratedbythegoodpracticeexamplefromGuatemalaintheboxaboveright.
Strong leadership and accountability on gender mainstreaming are critical Theprojectfoundleadershiptobecrucialbutuneven,andaccountabilityforgendermainstreamingisdiscretionaryand,atworst,weak.TheconsolidatedLevyframeworkinFigure1showsthatWFPisseentobestrongwithregardtoitsgendermainstreamingpolicyandhigh-levelpoliticalcommitmenttogender-sensitiveprogramming.This
includedhigh-levelpoliticalcommitmenttotacklinggenderissuesbycountrygovernmentsinpartnershipwithWFPinseveralinstances.Howeverthesecommitmentsarenotalwayseffectivelytranslatedintoactionatthecountrylevel.TheInnovations from the Fieldprogrammefoundthat,althoughthereisacorporatestrategyongenderandtherehasbeenrenewedemphasisongenderinrecentyearswithinWFP,thisstrategyhasnotbeencommunicatedeffectively,norisitwidelyunderstood.Atthesametime,gendermainstreamingisoftennotbeingprioritisedbyCOs,despitetheexistenceofthecorporatestrategy.Itisnotbeingseenasmission-criticalbyallcountrydirectorsandprogrammemanagers.Leadershipongenderisunevenandultimatelydependsonindividualcommitment,notinstitutionalimperatives.
TherehavebeensomeimprovementsinaccountabilityforgendermainstreamingwiththeintroductionoftheUNSWAP/WFPGenderMainstreamingAccountabilityFramework(GMAF,forevaluatinginstitutionalperformance)andtheGenderMarker(forevaluatingprojectproposals).Howevertheimportanceofthesetoolsisdiminishedbytherelianceonself-reportingagainstindicators,andthereremainsnostronginternalorexternalpressuretodemonstrategoodperformanceongenderatCOlevel.Weakaccountabilityon
Where gender advocates and field staff are available to work on gender programming, they are often not given the autonomy, time or resources to drive project planning and implementation.
Building alliances and capacity for sustainability in GuatemalaInGuatemalathepilotphaseoftheP4Pprogrammeiscomingtoanendandstaffsoughttocapitaliseonthelearninggainedaswellasensurethatpositivegenderimpactsaresustained.ThroughthePALprocesstheyidentifiedthreestepswhichneedtobetaken,withpartnersatthecentreoftheirplans.First,thedevelopmentofgoodpracticeguidelinesandtoolkitsforstrategicpartnersandparticipatingproducerorganisations(aswellasWFPstaff)onhowtopromotegenderequalityandwomen’sempowermentinsmallproducerorganisations(basedonlessonslearnedinP4P).Second,buildingalliancesandestablishingformalcoordinationwithspecificgovernmentministriesandlocalauthoritiestoensurethereisacontinuationofsupportforparticipatingproducerorganisationsbeyondthelifeofP4P.Third,strengtheningtheGender/EmpowermentCommissionswithinproducerorganisations,includingenablingthemtoparticipateingovernment-ledinitiativesforruraldevelopment.Moregenerally,theWFPGenderSpecialistisworkingcloselywithrelevantgovernmentministries(particularlytheMinistryofAgriculture,LivestockandFood)tosupporttheireffortsongender,includingassistingwithdevelopmentofstrategicframeworks.
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gendermainstreamingiscompoundedbythefollowingfacts:
• Thereisnostrongcentralmandatetodevelopcoherentprogrammestandardswithrespecttogenderinassessment,programmedesignorimplementation
• ThereisalsoalackofclearguidelinesongendermainstreamingforWFPpartners,includinggovernments
• Monitoringandevaluationsystemscurrentlytrackgenderoutcomesonanalmostpurelynumericalbasis,primarilycountingnumbersofwomenbeneficiariesandcommitteemembers–guidedbyreportingrequirementsfromCOsandHQ.However,thesefiguresareonlylooselyconnectedtogender-equitablefoodsecuritygoals,whetherintermsofoutcomesorparticipation
• TherearenoconsequencesforCOswhenprogrammesfailtoachievepositivegenderoutcomes–orwhentheyfailtomeetgenderandprotectionstandards
• DonorscouldplayalargerroleinholdingWFPtoaccountongender,includingthroughresourcingconditionalities,but–withsomenotableexceptionssuchasUSAIDandGatesFoundation–donorprioritiesongenderdonotappeartobeinfluencingCOstrategyorperformanceinanysystematicway
Seeing the benefits of strong leadership on gender WherethereiscommittedandinformedleadershipinWFPcountriesalongsidesupportfromdonors,thishastranslatedintoacommitmenttogenderinprogramming.ForexampleinGuatemalaaseniorgenderspecialisthasbeengivenamandateandresourcestoimproveperformanceacrossallWFPprogrammesandtoengagewithgovernmentdepartments.AccordingtotheCountryDirector,MarioTouchette,theCanadiangovernmenthasplayedacriticalroleinadvancingtheirworkongender,bybothpressingforaccountabilityandprovidingfinancialsupport.
