ENVIROMENT CLUBENVIROMENT CLUB

Water PPTWater PPTMADE BY –ASHISH MADE BY –ASHISH

BHATIBHATI

Water FactsWater Facts

• Bathroom claims Bathroom claims nearly 75% of water nearly 75% of water useuse

• In 1990, the average In 1990, the average person used 183 person used 183 gallons of water per gallons of water per day.day.– The water use is about The water use is about

50% higher in the west 50% higher in the west than the east.than the east.

WATER’S IMPORTANCE, WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALAVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL

Comparison of Comparison of population sizes and population sizes and shares of the world’s shares of the world’s freshwater among freshwater among the continents.the continents.

Figure 14-2Figure 14-2

Fig. 14-2, p. 307Fig. 14-2, p. 307

ContinenContinentt

Percent of world's water resources Percent of world's water resources and populationand population

AsiAsiaa 60.560.5

%%

3636%%

AfricAfricaa

1010%%

88%%EuropEurop

ee

North and North and Central AmericaCentral America 7.37.3

%%

South America South America and Caribbeanand Caribbean 6.46.4

%%

2626%%

1515%%

55%%OceaniOceani

aa

11.3%11.3%

0.5%0.5%

14%14%

WATER’S IMPORTANCE, WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALAVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALSome precipitation infiltrates the ground and Some precipitation infiltrates the ground and

is stored in soil and rock (groundwater).is stored in soil and rock (groundwater).Water that does not sink into the ground or Water that does not sink into the ground or

evaporate into the air runs off (surface runoff) evaporate into the air runs off (surface runoff) into bodies of water.into bodies of water.The land from which the surface water drains The land from which the surface water drains

into a body of water is called its into a body of water is called its watershedwatershed or or drainage basindrainage basin ..

Fig. 14-3, p. 308Fig. 14-3, p. 308

Unconfined Aquifer Recharge AreaUnconfined Aquifer Recharge Area

Precipitat ioPrecipitat ion n

Evaporation and transpirat ionEvaporation and transpirat ionEvaporatioEvaporationn

ConfineConfined d RechargRecharge Areae Area

RunofRunofff

FlowinFlowing g artesiaartesian welln well

Recharge Recharge Unconfined Unconfined AquiferAquifer

Stream Stream Well Well requir ing a requir ing a pumppump

Infi l trationInfi l tration Water Water tabletable LakLak

eeInfi l trationInfi l trationUnconfined Unconfined aquiferaquiferConfined Confined aquiferaquiferConfining impermeable rock layer

Confining impermeable rock layer

Less permeable Less permeable material such as claymaterial such as clay

WATER’S IMPORTANCE, WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALAVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALWe currently use more than half of the We currently use more than half of the

world’s reliable runoff of surface water and world’s reliable runoff of surface water and could be using 70-90% by 2025.could be using 70-90% by 2025.

About 70% of the water we withdraw from About 70% of the water we withdraw from rivers, lakes, and aquifers is not returned to rivers, lakes, and aquifers is not returned to these sources.these sources.

Irrigation is the biggest user of water (70%), Irrigation is the biggest user of water (70%), followed by industries (20%) and cities and followed by industries (20%) and cities and residences (10%).residences (10%).

TOO LITTLE FRESHWATERTOO LITTLE FRESHWATER

About 41% of the world’s population lives About 41% of the world’s population lives in river basins that do not have enough in river basins that do not have enough freshwater.freshwater.

Many parts of the world are experiencing:Many parts of the world are experiencing:Rivers running dry.Rivers running dry.Lakes and seas shrinking.Lakes and seas shrinking.Falling water tables from overpumped Falling water tables from overpumped

aquifers.aquifers.

Case Study: Who Should Own Case Study: Who Should Own and Manage Freshwater and Manage Freshwater ResourcesResourcesThere is controversy over whether water There is controversy over whether water

supplies should be owned and managed by supplies should be owned and managed by governments or by private corporations.governments or by private corporations.

European-based water companies aim to European-based water companies aim to control 70% of the U.S. water supply by control 70% of the U.S. water supply by buying up water companies and entering into buying up water companies and entering into agreements with cities to manage water agreements with cities to manage water supplies.supplies.

Water Conservation:Water Conservation:

The Facts and What you Can do The Facts and What you Can do About it. About it.

Saving waterSaving water

• Add bricks or two liter bottles filled with Add bricks or two liter bottles filled with water to your tank to reduce gpf.water to your tank to reduce gpf.

• Add food coloring to the tank, wait 30 Add food coloring to the tank, wait 30 mins. If the bowl is colored then you have mins. If the bowl is colored then you have a tank leak.a tank leak.

• Running water while shaving or brushing Running water while shaving or brushing teeth, wastes more water than what one teeth, wastes more water than what one person needs for an entire week.person needs for an entire week.

