Upload
baromeyneth
View
135
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Moving Beyond Agriculture and Ecotourism: Analysis of
the Potential of Agro-Ecotourism for Sustainable Development in
Northeastern Cambodia
Baromey Neth, Sam Ol Rith, and Socheata Tao
Department of Tourism, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Background & Rationale
2
This reflects that our human society has failed to function as a integral fraction of nature, and to support unsustainable consumption while increasing number of human beings trapped in extreme poverty
Cambodia is striving to recommit itself to sustainable development and has established a clear vision for green development in the context of economic growth and poverty alleviation
IP communities in NE Cambodia are facing severe livelihood problems and socio-cultural change and alienation
Therefore, integrated symbiosis approaches need to be developed to help human society live in harmony with nature and utilized as a dual remedy to address environmental and livelihood vulnerabilities in NE region
Background & Rationale (cont.)
Sustainable Economic Growth &
Development
Improved Community Livelihood
Strategies & Welfare
Improved Environmental
Governance
Nature-Harmonious Society in
Northeastern Cambodia
Water & Transboundary River
Governance
Market and Non-Market-based
Mechanisms in in Agricultural
Productivity & Ecosystem Services
Socio-Ecological Resilience and
Community Health / Capability
Business Models for Sustainable
Community Economic Development
Alternative Mechanisms for
Harmonization of Economic
Development & Environmental Conservation
Stakeholder Harmonization &
Linkage in Land and NR Governance
Agro-Ecotourism
Characteristics
Sustainable organic
agriculture
Improved environmental
governance
Improved community livelihood strategies
Economic growth &
green development
Regional integration
Market-based multi-
sectoral linkages
Revitalized & preserved IP culture
Aim & Objectives � Aim: To analyze the feasibilities for developing
agro-ecotourism as an integrated tool for economic growth via multi-sectoral development, community livelihood improvement, and environmental conservation in Northeastern Cambodia, while identifying opportunities to have it developed at different economics of scale and forms.
Objectives:
1) To identify the potential resources and products in forms of attractions, human capital (necessary skills/knowledge and technology), tourism services and amenities and tourists activities;
2) To find out relevant policies, plans, and other legal framework that are supportive of developing and promoting agro-ecotourism in Cambodia with a particular emphasis on Northeastern part of Cambodia;
3) To identify and analyze capacity and support of concerned stakeholders (Representative government, civil society, tourism industry and communities) for agro-ecotourism development in Northeastern Cambodia as well as in specific locations/sites of the province as well as their perceptions on potential benefits that it could provide to the area;
4) To assess the current and anticipating challenges to development of agro-ecotourism in Northeastern Cambodia; and
5) To prepare appropriate strategies to develop and use agro-ecotourism.
Methodology � A part of a research project on nature-
harmonious human society building in NE Cambodia supported by WB-MoEYS-HEQCIP and the CBET project supported by DANIDA, EU, and WWF-Cambodia
� Research sites:
§ Mondulkiri & Ratanakiri provinces
� Data Collection:
§ Documentary review & analysis § Key informant interviews § Semi-structured interviews § Expert / stakeholder workshops § Non-participant observation
� Data Analysis:
§ Content analysis § Framework analysis
Findings & Discussion POTENTIAL RESOURCES
NATURE CULTURE
Natural landscape; rich ecosystem services and biodiversity resources (wildlife and plant species) and unique natural habitats; agricultural farms; home gardens; rural agricultural landscape; etc.
Traditional farming techniques; traditional cultural performance of indigenous communities, arts and craftsmanship; tradition, culture, and wisdom / knowledge of indigenous people IP); local gastronomy and food processing; & many other tangible & intangible cultural assets.
POTENTIAL ACTIVITIES
ON-FARM OFF-FARM
Harvesting crops, vegetables and fruits; staying with local (IP) people; learning about organic agriculture and agricultural production; etc.
Wildlife viewing; enjoy traditional dance; learning about plant and animal species, waterfall bathing; trekking and hiking; cycling in local villages; boating / canoeing; etc.
