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3/9/2017
Will cause Soil contamination.
Air contamination.
Food chain contamination.
Esthetic.
Will lead to lack of clean water supply for Domestic demand.
Industry use.
Agriculture use.
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Will also cause Breeding of diseases vector.
Spreading of water borne diseases.
Food poisoning.
Skin problem.
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71% from earth surface. 97% salt water (sea)
3% fresh water 87% ice and glaciers, underground, air.
13% surface water (0.4% total water).
FunctionDomestic.
Industry.
Agriculture.
Recreation.
Safety and security. 3/9/2017
70% total human body wt.
30 – 40% bone mass.
Body functions: Absorption of oxygen at alveoli.
Control of body temperature.
Blood component.
Digestion in kidneys and intestine.
Alteration of 10% body content – health problem.
Alteration of 20% body content – death.
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Wa
ter
Usa
ge
World North
America
Europe Africa Asia South
America
Domestic
Industry
Agriculture
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Evaporation and transpiration
Evaporation
Stream
InfiltrationWater tableInfiltration
Unconfined aquifer
Confined aquifer
Lake
Well requiring a pump
Flowing
artesian well
Runoff
Precipitation
Confined
Recharge Area
Aquifer
Less permeable material
such as clay Confirming permeable rock layer3/9/2017
Point Source Pollution
vs.
Nonpoint Source Pollution
What’s the difference?
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comes from a specific
source, like a pipe
factories, industry,
municipal treatment plants
can be monitored and
controlled by a permit
system
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Nonpoint Source (NPS)
Pollution is pollution
associated with
stormwater or runoff
NPS pollution cannot be
traced to a direct
discharge point such as
a wastewater treatment
facility
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oil & grease from cars
fertilizers
animal waste
grass clippings
septic systems
sewage & cleaners from
boats
household cleaning
products
litter
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From times immemorial, the Ganga has been India's river of faith, devotion and worship.
Millions of Hindus accept its water as sacred. Even today, people carry treasured Ganga water all over India and abroad because it is "holy" water and known for its "curative" properties.
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The principal sources of pollution of the Ganga river can be characterised as follows:
Domestic and industrial wastes. It has been estimated that about 1.4 × 106 m3 d-1 of domestic wastewater and 0.26 ×106 m3 d-1 of industrial sewage are going into the river.
Solid garbage thrown directly into the river.
Non-point sources of pollution from agricultural run-off containing residues of harmful pesticides and fertilisers.
Animal carcasses and half-burned and unburned human corpses thrown into the river.
Defecation on the banks by the low-income people.
Mass bathing and ritualistic practices
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According to the study, the main cause of high level of coliform in Ganga is due to disposal of human faeces, urine and sewage directly into the river from its starting point in Gaumukh till it reaches Haridwar via Rishikesh.
Nearly 89 million litres of sewage is daily disposed into Ganga from the 12 municipal towns that fall along its route till Haridwar. The amount of sewage disposed into the river increases during the Char Dham Yatra season when nearly 15 lakh pilgrims visit the state between May and October each year.
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As Ganga enters the Varanasi city, Hinduism’s sacred river contains 60,000 faecal coliform bacteria per 100 millilitres, 120 times more than is considered safe for bathing.
Four miles downstream, with inputs from 24 gushing sewers and 60,000 pilgrim-bathers, the concentration is 3,000 times over the safety limit. In places, the Ganges becomes black and septic. Corpses, of semi-cremated adults or enshrouded babies, drift slowly by.
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Ganga Action Plan (GAP)
National River Ganga Basin Authority (NRGBA)
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The most important lesson learned was the need for control of pathogenic contamination in treated effluent.
This could not be tackled before because of a lack of safe and suitable technology but is now being attempted through research and by developing a suitable indigenous technology,
which should not impart traces of any harmful residues in the treated effluent detrimental to the aquatic life.
This is an aspect difficult to control in surface waters in tropical areas, but it is very important for the Ganga because the river water is used directly by millions of devout individuals for drinking and bathing.
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