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Presenter: Bill Hare What does the Paris Climate Agreement mean for Finland and the European Union? Marcia Rocha, Fabio Sferra, Michiel Schaeffer, Niklas Roming, Andrzej Ancygier, Paola Parra, Jasmin Cantzler, Alain Coimbra, Bill Hare

What does the Paris climate agreement mean for Finland and the European Union?

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Presenter: Bill Hare

What does the Paris Climate

Agreement mean for Finland

and the European Union?

Marcia Rocha, Fabio Sferra, Michiel Schaeffer, Niklas Roming, Andrzej Ancygier, Paola Parra, Jasmin Cantzler, Alain Coimbra, Bill Hare

Approach to the Paris Agreement 1.5oC limit

• The goal of this study is to scrutinize emissions reductions in line with the Paris Agreement long-term temperature goal in Finland and the EU28.

• Paris Agreement introduces a 1.5oC limit

• To determine 1.5oC compatible pathways, we employ two approaches:

• Least-cost approach

• Equity approach

• By comparing these we estimate the mitigation (emission reductions) that may need to done in developing countries and associated investments and/or financing

“Holding the increase in the global

average temperature to well below

2oC above pre-industrial levels and

pursuing efforts to limit the

temperature increase to 1.5oC above

pre-Industrial levels (..)”

What are the main implications from the study of Paris Agreement 1.5oC limit for policy makers?

• Current pledges by Finland & the EU are

not sufficient to meet the temperature goal agreed in Paris.

• Faster reductions of greenhouse gas emissions in the EU and in Finland are required

• Paris Agreement Facilitative Dialogue in 2018 key part of enhancing ambition • Stocktake of all national ambition

levels against Paris Agreement goals • The longer increase in ambition delayed,

the more difficult and costly it will be. • Energy Efficiency is key • Rapid introduction of renewables is

essential with substantial changes in the energy system are needed to meet the Paris agreement 1.5°C scenario. • Coal to be completely phased out by

2030

• Provide a good proxy for likely domestic emission reductions needed

• Finland would need to achieve about a 60% reduction below 1990 levels by 2030.

• Present 2°C goal -40% by 2030

• By 2050, domestic emissions would need to become negative in Finland with reductions of 135% below 1990 levels.

• Present 2°C goal -80% by 2050

• Taking into account equity considerations, larger reductions in emission allowances are needed, reflecting the need for mitigation abroad

Finland key findings

Results from least-cost energy-economic modeling approach

• For a fair share effort reductions would be at least 60% below 1990 levels by 2030 (as opposed to the 40% reduction proposed in the INDC) and at least 150% below 1990 levels by 2050 (as opposed to a 80-95% long-term target), to be in line with the long-term temperature goal in the Paris Agreement.

• Neither the present 2030, nor the 2050 targets for Finland are in line with levels consistent with the Paris Agreement.

Why we need negative emissions….

• Warming levels by a certain point in time are proportional to cumulative emissions up to that point

• In order to compensate for already emitted emissions and emissions over the next few decades, negative emissions in the second half of the century are required to achieve temperature goal

• The sooner we achieve fast global emissions reductions now, the less we need to depend on negative emissions later for achieving the long-term temperature goal

• Energy efficiency is key over all time frames, especially within sectors with limited near-term availability of low carbon technologies: industry, buildings and the transport sector, but needs to be accompanied by a fast decarbonisation.

• Renewable energy sources are expected to replace fossil fuel based power plants in the short term. Biomass with CCS (BECCS) will become crucial in the second half of the century, responsible for a very large share of the necessary negative carbon emissions.

• Oil is phased out around the 2060s. Per assumption, coal is phased out by 2030.

• Unabated gas remains in the primary energy mix at a lower level than at present throughout 21st century. CCS technologies for gas come online, at very low levels, in the 2020s and then at scale until phase out of this technology for gas around 2080.

• Nuclear power remains at about the present level until the 2080s, before phase-out around 2100.

Finland key findings

Results from least-cost energy-economic modeling approach

What are the implications for the energy sector in Finland?

High reliance on biomass, projected to endure throughout the whole century

Finland’s primary energy mix developments in line with Paris Agreement

BECCS starts at a low level in 2020 and scaled up from 2030-2040

Nuclear is projected to remain until begin to phase out in 2080

Renewable energy expected to replace fossil fuels in the short term.