Findings & Discussion (cont.) Support Legal & Policy Frameworks
24,sept 1993 Constitution
1, Nov 1993 Royal Decree on the
Creation & Designation of
protected areas
24, Dec 2001 Environmental protection and
Natural Resource
19, Mar 2001 Law on Commune
Administration
Sept 2001 Land Law
Aug 2002 Forestry Law
Dec 2003 Community
Forestry Sub-decree
30 Mar 2006 Fisheries Law
21 july 2006 Guidelines For
Community Forestry
3 June 2005- 20 Mar 2007
Sub-Decree on community
Fisheries Management
13 july 2007 Guidelines For
Community
15 Feb 2008 Protected Area Law
Indigenous Land right
2005 (amended 2009)
Sub-Decree on Economic Land
Concession
7 May 2012 Executive Order
No. 001
Findings & Discussion (cont.)
1995 2002 2003 2004 2006 2008 2009 2010 2013 2014
Signed the UNFCC
Signed Kyoto Protocol
Forest Law
Sub-decree on community forest management
National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan
National Adaptation Program of Action to CC
Protected Area Law
Green Growth Roadmap
National Forest Programme (2010-2029)
Cambodia REDD+ Roadmap
Policy on Green Growth
National Strategic plan on Green
Growth
Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan
(2014-2023)
National Strategic Development Plan
2014-2018
Evolution of relevant regulations
Rectangular Strategy (Phase 3)
Findings & Discussion (cont.) � Analysis of Opportunities
Attraction Relationship Infrastructure Accessibility
Rich in natural and cultural resources
Limited linkage between agriculture and tourism
Only a basic infrastructure, not for agro-ecotourism (e.g. indigenous market, organic agri-product fair)
Accessible by every transportation mode
User Prerequisite
Social Interaction Tourist Demand Private Sector Interest
• Richness, uniqueness & authenticity of local knowledge • Basic skills, but not yet ready for tourism
Willing to participate, yet lack of proper mechanisms to involve them. Still tourism is still viewed as benefits for them.
• Peak period: Oct to May (foreign tourists) • Different travelling patterns between domestic and international tourists • Favorite activities and willingness to pay
Investment in providing tourism amenities and small-scale agricultural farms, etc.
Findings & Discussion (cont.) � Challenges for Agro-Ecotourism Development
Legal Challenges
Policy
Challenges
Institutional Challenges
Structural Challenges
Market Challenges
Implementation Challenges
Political Challenges
Technological Challenges
Benefits for Community Development
� Improving welfare of both host and guest communities
� Revitalization of culture and agriculture
� Enhancement of farm income and local livelihoods
� Reducing amount of out migrant to neighboring countries due to high job opportunities, etc.
Benefits for Conservation Activities
� Land use securities through proper land used zoning
� Ability to cope with climate change effect and contribute reduce bad effect of climate change through practice of sustainable agriculture, etc.
Macro-Economic Benefits
� Agricultural export industries
improvement
� Multi sectoral growth
� Green tax
� Diversify types of business, etc.
Micro-Economic Benefits
� Improve rural production and livelihood systems
� Increase and diverse amount of income
� Reduce leakage of local economy
� Improve multiplier effects � Stimulate rural economy, etc.
Full Economic Participation &
Livelihood Improvement
Home Saving Asset
Financial Security and
Independence
Jobs Business Leadership
Jobs, Business and Entrepreneurship
Aspirations Education Training Qualification
Individual Capabilities and Resources Infrastructure Land Governance Security
Strengthening Foundations
Principles for Agro-Ecotourism Development in Northeastern Cambodia
• Crop diversification with rotational crop planting system, improve animal and human welfare
Organically-grown and managed farm
• Water quality and soil fertility management, integrated land used planning, ecosystem approaches in agricultural production
CC response in agricultural practice and environmental
governance
• Product development & diversification and quality improvement
Visitor and tourist experiences
• Create strong linkage and network with other businesses Multi-sectorial integration
• Create partnerships, networks, and consultation with government advisor, CSOs, CBOs, private sectors, etc.