P4Palsoprovidesagoodexampleofwhereleadership,visionandresourceshavecontributedtoachievingpositiveoutcomes.Afterfailingtomeetobjectivesongenderintheinitialstages,P4Pundertookathoroughanalysisanddevisedagenderstrategywithcoreprinciplesthatparticipatingcountrieswereexpectedtoadapttotheirspecificcontextandtranslateintogenderactionplans.Additionally,enoughresourceswereprovidedtoenablepilotcountriesto‘try’newinnovationswithoutfearoffailure,whileongoingspecialistsupportwasprovidedfromHeadOffices.
There is a general unevenness in the understanding of what gender is and why it matters for WFP’s work.
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Focus group discussion with community members in Turkana, Kenya.
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A better general understanding of gender is neededThereisageneralunevennessintheunderstandingofwhatgenderisandwhyitmattersforWFP’swork.ThisispartlyaboutthelackofasharedunderstandingofwhatgendermeansforWFP’soveralltheoryofchangeandmission.Evenwhenitisconsideredimportant,gendermainstreamingisoftenseenpurelyasanissueofgenderparityinWFPstaffingandcommitteesandofmakingwomenprimaryrecipientsoffoodentitlements,ratherthanbeingafarmorecomprehensiveprocessofanalysisandactioninvolvingallprocesses,peopleandrelationshipswithintheorganisation,withbeneficiariesandwithpartners.
TheInnovations from the Fieldprogrammerevealedthatmanystaffsuccessfully‘do’gendermainstreamingwithoutlabellingitassuch;theyunderstandtheneedtotakethelocalcontextofgenderandothersocialrelationsandreal-lifevulnerabilitiesintoaccountwhentheythinkabouthowbesttodesignordelivertheirprogramme.Converselyotherstaffthinktheyaretakingagender-sensitiveapproachbecausetheyareachievingnumerical‘targets’byinvolvingwomeninfoodassistancecommitteesorasprimaryentitlementholders,butthisissimplyonepartofwhatshouldbeamoreintegratedapproach.
Additionally,eventhoughthe2009GenderPolicystressesthatitismandatorytoincorporategendermainstreamingintoallstagesofaprojectcycle,thistendstohappeninreactivewaysandisdependentonindividuals’capacity,commitmentandthepoliticalwillofseniormanagersinCOs.Thelackofmorecomprehensive,systematicgendermainstreamingprocessesacrosstheprojectcyclemeansmanychancesforsmarterprogrammingaremissed.
Theunderstandingofwhatisneededforeffectivegender-sensitiveprogrammingmuststartwithassessmentsoftheproblemspeoplefacethattakeintoaccounthowtheirgendershapestheirvulnerabilities,theircapacitiestoact,theirresponsestoproblemsandtheopportunitiesavailabletothem.
Systematicattentiontospecificgenderdimensionsandinequalitiesacrosstheprojectcyclewouldmeanall staff and partners at all levelswouldrequireaworkingknowledgeofwhyandhowtotakegenderintoaccountwhen:
• Assessingvulnerabilities:someVAMteamsdisplayedexcellentknowledgeofdebatesingender-sensitiveindicatorsinpoverty,foodsecurityandvulnerability,butthiswasoftennotthecase.Oftengenderisbeingequatedwithwomenratherthanbeingframedintermsofgenderpowerrelationsthatalsoinvolvemen.
• Promotingwomen’sempowerment:womens’empowermentiscurrentlybeingnarrowly
equatedwithwomen’sentitlementtofoodvouchersorcash,andwiththeirincreasedfinancialincomefromsellingsurpluscrops.Workhasbeeninitiatedtoassesswhetherputtingfoodandcashinwomen’shandscontributestotheirempowermentorincreasestheiraccesstofood.TheseaspectswereamongothersexaminedinajointstudybetweenWFPandUNHCRin2013:‘ExaminingProtectionandGenderinCashandVoucherTransfers’26andhavealsobeenincludedinthecorporatecashandvouchermanualandWFP’sPurchaseforProgressprogrammes.
Despitetheseinitiatives,moremustbedonetoensurethatthesedimensionsarefullyintegratedacrossallprogrammes.Otheraspectsofwomen’sempowermentlikewiseneedtobesystematicallyandconsistentlyassessed,includingtheirabilitytoaccesslandandotherresources,befreefromSGBV,spendlesstimeonunpaidcareworkifdesiredandmakeinformedchoices.Thisisimportantforidentifyingopportunitiestosupportwomen’sempowermentandensuringthatpositiveimpactsthatgobeyondwhatisbeingcountedarenotbeingmissed(seesection3.6).
• Designinginterventions:noprogrammedesigncanbegender-sensitiveifitdoesnottakeintoaccounthowitwillimpactonlivesandgenderroles.Forexample,duringthePALworkmanyexamplesemergedofprogrammeswhichhavebeendesignedwithouttakingaccountoftheimpactsonunpaidcarework,whichiswidelyacceptedasoneofthefoundationsofgenderinequality.
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• Developingdeliverymechanisms:genderandprotectionissuesarerelativelywellgraspedwithinWFP.However,certaingenderedassumptions(e.g.,thatgivingcashtowomentriggersdomesticviolence,orthatallmenarefinanciallyirresponsible)needtobetestedintheiroperationalsettingsandadjustedasgenderrelationschangeinresponsetoprogrammeinterventions.
