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WATER RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
- An Overview
by
R. JEYASEELAN
CHAIRMAN, CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION
The Resource
Achievements
Future Scenario
Actions Needed
Rainfall
Average Annual Rainfall - 1170 mm
Maximum Average Annual Rainfall - 11000 mm
(Cherrapunji)
Minimum Average Annual Rainfall - 100 mm
(Western Rajasthan)
Spatial Variation of Rainfall
Temporal Variation
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
Win
ter
Mo
ns
oo
n
(Ja
n-F
eb
)
Pre
Mo
ns
oo
n
(Ma
r-M
ay
Mo
ns
oo
n
(Ju
n-S
ep
)
Po
st
Mo
ns
oo
n
(Oc
t-D
ec
)
Ra
infa
ll i
n m
m
All India
Water Availability
(In Billion cubic metre)
Total Precipitation : 4000
Total Water Availability : 1869
Total Utilisable Water : 1122
Surface Water - 690
Ground Water - 432
Per Capita Availability
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1951 1991 2001 2025 2050
Wa
ter
Av
ail
ibil
ty (
Cu
bic
me
ter
pe
r
ca
pit
a p
er
ye
ar)
Water Stress Line
Water Scarcity Line
Achievements
Irrigation Development
In 1951
16%
In 2002
67%
Potential Created as % of Ultimate Irrigation Potential
Irrigation Sources
39%
13%
48%
Major & Medium Irrigation
Minor (Surface Water)
Minor(Ground Water)
Storage Created
1. Pre Plan : 15.64
2. Up to the end of VIII Plan : 176.73
3. Up to the end of IX Plan : 213.00
4. Under construction : 75.42
5. Under consideration : 108.00
(In billion cubic metre)
Per Capita Storage
26
275
3
11
1119
643
14
5
61
03
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Russ
ia
Brazi
l
USA
Chin
a
South A
fric
a
IndiaP
er C
ap
ita S
tora
ge
(cu
bic
met
re)
Future Scenario
Water Demand
Total Anticipated Demand
(In Billion cubic metre)
In 2010 :813 710 *
In 2025 :1093 843 *
In 2050 :1447 1180 *
Total Utilisable Water :1122 (690+432)
S.W G.W
* With improved management
Water Availability
(In Billion cubic metre)
Total Precipitation : 4000
Total Water Availability : 1869
Total Utilisable Water : 1122
Surface Water - 690
Ground Water - 432
Demands of Various Sectors
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1997 2010 2025 2050
Dem
an
d(B
illi
on
cu
bic
met
re)
Evaporation Losses
Environment
(Ecology)
Inland Navigation
Power
Industries
Domestic
Irrigation
Demands of Various Sectors (in %)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1997 2010 2025 2050
Evaporation Losses
Environment
(Ecology)
Inland Navigation
Power
Industries
Domestic
Irrigation
Ground Water Exploitation
Goal
Pace of development to match with increasing water demands
Adoption of better management practices
Development & Management
Integrated approach with dueconsideration to major, medium, minor(both surface and ground water)schemes as well as traditional system ofwater conservation
Efficient Use of Water
Optimal water utilization
Minimization of water losses
People’s Participation
Awareness of scarcity value of water
Promotion of water conservation
Involvement of beneficiaries & otherstakeholders in project planning & atsubsequent stages of development
Participatory approach in management of waterresources for diverse uses
Objectives
Better understanding of issues
Bringing about consensus
Adopting the best suited approach
The Gap
Availability and Utilization
Potential - Created and Utilized
Demand and Availability
Availability and Utilization
Excessive utilization of surface water
Water logging problems
Salinity problems
Land Use
Geographical area : 328.73 Mha
Cultivable area : 180.35 Mha
Net cultivated area : 141.10 Mha
Net irrigated area : 54.68 Mha
Rainfed cultivated area : 86.42 Mha
Sources of Irrigation
2.89 (5%)
2.53 (5%)
11.55 (21%)
15.98 (29%)
21.72 (40%)
Canals Tanks Tube Wells
Other Wells Other Sources
Major, Medium & Minor Projects – Irrigation Potential
•P.C.* upto 1951 : 22.6 Mha# (9.7 Maj & Med & 12.9 Minor )
•P.C. upto IX Plan : 93.95 Mha (37.05 Maj & Med and 56.90 Minor)
Population Potential Food Production
(Million) (Mha.) (Million Tonnes)
1951 361 22.60 51
2001 1027 93.95 @ 211
*P.C : Potential Created @ Potential Utilised : 80.06 Mha
# Mha : Million Hectare
Some Issues to be considered for improving Irrigation Efficiency :
Application of Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation, where applicable
Canal Automation & Volumetric Measurement of supply
Benchmarking of Irrigation Systems
Water Audit / Budgeting
Appropriate pricing of water
Actions Needed
Pace of water resourcesdevelopment to match with theincreasing water demands
Adoption of better managementpractices
Investigation and research forsustainable utilization of more &more available water
Efficient Utilization of Water Resources
in Irrigation
Irrigation Efficiency
No realistic national level
assessment of overall irrigation
efficiencies
The overall efficiencies obtained
(guess- estimation)
35-40 percent in surface water
65-70 percent in ground water.
Irrigation Efficiency
Irrigation efficiency in surface water useconsidered to be low
Every developmental activity has someproblems
• Irrigation no exception
Irrigation efficiencies in other developing regionssuch as Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, NearEast & North Africa, East Asia also in same range
Scope for improvement in irrigationefficiency exists
Reasons for low irrigation efficiencies
Main reasons for low efficiency:
Excessive seepage loss
Inefficient water management
• Lack of maintenance
- Inadequate funds
- Low water charges
• Inequitable and untimely supplies
- Lack of operation plan
- Over use of water by head reach farmers
- Shift towards high water consuming crops
Lack of involvement of stakeholders
NATIONAL WATER POLICY-2002
WATER ALLOCATION PRIORITIES
In the planning and operation of systems, waterallocation priorities should be broadly as follows:
Drinking water
Irrigation
Hydro Power
Ecology
Agro-Industries and non-agricultural industries
Navigation and Other Uses
However, the priorities could be modified or addedif warranted by the area/region specificconsiderations.
CONSERVATION OF WATER
Efficiency of utilisation in all the diverse uses ofwater should be optimised and an awareness ofwater as a scarce resource should be fostered.
Conservation consciousness should be promotedthrough education, regulation, incentives anddisincentives.
The resources should be conserved and theavailability augmented by maximising retention,eliminating pollution and minimising losses. Forthis, measures like lining in the conveyancesystem, modernization and rehabilitation ofexisting systems , recycling and re-use of treatedeffluents and techniques like drip and sprinklermay be promoted.
PROJECT PLANNING
There should be an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach to the planning,formulation, clearance and implementation ofprojects, including catchment area treatmentand management, environmental andecological aspects, the rehabilitation ofaffected people and command areadevelopment.
The drainage system should form an integralpart of any irrigation project right from theplanning stage.
The involvement and participation ofbeneficiaries and other stakeholders should beencouraged right from the project planningstage itself.
FINANCIAL AND PHYSICAL SUSTAINABILITY
Besides creating additional water resources facilitiesfor various uses, adequate emphasis needs to begiven to the physical and financial sustainability ofexisting facilities.
There is a need to ensure that the water rates forvarious uses should be fixed in such a way that theycover at least the operation and maintenancecharges of providing the service initially and a partof the capital costs subsequently.
These rates should be linked directly to the qualityof service provided. The subsidy on water rates tothe disadvantaged and poorer sections of thesociety should be well targeted and transparent.
