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Science-based pathway for a long-term solution to fire & hazeDaniel Murdiyarso
Contributors• David Gaveau• Sofyan Kurnianto• Imam Basuki• Nisa Novita
What are our charges?• What policy or regulatory changes and associated tools need to be put in
place to restore degraded peat lands and swamps and/or improve the productivity of degraded mineral soils?
• Can drainage-intensive activities be accommodated on peat-lands and swamps in the long-term, and what are the alternatives? What needs to be done to stop further development and drainage of peat-land?
• How can degraded mineral and peat lands and swamps contribute to a long-term solution to fire and haze?
• What are best management practices on managing and utilizing degraded tropical peat lands and swamps that can be replicated and up-scaled?
Outline• Introduction
• Fires: past and present• Newly burned forests/lands?
• Characterizing biophysical properties• Hydrology/water regimes• Geophysical properties
• Quantifying C budget• Flux and stock change approaches• Emission factors
• Policy implications• Key messages
Fires: past and present
Gaveau et al. In prep
Newly burned forests and lands?
Gaveau et al. In prep
Ground Penetrating RadarCMP survey
Comas et al. In prep
100 150 200
Ground Penetrating Radar – CO survey
Comas et al. In prep
Kurnianto et al. In prep
Hydraulic conductivity – forests
Canal
Plot for the slug test
150 m
30 m
2rw
2rc
y
H
L
slug
Water levelrecorder
D
Peat
Ks = 0.01 to 13.8 m/dayMean Ks = 1.33 m/day
Ks = 0.02 to 3.5 m/dayMean Ks = 0.28 m/day
Kurnianto et al. In prep
Hydraulic conductivity – oil palm
More canals more fires
Gaveau et al. In prep
Flux change approach 11.8 ± 0.7 Mg CO2-eq ha-1yr-1, or 294 ± 18 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 over 25 yrs Stock change approach2221 ± 269 Mg CO2-eq ha-1 (maximum peat depth was 3 m)
Note:• C losses from multiple fires during
land preparation are not included • Net emissions from protected PSF
12 Mg CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1
CO2 emissions from forest conversion to oil palm plantation
Novita et al. 5 In prep.
Total C stocksAboveground
C stoksBelowground
C stocks(Mg ha-1yr-1)
Undrained sec. swamp forest(N=4)
4359 239 (5.5%) 4119 (94.5%) 0 0
Drained sec. swamp forest(N=6)
4085 191 (4.7%) 3893 (95.3%) 274 11.0
Wet shrub(N=5) 3413 39 (1.2%) 3373 (98.8%) 946 37.8
Oil palm (N=5) 3679 23 (0.6%) 3655 (99.4%) 680 27.2
Land use types(Mg ha-1)
Emission Factor
Emission factors
Basuki et al. In prep
CO2 Emission CO2 Gains Balance Emission Factor
(Mg ha-1 yr-1)
Undrained sec. swamp forest(N=3)
31.6 34.4 2.8 0.0
Drained sec. swamp forest(N=3)
32.4 31.0 -1.4 -4.2
Wet shrub(N=3)
28.9 4.2 -24.7 -27.5
Oil palm (N=3)
37.4 2.8 -34.6 -37.4
(Mg ha-1 yr-1)Land use types
1.4 4.2
24.7 27.5
34.6 37.4
Scaling impacts and policy responses
days year years decades
Spa
tial s
cale
Temporal scale
Global
Regional
National
Landscape
Patch Post-fireNutrient releases
Transformed multi-levelpolicies
Damages to property and crops
Spatial planning and fire prevention capacity development
Elevated watershedsediment exports
Regional haze treaty Regional cooperation on early warning
systems and fire-fighting capacities
Technical assistance programs
GHG emissions &Climate change
Murdiyarso and Lebel 2007
Changes in landdevelopment policies
Reversing land-use trajectory?
Key messages• Fire regimes change over time but they are completely
anthropogenic and mainly associated with land-use policy, governance and tenure systems
• Peat swamp (forest) fires and smoldering haze cause detrimental impacts on human health and GHG emissions
• Quantifying peat biogeochemical and physical properties would facilitate informed land-use decisions and fire prevention
• Information on peat depth, hydrology are key for multi-levels policy formulation
CIFOR advances human well-being, environmental conservation, and equity by conducting research to inform policies and practices that affect forests in developing countries.
Thank you
www.cifor.orgwww.cifor.org/swamp