• Staffingprogrammes:bothpartnersandWFPstaffcanbetrainedtobemoresensitivetogenderintheirwaysofworking.Gendersensitivitydoesnotmeanallstaffmustbewomen,butthatwomenandmenhaveequalopportunitieswithinprogrammeandorganisationalstructures,andthattheyareequallyequippedtodelivergender-equitableoutcomes.Staffshouldalsobesensitivetogenderissues,havingthecapacitiestoenableandlistentobeneficiaryfeedbackinawaythatrespondstotheconstraintswomenmayfaceincomplainingorcommunicatingtheirconcerns.
• Monitoringandevaluating:theindicatorsusedtomonitorprogrammeperformance,aswellasforbaselineandendofprojectassessments,rarelydomorethancountwomen.Programmeevaluationsthattakegenderintoaccountarerare.Verylittlequalitativeassessmentofthechangesinpeople’slivesismade.Theneedformorequalitative,gender-responsiveindicatorsisreflectedinthecasestudybelow.
• Asnotedinsection3.4,ifWFP’sprogrammesaretocontributemoreeffectivelytogenderequalityitisimportanttoavoidreplicatinggenderstereotypes.Assumptionsandfixedideasaboutgenderroles,normsandcapacitiesneedtobechallengedatthelevelofprojectdesign,andattentionshouldbepaidtothewaymaleandfemalebeneficiariesandstaffarerepresentedininternalandexternalinformationaboutWFPprogrammes.Inadditiontoincreasinggenderawarenessamongprogrammestaff,communicationsunitsneedincreasedcapacityandcommitmentinrelationtogender,sotheycanconveymorenuancedmessagesaroundgenderequalityandwomen’sempowermentthatgobeyondrepresentingwomenonlyasvictims,mothersand/orentitlementholders.
Creating space for reflecting, listening and learning on gender is crucialMainstreaminggenderworksbestwhenWFPstaffhavespacetoreflect,listen,learn–andapplytheirlearning.ItwasclearfromthePALworkthatregular,directcontactwithbeneficiarycommunitiesaidsunderstandingoftherealitiesWFPengageswith.Ithelpsavoidover-relianceon
Identifying the need for more flexible, responsive gender indicatorsWFPstaffoftentalkabouthouseholddecision-makingasakeyissueforthegenderedimpactofWFPprogrammes–buttherearenoeffectiveindicatorswithwhichtomonitorormeasurethis,andunderstandingofbargainingandcooperativeconflictmodelsofhouseholdsislimited.
Inadditionthepolicyoftargetingwomenforcash,vouchersandotherinterventionsispremisedonstereotypedassumptionsaboutmalebehaviour,butthiswaschallengedduringfocusgroupdiscussions.MeninterviewedinSenegalinsistedtheyiftheyweregivencashorvoucherstheywouldspendthemoneyonlyontheirfamiliesandbothmenandwomensaiditwouldbeeasierifsometimesthemenwereabletocomebythemselvestocollectfoodandvouchersbecauseofthetimeandtravelpressuresonwomen.Theirhusbandswereusuallyobligedtocomeanywaytocarryandtransportthegoodssotheywerebothoutofthehouseforthewholedayandhadtofindchildcare,aswellaslosingaday’swork.ItwasalsonotedthatthereweremaleaswellasfemalesavingsgroupsinSenegal,demonstratingmen’scapacityforfinancialplanning.
Village elders in Turkana, Kenya, interviewed during PAL study on Cash and Food For Assets.
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unhelpfulgenderstereotypesandalsohelpsensurebeneficiaryfeedbackentersprogrammelearningcycles.TheprogrammefoundthatFieldMonitorsandotherWFPstaffandimplementingpartnersinthefieldarecontinuallypickinguponqualitativegenderissuesinthecourseoftheirwork.
Theconclusionreachedisthatthereisnoneedformajornewdatacollection,especiallygiventhealreadyheavyburdenofM&EworkthatCountryOfficescarry.WhatisinsteadneededisspaceandcapacityforM&Eandprogrammestafftomakesenseofandoperationalisethefindingsfromdataandfromtheirexperiencesinthefield,andtoelevateemergingissuestoamoreseniorlevelintheorganisationiftheneedarises.InKenyaforexample,programmemanagersdiscussedintroducinganopen-endedsectionintothemonthlySitrepreportwhichispreparedbyfieldstaffsotheycanregistergenderandprotectionissuestheyareconcernedabout.27WFPKenya’sBeneficiaryComplaintsandFeedbackMechanismisanotherexampleofspacebeingcreatedforlisteningandlearning(seeboxonnextpage).ParticipatingstaffappreciatedtheopportunityforguidedreflectionandleaningaboutgenderthattheInnovations from the Fieldprogrammeoffered,andsawthePALmodelasagoodonetoapplyelsewhere.Theyfelttheexperiencehadprovidedmuch-neededspaceforreflectionandsharingknowledgeandexperiences.Italsoenabledthemtolistentoandlearnfrompeopleinaffectedcommunities.