Stakeholder collaboration
• Build trust, ownership, capacity and capital investment, proper governance structure, business legal frameworks
Community empowerment and ownership building
• Product development, marketing network, distinctive product branding, sustainable business models, extensive initial consultation
Market mechanisms
Scenarios Development and Analysis
q Agro-ecotourism can be developed into three
different scenarios based on practical contexts and
supporting policies to tackle against current
development challenges in the areas.
Scenario 1: Community-Owned & Managed
Community Empowerment,
Ownership building
Stakeholder Collaboration
Organically-managed
farm
Climate Change
Responses & Environ.
Governance
Market Mechanisms
Visitor / Tourist
Experience & Satisfaction
Multi-Sectoral Integration
Scenario 2: Joint Venture
Community Empowerment,
Ownership building
Market Mechanisms
Stakeholder Collaboration
Multi-Sectoral Integration
Organically-managed
farm
Climate Change
Responses & Environ.
Governance
Visitor / Tourist
Experience & Satisfaction
Scenario 3: Private-Owned & Managed Farm
Market Mechanisms
Community Empowerment,
Ownership building
Visitor / Tourist
Experience & Satisfaction
Stakeholder Collaboration
Organically-managed
farm
Climate Change
Responses & Environ.
Governance
Multi-Sectoral Integration
Guideline Components
Phase 1
Feasibility Study
Phase 2 Formalization Procedure of
CBET Site
Phase 3 Formulation Sustainable
CBET Business
Phase 4 Sustainability Management
and Monitoring
Since community-owned and managed agro-ecotourism is only potentially feasible to develop in existing CBT/CBET sites in Northeastern Cambodia at present under support frameworks of environmental NGOs and specific government ministries, it is important that in order to be sustainable its planners and developers following the following guidelines:
Phase 1: Feasibility Study
1. General Poll
2. Resource Inventory
3. Stakeholders & Institutional
Analysis
4. Community Assessment
5. Market Assessment
Feasibility Methods
and Process
Phase 2: Formulation Procedure of CBET Site C
BET E
stab
lishm
ent
Step 1. Registration and Feasibility Study
Step 2. Zoning and Spatial Land Use Planning
Step 3. Establishment of CBET MC
Step 4. Formulation of By-Laws
Step 5. Formulation of Management Plan
Step 6. Stakeholders Endorsement and Implementation
Phase 3: Formulation of CBET Business Plan
Step 1: Envision CBET Business
Typology
Step 2: Develop vision and mission
statement
Step 3: CBET Enterprise Description
Step 4: Value chain and Green
supply management
Step 5: Consumer care
and quality management
plan
Step 6: Sale and marketing strategy
Step 7: Risk & crisis
management
Phase 4: Sustainability Management and Monitoring Plan
Step 1: Environmental & Biodiversity Conservation
Step 2: Visitor Management
Step 3: Community/Indigenous Empowerment
Step 4: Community/Indigenous Capacity Development
Step 5: Contribution to Community Welfare & Social Inclusion
Step 6: Respect of community/indigenous culture
Step 7: CBET Business Sustainability
Conclusion � With abundant natural and cultural resources as well as diversity, authenticity, and
uniqueness of current on-farm and off-farm activities, supportive existing policies
and stakeholders’ support, Northeastern Cambodia have strong potential for
developing agro-ecotourism.
� Although agro-ecotourism is not a remedy to every development context in the region,
it can be developed into three different scenarios with its general principles and
specific guidelines to follow, while its flexibility and adaptability as either an
environmental, an economic stimulus, or community empowerment and stakeholder
engagement tool should be taken into serious account by actual developers /
planners / implementers in the areas.
� To develop agro-ecotourism in Northeastern region in a timely and sustainable
manner, it strongly requires practical agro-ecotourism policy endorsed by the
responsible agencies, an integrated ecosystem-based land and resource use planning
and management, effective and efficient stakeholder engagement mechanisms, and
specific sustainable indicators as prerequisites to its implementation.
Thanks for Your Attentions!