Filling the gap between least cost and equity pathways through financial transfers…

• Quantifying the amount of external mitigation effort needed is crucial to policy assessments of an equitable contribution to mitigating climate change.

!

Annual investment range for mitigation abroad

2030 2050

Finland (Billion €2005) 0.1 (0-1.5) 1.36 (0-4.4)

Finland (% of 2030 and 2050 GDP) 0.1% (0% - 1.0%) 0.7% (0%-2.22%)

EU28 key findings

• Provide a good proxy for likely domestic emission reductions needed

• According to least-cost energy-economic modelling approaches, the EU as a whole would need to achieve a 50% reduction below 1990 levels by 2030.

• Present 2°C goal -40% by 2030

• By 2050, the EU would need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by about 90%, which is within the 80-95% reduction range already adopted.

• Present 2°C goal -80-95% by 2050

• Taking into account equity considerations, larger reductions in emission allowances are needed, reflecting the need for mitigation abroad

Results from least-cost energy-economic modeling approach

• The EU target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% below 1990 levels by 2030 is not yet sufficient to be in line with the Paris Agreement long-term temperature goal.

• For a fair share effort reductions should be at least 75% below 1990 levels by 2030 (as opposed to 40% reduction proposed in the INDC) and at least 164% below 1990 levels by 2050 (almost twice as much as the 80-95% emissions reduction goal adopted by the EU).

EU28 key findings

• Energy efficiency is key over all time frames, especially within sectors with limited near-term availability of low carbon technologies: industry, buildings and the transport sector.

• Renewable energy sources are expected to replace fossil fuel based power plants in the short term.

• Unabated coal is phased by 2030. While coal with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) could remain in a transition phase, this is phased out completely by 2070.

• Oil is phased out by around the 2060s.

• Unabated gas remains in the primary energy mix at a lower level than present throughout the 21st century. CCS technologies for gas come online, at very low levels, in the 2020s and then at scale until phase out of this technology for gas around 2080. Deployment of Bioenergy with CCS (BECCS) starts at a low level in the 2020s and is scaled up most rapidly from 2030 until 2040, with slower growth thereafter.

• Nuclear power remains at about the present level until the 2080s, before phase-out around 2100.

Results from least-cost energy-economic modeling approach

What are the implications for the energy sector in the EU?

The EU’s primary energy mix developments in line with Paris Agreement Renewable energy expected to replace fossil fuels in the short term.

Oil to be phased out at around 2060.

CCS technologies projected to come online at full-scale by 2030.

Coal without CCS phased out in 2030.

Filling the gap between least cost and equity pathways through financial transfers…

• Quantifying the amount of external mitigation effort needed is crucial to policy assessments of an equitable contribution to mitigating climate change.

!

Annual investment range for mitigation abroad

2030 2050

Europe (Billion €2005) 92 (0-212) 421 (0-708)

Europe (% of 2030 and 2050 GDP) 0.6% (0% - 1.3%) 2% (0%-3.3%)

Caveats and scenario limitations • Scenarios used here are high efficiency and with full technology availability (including

nuclear, fossil fuel CCS and Bioenergy with CCS): sustainability and other constraints associated with these are not addressed in this analysis, but remain important in any real world deployment.

• Our results are based on the results of the energy-economic model MESSAGE alone. Other models might provide different results for the EU and therefore Finland, but main messages presented here are considered least sensitive to model structure.

• For Finland we do not take into account the the trade offs between biomass consumption and land-use

• We do not model explicitly trade of energy fuels within European countries (e.g. trade of oil between Finland and Rest of Europe)

So what are the implications of 1.5oC for policy makers?

• The current pledges by Finland & the EU

are not sufficient to meet the temperature goal agreed in Paris.

• Instead faster reductions of greenhouse gas emissions in the EU and in Finland are required Facilitative Dialogue in 2018 key part of enhancing ambition!

• The longer an increase in ambition is delayed, the more difficult and costly it will be to reach the long-term temperature goal.

• Energy Efficiency is key Substantial changes in the energy system are needed to meet the Paris agreement 1.5°C scenario.

• Coal to be completely phased out by 2030

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