Thereisscopeformoreproblem-basedlearningaroundgenderandfoodsecurity.Inparticularspaceisneededforprojectstafftoreflectonandidentifygenderaspectsofoperationalchallenges.Spaceisalsoneededformoredirectcollaborationwithpartnersbeyondaserviceprovidermodel,includingmutuallearningaboutgender(betweenWFPandpartnersandbetweenpartners).Atthesametime,greateruseshouldbemadeofevaluationforimprovingprogrammeapproachestogender.
Resources are critical for successful gender mainstreamingIfgendermainstreamingismission-critical,itrequiresmorefinancialandhumanresources.Genderadvocatesandgenderadvisorswiththesupportofseniormanagementcananddomakeabigdifferenceinimprovingunderstandingofthegenderissuesandmakingprogrammingmoregenderresponsive.However,mostgender-focusedstaffcurrentlyfaceseverelimitationsintermsoftheircapacity,scopeofwork,budgetsandinfluence.Inthe‘projectised’cultureofWFP,littlegetsdoneintheabsenceoftargetedfinancialresources.Programmebudgetsrarelytakeintoconsiderationthetruecostsofmainstreaminggenderandachievinggender-relatedgoals.Thereisalsoalackofresourcesforthecross-programmaticworkneededtobuildinstitutionalcapacityandresponsivenessongender.
ItisnotonlyWFPwhichdoesnotcostgendermainstreamingproperly–donorscanalsobeguiltyofthis.AlthoughmanyofWFP’sdonorsprioritisegender,theyarenotalwayswillingtocommitthelevelofresourcesneeded.However,thereareexceptionswhichprovidevaluablelessonsonhowtodothingsdifferently.TheCanadiangovernmenthasbeeninstrumentalinsupportingWFP’sGuatemala’seffortsongender,mostrecentlywithamajornewprogrammeundertheSUNinitiativewithgenderasoneofthreeheadlinethemes.Inthisprogrammearoundathirdofthebudgetisassignedforgender-relatedactivities,givingthegenderspecialistsubstantialscopeforexpandingherworkandinfluenceacrosstheprojectcycle.
Seeking beneficiary feedback to improve programming in Kenya
TheKenyaCOhasintroducedatelephonehotlinewhichbeneficiariescanusetoaccessinformationonWFPprogrammestheyarepartof,andtoregistertheircommentsandconcerns.Theinformationgeneratedthroughthehotline,andactionstakeninresponsearesummarisedinabriefreportanddiscussedatthemonthlymanagementmeeting.Thisrelativelysimplesystemhasprovenhighlyeffectiveforpinpointingblockagesinprogrammedeliveryandbuildingaccountabilitytobeneficiaries.
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WFP staff participating in PAL workshop activity in Kenya.
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4.3 Recommendations
Optimising latent potential for gender mainstreamingTomakethemostofthelatentpotentialforgendermainstreaminginCountryOffices,WFPshould:
• OptimiseexistingcapacityandenthusiasmaroundgenderamongWFPfieldstaffbyadequatelyrecognising,utilisingandrewardingit.Thismeansincludingreportingongender-focusedprogrammes,buildingonsuccessfulinitiativesintheCountryStrategyandoperationalinnovations,andincludinggendersensitivityamongtheindicatorsofprofessionalstaffperformancereview.
• EnsureGenderAdvocateshaveaclearmandateandadequatetime,capacityandresourcestofulfiltheirfunctioneffectively.Thisincludesensuringtheirworkongenderisprioritisedoverotherresponsibilities.Whilethereareexcellentreasonsforthegenderadvocateroletobeincombinationwithotherprofessionalfunctions(e.g.,VAMstaff,ProgrammeOfficer,DCD),genderadvocatesshouldalsohaveaclearportionoftheirtimeallocatedtogenderwork.TheirannualworkprogrammesshouldincludeclearstrategiesforadvocacyattheCountryOfficelevel.Itispreferableforgenderadvocatestoberecruitedatrelativelyseniorlevels.Menwithgenderanalyticalcapacitiesandexpertiseshouldalsobeencouragedtoapplyforsuchroles,sothatgenderisnotseenasexclusivelytheresponsibilityoffemalestaff.
• ThereisalsoagreatdealofscopetoengagemorestrategicallywithCOpartnersongenderissues.ManyofWFP’simplementingpartners(suchasinternationalandnationalNGOs)areveryexperiencedandadvancedwithrespecttogenderissues.WFPcandomoretobuildonthatcapacity,
tobuildcommonobjectivesandstrategiesongenderonanequalpartnerbasis.Thiscaninvolvebothlearningfromandrequiringhigherstandardsofpartnerswithrespecttogender-sensitiveprogrammedelivery.
