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Lecture no.8
Urban Design
The functional dimension
The functional dimensionWhich involves how places work and how urban designers can make better places. The social usage and visual traditions of urban design thought each had a functionalist perspective.
As successful places support and facilitate activities, the design of urban spaces should be informed by awareness of how people use them. Public spaces should be responsive- that is, designed and managed to serve the needs of their users.
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
They identify five primary needs that people seek to satisfy in public space :
1. Comfort
2. Relaxation
3. Passive engagement
4. Active engagement
5. discovery
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
They identify five primary needs that people seek to satisfy in public space :
1. ComfortComfort is a prerequisite of successful public space. The length of time people stay in a public space is a function an indicator of its comfort.The dimensions of a sense of comfort include environmental factors (relief from sun, wind, etc); physical comfort (comfortable and sufficient seating, etc); and social and psychological comfort (privacy, safe, etc)
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
They identify five primary needs that people seek to satisfy in public space :
2. RelaxationRelaxation is a more developed state with the body and mind.In urban settings, natural elements- trees, greenery, water features – and separation from vehicular traffic help accentuate the contrast with the immediate surroundings and make it easier to be relaxed.
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
They identify five primary needs that people seek to satisfy in public space :
3. Passive engagementPassive engagement with the environment can lead to a sense of relaxation. The prime form of passive engagement is people watching. Whyte found that what attracts people is other people and the life and activity that they bring.The most using sitting places are generally adjacent to the pedestrian flow, allowing observers to watch people while avoiding eye contact. Opportunities for passive engagement are also provided by fountains, views, public art, and so forth.
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
They identify five primary needs that people seek to satisfy in public space :
4. Active engagementAlthough some people find sufficient satisfaction in people-watching, others desire more direct contact, whether with friends, family or strangers.Design of the public realm can create opportunities for contact. In public spaces, the arrangement of different elements: benches, telephones, fountains, sculptures, coffee carts can be made more or less conductive to social interaction.
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
They identify five primary needs that people seek to satisfy in public space :
5. DiscoveryRepresenting desire for new spectacles and pleasurable experiences, discovery depends on variety and change. Involving a break from the routine and the expected. Discovery might involves launch time concerts, art exhibitions, street theatre, festivals, parades, markets, society events.
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
The social use of space
Using photographic studies of a range of New York’s open spaces, Whyte noted that many such spaces appeared little used, ……
Whyte noted that the most sociable spaces usually possessed the following features:
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
1. a good location, preferably on a busy route and both physically and visually accessible.
The social use of space
Using photographic studies of a range of New York’s open spaces, Whyte noted that many such spaces appeared little used, ……
Whyte noted that the most sociable spaces usually possessed the following features:
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
2. Streets being part of “the social space”- fencing off a space from the street isolated and reduced its use.
The social use of space
Using photographic studies of a range of New York’s open spaces, Whyte noted that many such spaces appeared little used, ……
Whyte noted that the most sociable spaces usually possessed the following features:
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
3. Being level or almost level with the pavement (spaces significantly above or below this were less used)
The social use of space
Using photographic studies of a range of New York’s open spaces, Whyte noted that many such spaces appeared little used, ……
Whyte noted that the most sociable spaces usually possessed the following features:
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
4. Places to sit – both integral (steps, low walls) and explicit (benches, seats).
The social use of space
Using photographic studies of a range of New York’s open spaces, Whyte noted that many such spaces appeared little used, ……
Whyte noted that the most sociable spaces usually possessed the following features:
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
5. Movable seats, enabling choices, and the communication of character and personality.
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Movement
Movement through public space is at the heart of the urban experience, an important factor in generating life and activity.
To design successful public spaces, it is essential to understand movement, especially that of pedestrians.
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Road and footpath design
•the requirements of cars rather than people often dominate the design of urban environments.
•vehicular speeds can be lowered by controls and regulations, by speed bumps or other obstacles, or, more subtly, by manipulating and configuring sight lines.
• increase permeability and access
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space furniture “hardscape”
Paving :
The paving pattern gives order to the overall design of space. It also provide a sense of scale. The slope of the paving and the way in which water runoff is handled are also important items that should be considered.
Stone
Brick Concrete Asphalt
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space furniture “hardscape”
Tree grates :
Tree grates are used o give a wider expanse to walk areas and water to reach the roots of a tree
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space furniture “hardscape”
Lighting :
Night lighting extends the time for participation in activities on urban space. It provides safety and security and adds interest by accenting plantings, fountains, sculptures, buildings, and other features in the urban context.
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space furniture “hardscape”
Signs :
They convey messages that are essential to the function, safety and security of a space.
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space furniture “hardscape”
Sculpture :
Sculpture and other works of art such as fountains and wall reliefs are important elements in improving the quality of the urban environment.
These elements enhance the sensory quality of a place and help create an atmosphere
where people wish to be.
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space furniture “hardscape”
Fountains :
Fountains and pools are often the focal elements of a public space.Water, a natural element, has many unique qualities when used in fountains. The sound of water, its cooling effect, and its reflective qualities provide the designer with a wide range of creative possibilities.
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space furniture “hardscape”
Bollards :
They act as a barrier separating traffic from pedestrian areas .
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space furniture “hardscape”
Seating :
The type and placement of sitting areas are important to how a public space functions.Sitting areas should have protection from the sun, as people prefer to sit in shaded areas.
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space furniture “hardscape”
Tree planters and pots :
Many types of planters are available for both tree and flowers.
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space furniture “hardscape”
Telephones :
Public telephones have been placed in a variety of booths.
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space furniture “hardscape”
Kiosks, shelters, and canopies :
Kiosks, shelters, and canopies are often needed in central city areas.
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space furniture “hardscape”
Subway entrances :
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space furniture “hardscape”
Clocks, trash container, and drinking fountains :
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space planting “softscape”
Landmarks:
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space planting “softscape”
Walls :
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space planting “softscape”
Baffle :
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space planting “softscape”
Barrier :
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space planting “softscape”
Ground cover:
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space planting “softscape”
Direction :
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space planting “softscape”
Ornamental use :
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space planting “softscape”
Shade :
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space planting “softscape”
Color :
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space planting “softscape” Space definition :
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space planting “softscape” Screening :
Urban Design courseZaqaziq University
Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Architecture
Lecture no.8
Public Space planting “softscape”
Sculpture :