RAINWATER RAINWATER HARVESTING HARVESTING

AND AND ARTIFICIAL ARTIFICIAL

RECHARGE TO RECHARGE TO GROUND WATERGROUND WATER

PRESENTED BY

CHINTHU P WILSONS7,CIVIL ENGGRoll Number:20

GUIDED BY LECT. MANJU.P.MDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

WHAT IS RWH?WHAT IS RWH?RWH refers to collection and RWH refers to collection and storage of rainwater and also other storage of rainwater and also other activity such as harvesting surface activity such as harvesting surface water extracting ground water , water extracting ground water , prevention of loss through prevention of loss through evaporation and seepageevaporation and seepage

PURPOSES OF PURPOSES OF RWHRWH

Stored for ready use in containersStored for ready use in containers ground or below ground ground or below ground

Charged into the ground for withdrawal Charged into the ground for withdrawal laterlater

BENEFITS OF RWHBENEFITS OF RWHRainwater harvesting prevents flooding of Rainwater harvesting prevents flooding of lowlying areaslowlying areas

Rain water harvesting replenishes the ground Rain water harvesting replenishes the ground water table and enables our dug wells and bore water table and enables our dug wells and bore wells to yield in a sustained mannerwells to yield in a sustained manner

It helps in the availability of clean water by It helps in the availability of clean water by reducing the salinity and the presence of iron reducing the salinity and the presence of iron saltssalts

STORAGE OF RAINWATER STORAGE OF RAINWATER ON SURFACE FOR FUTURE ON SURFACE FOR FUTURE USEUSE

CHECK DAMSCHECK DAMS

RAINWATER HARVESTING FROM ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING FROM ROOFTOP CATCHMENTSCATCHMENTS

SUBSURFACE DAMSSUBSURFACE DAMS

FARM PONDSFARM PONDS

Fig. 14-25, p. 333Fig. 14-25, p. 333

What Can You What Can You Do?Do?

Water Use and Waste Water Use and Waste

• • Use water-saving toilets, showerheads, and faucet aerators.Use water-saving toilets, showerheads, and faucet aerators.

• • Shower instead of taking baths, and take short showers.Shower instead of taking baths, and take short showers.

• • Stop water leaks.Stop water leaks.

• • Turn off sink faucets while brushing teeth, shaving, or Turn off sink faucets while brushing teeth, shaving, or washing.washing.• • Flush toilets only when necessary.Flush toilets only when necessary.

• • Wash only ful l loads of clothes or use the lowest water-level Wash only ful l loads of clothes or use the lowest water-level for smaller loads.for smaller loads.

• • Use recycled (gray) water for lawn, gardens, house Use recycled (gray) water for lawn, gardens, house plants, car washing.plants, car washing.

• • Wash a car from a bucket of soapy water, and use the hose Wash a car from a bucket of soapy water, and use the hose for rinsing only.for rinsing only.

• • If you use a commercial car wash, try to f ind one that recycles If you use a commercial car wash, try to f ind one that recycles its water.its water.

• • Replace your lawn with native plants that need l i t t le if any Replace your lawn with native plants that need l i t t le if any watering and decorative gravel or rocks.watering and decorative gravel or rocks.

• • Water lawns and gardens in the early morning or evening.Water lawns and gardens in the early morning or evening.

• • Sweep or blow off driveways instead of hosing off with Sweep or blow off driveways instead of hosing off with water.water.• • Use drip irrigation and mulch for gardens and f lowerbeds.Use drip irrigation and mulch for gardens and f lowerbeds.

RHH RHH TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES

STORAGE OF RAINWATER ON SURFACE STORAGE OF RAINWATER ON SURFACE FOR FUTURE USEFOR FUTURE USE

RECHARGE TO GROUND WATERRECHARGE TO GROUND WATER

SUBSURFACE DAMSSUBSURFACE DAMS

CHECK DAMSCHECK DAMS

RAINWATER RAINWATER HARVESTING FROM HARVESTING FROM ROOFTOP CATCHMENTSROOFTOP CATCHMENTS

FARM PONDSFARM PONDS

Groundwater Depletion: Groundwater Depletion: A Growing ProblemA Growing Problem

The Ogallala, the world’s largest aquifer, is The Ogallala, the world’s largest aquifer, is most of the red area in the center (Midwest).most of the red area in the center (Midwest).

Areas of Areas of greatest aquifer greatest aquifer depletion from depletion from groundwater groundwater overdraft in the overdraft in the continental U.S.continental U.S.

Figure 14-8Figure 14-8

Fig. 14-24, p. 331Fig. 14-24, p. 331

SolutionSolutionss

Reducing Flood Reducing Flood Damage Damage

PreventioPrevention n

Control Control

Preserve forests Preserve forests on watershedson watersheds

Strengthen Strengthen and deepen and deepen streams streams (channelizatio(channelization)n)

Preserve and Preserve and restore wetlands restore wetlands in f loodplainsin f loodplains

Tax all Tax all development on development on f loodplainsfloodplains

Build levees or Build levees or f loodwalls f loodwalls along streamsalong streams

Use f loodplains Use f loodplains primari ly for primari ly for recharging recharging aquifers, aquifers, sustainable sustainable agriculture and agriculture and forestry, and forestry, and recreationrecreation

Build Build damsdams

RECHARGE TO GROUND RECHARGE TO GROUND WATER WATER

RECHARGE BORE PITRECHARGE BORE PIT

RECHARGE WELLRECHARGE WELL

RECHARGE WELL CUM BORE PITRECHARGE WELL CUM BORE PIT

SPREADING BASINSSPREADING BASINS

DITCHESDITCHES

HAND PUMPSHAND PUMPS

RECHARGE BORE PITRECHARGE BORE PIT

RECHARGE WELLRECHARGE WELL

DITCHESDITCHES

HAND PUMPSHAND PUMPS

THANK YOUTHANK YOU