Strengthening leadership and accountability for gender TobuildonWFP’scorestrengthsinpoliticalcommitmenttoandpoliciesongenderitisnecessaryto:
• BuildarobustbusinesscaseforwhygendermainstreamingismissioncriticalforWFP.InthepressuredatmosphereofemergencyandhumanitarianaidworkitisnotsurprisingthatsomeseniormanagersdismissgenderasalowpriorityorlackthetimeorspacetoengagewithitasacoreWFPconcern.Aspartofitsgenderstrategy,WFPshouldbuildanauthoritative,succinctaccountorbusinesscaseofwhygendermattersforWFP.Thismaymeancommissioningcost-benefitanalysesofkeyareasofWFP’soperationstoconvincescepticsofthecontributiontothecorporateresultsframeworkorofthemonetaryvalueoftakinggenderintoaccount.However,WFPispartoftheUNsystem,andgenderinequalitymustbeviewedwithinthehumanrightsframeworkandnotmerelyasinstrumental,contributingtomoreefficientoutcomes.ThebusinesscaseshouldalsoreviewWFP’sroleincontributingtogenderequalityglobally.
• Allocateresourcesandauthoritytocommunicatethiseffectivelytoallseniormanagers.WFPstaffrespectclearmessagescomingfromtheleadership.Ifthemission-criticalnatureofgenderforWFPiscommunicatedthroughawell-resourcedstrategy,backedbytheauthorityofseniormanagementatHQ,thishasanexcellentchanceofbeingheardandinternalisedasthelogicofgender-sensitiveoperations.
• StrengthenexistingaccountabilityframeworksandindicatorstoensureseniormanagersareheldresponsibleformeaningfuloutcomesongenderattheCOlevel.Morecanbedonetoensureseniormanagementisheldandholdsitselftoaccount,inparticularatCOlevel.Self-reportingongenderindicators,forinstance,canbesupplementedbyexternalreviews.Seniormanagers’performancereviewscanincludetheireffortstoadvancegendermainstreamingacrossprojectcycles.
Strengthening understanding of the gender issuesTherearemanyentrypointsforimprovingunderstandingofthegenderissuesacrossWFP,includingthroughinitiativessuchasthepresentprogramme.Forexample:
ABOVE
Female focus group discussion in Mangochi district, Malawi.
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• Investmentinstaffcapacitiesongenderthroughtraining;identificationofgenderfocalpointswithineachsection(e.g.,forM&EandVAM;logisticsandprocurement;eachofthemainprogrammes);andcommunicationsunits.
• RethinkingoftheVAMapproachandprocess,includinganexpertreviewofVAMstaffingandprocessesforgender-sensitivity;considerationofalternativevulnerabilityconceptualframeworks;anddevelopmentofmoregender-sensitivetools(indicators,questionnaireormoreparticipatorymethodologies).
• Reviewingquantitativemonitoringindicatorsandexperimentingwithparticipatoryandqualitativeindicatorstobettercapturegenderdimensions,impactsandchanges(orlackofchange)inequality.
• Allocatingapercentageofprogrammebudgetsforevaluation,mainstreaminggenderthroughtheTermsofReferenceforevaluationsandappointingadequatelyskilled,experiencedandgender-sensitiveevaluationteams.
• BuildingcapacityongenderandensuringcorestaffareskilledingenderanalysistonotonlytosupportVAMandM&Ebutalsotobepartofproposalpreparation,programmedesign,reportingandcommunications.Genderspecialistsareincreasinglybeinginvolvedinproposalorreportwritingorcommunicationsworkbecauseofthegrowingdemandfromdonors.Gender
CapacityAdvisorsfromtheIASCarehelpingtofillacapacitygap,buttheongoingneedforspecialistskillsisnotadequatelyrecognisedwithinWFP.TheGenderPolicyhighlightsWFP’scommitmenttodevelopingstaffcapacityongendermainstreamingandgenderanalysis.
Resourcing gender mainstreaming • WFPshoulddeveloporganisationalunderstanding
ofthetruecostsofgendermainstreaming,includingcostsforachievinggender-relatedgoalswithinspecificprogrammesandcostsforcross-programmaticworktobuildinstitutionalcapacityandresponsivenessongender.Thereshouldbeastandardrequirementthatallprogrammebudgetsincludespecificlinesforgender-relatedcostsundereachprogrammeactivity(i.e.asacross-cuttingtheme).
• ManyofWFP’sdonorstreatgenderasapriority,buttheyareinconsistentintheextenttowhichtheyrequireWFPtomakemeaningfulprogress,atleastattheCOlevel.Certainlyitseemsthatdonorscoulddemandmoreintermsofgender-sensitivedesignandresultsreporting.However,theyneedalsotorecognisethatgendermainstreaminginvolvesstafftimeandresourcesforarangeofactivities.TheyshouldthereforeencourageWFPtoincludeatruecostinginprogrammebudgets,andbewillingtocoverthesecostsinrecognitionoftheimportantofgendermainstreamingtotheachievementofWFP’smission.
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A member of a vulnerability targeting committee in Kaolack region, Senegal, participating in a PAL activity.Si
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Annex one Keyinquirythemes,questionsandmethodologiesforthePALactivitiesineachcountryareoutlinedbelow:
Guatemala Theme 1: Building capacity for gender analysis among WFP staff to improve programming
Questions:WhatarethemostappropriatestrategiesforbuildingcapacityforgenderanalysisamongWFPstaffresponsibleforplanning,implementingandevaluatingprojects,inordertoadvanceprogressongendermainstreaming?
Methodologies:GenderSpecialistevaluatedthecapacityofallstaffanddevelopedtermsofreference(TORs)foranexternalgenderspecialisttodevelopatrainingpackagespecificallyfortheneedsofWFPGuatemala.Anevaluationofthetrainingwillbeconducted.
Theme 2: Improving project design and M&E in nutrition programmes
Questions:Howcanagenderfocusthatgoesbeyondonlyworkingwithwomenbefactoredintothedesign,implementationandmonitoringofnutritionprojects?
Methodologies:ReviewoflogframeandbaselineM&Eindicatorsfornutritionprojecttoidentifyimprovementsthatcanbemadeinfuturenutritionprogramming.
Theme 3: Enhancing the participation of women in all WFP projects
Questions:InclusionofwomenisacorporaterequirementinWFPbuttheGuatemalaCOhasstruggledtoachievethisacrossallitsprogrammes.WhatcanbelearnedfromgoodpracticesdevelopedinP4P,aswellasfrompartnerorganisationsandparticipantsinWFPprojectsthemselves?
Methodologies:FourregionalworkshopswereheldtogathertogetherWFPstaff,partners,projectparticipantsandlocalauthorities,tojointlyidentifygoodpracticesforincreasingtheparticipationofwomeninWFPprogrammes.ThegoodpracticesarebeingdocumentedandsharedacrossWFPandwithotherrelevantstakeholders.
KenyaTheme 1: Gender-sensitive monitoring and evaluation: learning from Fresh Food Voucher programme
Questions:WhataresomekeyfindingsfromthisM&Edataandhowusefulhavetheinnovationshavebeenforimprovedtrackingandunderstandingofgenderoutcomes?
Methodologies:ReviewofM&Edatabasedonqualitativefollowupstudy
Theme 2: Communicating with the field: exploring complaints and feedback mechanisms
Questions:Whatarethecommunicationneedsandpreferencesofdifferentgroupsofbeneficiaries?
Methodologies:Fieldstudieswerecarriedoutwithbeneficiariesandnon-beneficiariesintworegionsofKenyatoexploretheirinformationneedsandpreferredchannelsforaccessinginformation.
Theme 3: Embedding good practice: from pilots to programmes: the case of P4P
Questions:WhichelementsoftheP4Papproachhavebeenmostimportantforpromotinggender
equality,andhowcanthesebeadaptedforfutureprogramming?
Methodologies:P4PstaffhavereviewedprojectreportsandM&Edatatodocumentgenderimpactsandreflectonhowthesewereachieved.The‘P4Pstory’isbeingtoldusingPrezi,withtheaimoftestingthisengagingvisualformatasaknowledgesharingdeviceinWFP.
Theme 4: Deepening understanding of gender relations in Food for Assets (FFA) and Cash for Assets (CFA) programmes
Questions:HowcanCFAandFFAtakemoregender-awareapproaches,ensuringtheydonotincreasetheburdenonwomen,andthatmenaremoreengagedandsupportiveoftheprojects?
Methodologies:FieldstudiesintwopartsofKenyainvestigatedgenderdynamicsinFFAandCFAcommunitiesandprovidedanuancedaccountofgenderimpacts.TheteamalsoexploredtheuseofvideoasawaytodeepenunderstandingofgenderrelationsinWFP.
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MalawiTheme 1: Gender case study of WFP Malawi’s lean season response.
Questions:Howisdecision-makingandcontroloverresourcesorganisedwithinahouseholdanddoesWFPfood/cashassistancemakeadifference?Howdoestargetingandsensitisationimpacttheidentifieddifference,ifany?
Methodology:Acasestudyinvolvinglearningfromtheexperienceof300beneficiariesthrough42focusgroupdiscussionsintwodistricts.
Theme 2: Addressing the burden on women in school feeding
Questions:Whatapproachesareneededtorecognisewomen’sunpaidtimeandlabourontheschoolmealsprogramme,andhowcanthehardworkandhazardsbereduced?
Methodologies:informaldiscussions,learningandsharingbySchoolMealprogrammeofficers.RaisingawarenessoftheissueswithseniormanagersinWFPMalawiandwithgovernmentpartners.Thevalueofthewomen’svolunteerworkandof
encouragingmentoparticipateinmealpreparationhasbeenraisedincommunitysensitisationsandschooltrainings.
Theme 3: Identifying opportunities and constraints for involving men in nutrition programmes
Questions:Towhatextentdoassumptionsandstereotypesaboutmen’sbehaviourinformcurrentprogramming,andhowcanthisbeaddressed?Howcanmenbeinvolvedmoreeffectivelyinnutritionactivities?
Methodologies:Focusgroupdiscussionsetc
Theme 4: Protection issues in emergency operations
Questions:Whatrisksofviolencedowomenfaceinrefugeecampsandhowcanthesebereduced?
Methodologies:RevisitingtheStandardOperatingProcedurestoidentifyhowtheycanminimisetheriskofgender-basedviolenceandsexualexploitationinrefugeecamps BELOW
PAL workshop activities.
Senegal Theme 1: Analysing the gender implications of School Feeding Programmes
Questions:Towhatextentdoestheinvolvementofmen,women,boysandgirlsintheplanningandimplementationofactivitiesrelatedtoschoolfeedingresultinimprovedoutcomesandgenderequality?
Methodologies:Focusgroupdiscussionswithseparategroupsofmaleandfemalestudents,andadultmembersofschoolfeedingcommitteesinthreeschools,usingparticipatorymethodssuchastheRiverofLife.
Theme 2: Mapping benefits and constraints for men’s involvement in nutrition activities
Questions:Inwhatsituationsaremenmostlikelytotakeakeyroleinassuringthenutritionalhealthoftheirchildren?
Methodologies:Focusgroupdiscussionswithseparateandmixedgroupsofwomenandmen.Lifestoryanalysis.
Theme 3: Analysing the gender implications of the Rural Resilience Programme (R4)
Questions:Whataresomeoftheshort-termeffectsofstrategiesintermsofaddressinginequalitiesinaccesstostrategicandpracticalresources?
Methodologies:Focusgroupdiscussionsusingparticipatorymethodssuchasdrawing‘before’and‘after’picturesofwomenwhowereengagedinR4.
Theme 4: Analysing the gender implications of Cash and Voucher Processes
Questions:Howfarhastherepresentationofdiversesocialgroups(includingmenandwomen)intargetingcommitteescontributedtothesuccessofcashandvouchersinitiatives?
Methodologies:Focusgroupdiscussions,mappingexercises,questionnaires.
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Lesotho Theme 1: Lessons learned from the Positive Deviance programme
Questions:Towhatextentweremeninvolvedinthenutritionawarenessraisingactivitiesandtheimpactsoftheirinvolvement?
Methodologies:InterviewsandfocusgroupdiscussionswithbeneficiariesandWFPpartnerswhowereinvolvedinthePositiveDevianceprogramme.
Theme 2: Engaging men in school meal preparation
Questions:Whatgenderedassumptionsandstereotypesinformtheappointmentofcooksforschoolfeedingprogrammesandhowcanthesepracticesbemoregenderequitable?
Methodologies:Interviewswithdifferentstakeholders,withanalysisinformingcasestudiesforsharingwithinLesothoandWFPmorebroadly
Theme 3: Implementing gender-sensitive lessons and recommendations in the new DRR programme
Questions:WhatisneededtominimisetherisksandmaximisethebenefitsofDRRprogrammes,andensuretheypromotegenderequality?
Methodologies:Preparationofagender-sensitiveprotectionstrategyforLesotho
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Endnotes1FoodandAgricultureOrganisation(FAO)(2010)The State of Food and Agriculture 2010-2011: Women in Agriculture, Closing the Gender Gap for Development,NewYork:FAO
2Holmes,R.etal(2009)‘Gendervulnerabilities,foodpriceshocksandsocialprotectionresponses’.ODI Background Note.London:OverseasDevelopmentInstitute;Jiggins,J.(1986)‘WomenandSeasonality:CopingwithCrisisandCalamity’,IDS Bulletin17(3),Brighton:IDS
3Smith,L.;Ramakrishnan,U.,Ndiaye,A.,Haddad,L.andMartorell,R.(2003)TheImportanceofWomen’sStatusforChildNutritioninDevelopingCountries,Research Report No. 3,Washington:IFPRI
4R.Meinzen-Dicketal(2011)‘Gender:AKeyDimensionLinkingAgriculturalProgramstoImprovedNutritionandHealth’,Leveraging Agriculture for Improving Nutrition and Health 2020 Conference Brief 9,Washington:IFPRI;IDS(2012)FoodSecurityInsightsno.82‘Innovativeapproachestogenderandfoodsecurity’,Brighton:IDS
5Genderrefersheretosociallyconstructedroles,behaviours,attributes,aptitudesandrelativepowerassociatedwithbeingfemaleormale(Esplen,E.(2009)GenderandCare,BRIDGECutting Edge Overview Report,Brighton:IDS.).AccordingtotheWFP,genderequalityreflectstheequalityofmenandwomenunderthelaw,anequalsharingofpower,equalityofopportunities,includingequalityinaccesstohumanassets(health,education,etc.)andotherproductiveassets(land,information,financialresources),equalrewardsforworkofequalvalue,equalityofvoiceincludingpoliticalrepresentation.
6WFP(2002)GenderPolicy(2002–2007):EnhancedCommitmentstoWomen,toEnsureFoodSecurity,Executive Board Third Regular Session,21-25October,Rome:WFP
7Inoneexample,aformerCountryOfficeDirectordescribedhownutritiontrainingwasbeinggivenonlytowomeninBangladesh,ontheassumptionthatwomenwereresponsibleforpurchasingfood.Infact,inthatparticularculturalcontext,mendothefoodshopping,becauseofcustomaryconstraintsonwomen’smobility.
8Fivebackgroundpaperswereprepared:Engagingmenandboysineffectivehungerresponses;Identifyingeffectivemodalitiesforwomenfarmers’groups;Addressingwomen’sunpaidcare-work;Exploringthepotentialrisksandbenefitsofmakingwomenfoodentitlementholders;Addressingtheneedsandconcernsofyoungwomenandmen.
9Thesecountriesprovidea‘window’onthediversecontextswhereWFPworks,butnotthefullpicture.Assuch,wewouldaimtoincludecountriesfromAsiaandtheMiddleEastduringasecondphaseoftheprogramme.
10AthirdcountryvisitwascarriedouttoSenegal,toprovideadditionalhands-onsupport.
11WFP(2013),Protection in Practice: Food Assistance with Safety and Dignity,Rome:WFP
12SeeforexampleBRIDGE(forthcoming2014)GenderandFoodSecurity,BRIDGE Cutting Edge Pack,Brighton:IDS;FAO(2007),Gender-basedviolenceandlivelihoodsinterventions:focusonpopulationsofhumanitarianconcerninthecontextofHIV,Guidance Note,Rome:FAO
13WFP(2011)Enhancing prevention and response to sexual and gender-based violence in the context of food assistance in displacement settings,Rome:WFP
14Thereisavastliteratureontheextentofunpaidcarework,andthegendereddivisionsoflabourindifferentcountrycontexts.Timeusestudies–surveysmeasuringhowmuchtimemen,womenandchildrenspendondifferentdailytasks–consistentlyprovethatwomena)workmorehoursthanmenonb)unremuneratedworkonfamilybusinessesandonc)unpaidcarework,onwhichmentypicallyspendafractionofthehoursspentbywomen.Fordatafromcountriesaroundtheworld,seeBudlender,D.(2010)What do Time Use Surveys Tell us about Unpaid Care Work,Geneva:UNRISDandEsplen,E.(2009)GenderandCare,BRIDGE Cutting Edge Report,Brighton:IDS
15The‘recognise,reduce,redistribute’formulaforaddressinggenderinequalitiesarisingfromwomen’sunpaidcareworkwasfirstdefinedbyDianeElsonataUNDPworkshop.
16Esplen,E.(2006)EngagingMeninGenderEquality:PositiveStrategiesandApproaches,OverviewandAnnotatedBibliography,BRIDGE Bibliography No. 15,Brighton:IDS
17Cornwall,A.(2000)‘MissingMen?ReflectionsonMen,MasculinitiesandGenderinGAD’,IDS Bulletin31.2,Brighton:IDS
18Studieshaveshownthatfatherswhoarepositivelyengagedinthelivesoftheirchildrenarelesslikelytobedepressed,tocommitsuicide,ortobeviolenttowardstheirwives.Theyaremorelikelytobeinvolvedincommunitywork,tobesupportiveoftheirpartners,andtobeinvolvedinschoolactivities(seeMorrell,R.(2003)‘Youth,Fathersand
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MasculinityinSouthAfricaToday’,Agenda,SpecialFocusonGender,CultureandRights).http://www.xyonline.net/sites/default/files/Morrell,%20Youth,%20Fathers.pdf19Barker,G.,Ricardo,C.andNascimento,M.(2007)Engaging Men and Boys in Changing Gender-based Equity in Health,Geneva:WHOandPromundo20WFPGenderPolicy,2009:page7.21SUNisauniqueMovementfoundedontheprinciplethatallpeoplehavearighttofoodandgoodnutrition.Itunitespeople—fromgovernments,civilsociety,theUnitedNations,donors,businessesandresearchers—inacollectiveefforttoimprovenutrition.WithintheSUNMovement,nationalleadersareprioritisingeffortstoaddressmalnutrition.Countriesarestrivingtoputtherightpoliciesinplace,collaboratingwithpartnerstoimplementprogrammeswithsharednutritiongoals,andmobilisingresourcestoeffectivelyscaleupnutrition,withacorefocusonempoweringwomen(http://scalingupnutrition.org/about).22Kabeer,N.(1999)Resources,Agency,Achievement:ReflectionsontheMeasurementofWomen’sEmpowerment,inDevelopmentandChange,Vol.30,UK:Wiley;Batliwala,S.andDhanraj,D.(2004)GenderMythsthatInstrumentaliseWomen:AViewfromtheIndianFrontline,In IDS Bulletin,Vol.34,Issue4,Brighton:IDS23SeeCornwall,A.,Harrison,E.andWhitehead,A.GenderMythsandFeministFables:theStruggleforInterpretivePowerinGenderandDevelopment,InDevelopment and Change, Vol. 38,Issue1,TheHague:InternationalInstituteofSocialStudies.24Baden,S.(2013)Women’sCollectiveAction:UnlockingthePotentialofAgriculturalMarkets,Oxfam Research Reports,OxfamInternational25C.Levy.(1996)‘TheProcessofInstitutionalisingGenderinPolicyandPlanning:thewebofinstitutionalisation’,DPU Working Paper No 74,London:DevelopmentPlanningUnit,UniversityCollegeLondon26Berg,M.,Mattinen,H.andPattugalan,G.(2013)Examining protection and gender in cash and voucher transfers, Case Studies of the WFP and the Office of the United Nations high Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),Rome:WFPandUNHCR27ThiswasanoutcomeoftheKenyaCO’sPALonCashandFoodforAssetsprojects,asreportedinsection3.1.
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The findings and recommendations for this report are drawn largely from Participatory Action Learning activities conducted between September 2013 and September 2014 by WFP country staff, with support from IDS.