Water Cycle

Environment Degradation

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Deforestation causes Agriculture Shifting cultivationDemand for firewood Demand of wood for industry and commercial purposes Urbanization and developmental projects

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Deforestation

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Desertification DeforestationOvergrazingFuel wood consumptionAgricultural mismanagementIndustrialization and urbanization

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Pollution : Pollution may be defined as an addition of undesirable material into the environment as a result of human activities.Classification of pollutants : A According to the form which they persistPrimary pollutants : persist in the form in which they are added to the environment e.g. DDT , Plastic Secondary Pollutants : formed by interaction among the primary pollutants e.g. peroxyacetyl nitrate (Nitrogen oxides + Hydrocarbons)

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B According to their existence in nature I) Quantitative pollutants : Increased concentration beyond threshold level e.g. Carbon dioxide , nitrogen oxideII) Qualitative pollutants : Man made e.g. fungicides , DDTC According to their nature of disposalI) Biodegradable pollutants : e.g. sewage , II) Non Biodegradable pollutants : e.g. plastic , DDT, glassD According to originNatural Anthropogenic

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Types of pollution

Air pollutionNoise pollutionWater pollutionSoil pollutionThermal pollutionRadiation pollution

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Air PollutionCauses : Smoke from domestic, industrial and vehicular soot , smoke released from chimneys , combustion by power plants , volcanic eruptionsTypesSPM : smoke ,dust & vapour , Lead & other metal particles Fly Ash : silicon dioxide , calcium oxide , Aluminium silicateGaseous pollutants : carbon dioxide, CO , oxides of nitrogen ,sulphur dioxide ,CFC VOC :perfumes, Hair sprays , furniture Biological pollutants : pollen , fungi, mite , bacteria

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Prevention & control of Air pollutionIndoor air pollution 1) Use of cleaner fuel 2) Good ventilation 3) Segregation of waste 4) Sterilisation of rooms

Industrial pollution 1) Use of LNG 2) Environment friendly processes 3) Installing devices like filters , ESP , Inertial collectors , Scrubbers 4) increasing the height of chimneys. 5) closing industries which pollute the environment. 6) shifting of polluting industries away from cities 7) development and maintenance of green belt of adequate width.

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Vehicular pollution

1) Standards to be followed 2) PUC 3) Promotion of diesel usage 4) banning the usage of tetraethyl lead 5) alternate fuels like CNG , Ethanol

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Government Initiatives : NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards Notified in 1982 : 12 pollutants National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP)National Air Quality Index that will put real time data about the level of pollutant in the air & inform people about the possible impacts on health.

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Noise pollutionRoad traffic noise better designing and proper maintenance of vehicles. noise attenuation walls and well maintained roads and smooth surfacing of roads. use of electric locomotivesappropriate insulation and introduction of noise regulations for take off and landing of aircrafts at the airport.Industrial noises can be reduced by sound proofing equipment like generators and areas producing lot of noise.Power tools, very loud music and land movers, public functions using loudspeakers etc should not be permitted at night A green belt of trees is an efficient noise absorber.

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Water pollution Pesticides Metals Euthroficaition Mercury Oil spills Thermal pollution The waste heat from the boilers and heating processes increases the temperature of the cooling waterGround water pollution (nitrate, fluroide, arsenic) sewage disposal, dumping of farm yard manures and agricultural chemicals, industrial effluents

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Methods to control water pollution1. Sedimentation, 2. Coagulation/flocculation3.Filtration 4.Disinfection5.Softening6.Aeration

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Soil pollutionSourcesPlastic bags : low density polyethylene (LDPE), non biodegradable , chocking hazardIndustrial sources :fly ash, chemical residues, metallic and nuclear wastesAgricultural sources : fertilizers and pesticidesPrevention measures Sewage should be treated properly before using as fertilizer and as landfillsBiomedical waste should be separately collected and incinerated in proper incinerators.Four Rs (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle, Reduce)Stop the use of plastic bags

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Radiation PollutionThe biological damage resulting from ionizingradiations is generally termed as radiation damagesomatic damagegenetic damage

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Acid Rain Formed when oxides of sulphur & Nitrogen reacts with the moisturePH < 5.6 (Ranges 0 to 14): Ph value decreases as hydrogen ion level increases.Two types : Wet Deposition , Dry depositionCompounds causing Acid Rain Sulphur : burning of fossil fuels , Smelting units Nitrogen : combustion of oil, coal gas Formic acid : biomass burning causes formaldehyde(HCHO) & formic acid (HCOOH)

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Formation of Acid Rain

Env. receives oxides of sulphur and nitrogen from natural and man made sourcesSome of these oxides fall directly as dry depositionSunlight stimulates formation of photo oxidants photo oxidants interact with oxides of sulphur and nitrogen to produce H2SO4 and HNO3The oxides of sulphur and nitrogen photo oxidants other gases Acid rain containing ions of sulphate , nitrate , ammonium and hydrogen falls as wet deposition

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Impacts of Acid RainLeaching of the nutrientsDeath of affected treesReduces visibilityIrritation on skinCorrosion, black crust formationDiscolouration

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Environment and Human Healthinadequate infrastructure facilitiesLack of proper toiletsScarcity of clean drinkingPoor drainage or improper drainageContamination of foodPoor personal hygiene

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E waste in IndiaMore than 8 lakh MT by India : 40 MT worldwideAfrican and Asian countries such as Ghana, Nigeria, China, Pakistan, India, and Vietnam are turning into illegal e-waste hubs, bypassing the legitimate global waste and recycling market that is thought to be worth $410bn a year.Rare and expensive elements are safely recycled and reused, boosting the formal economy, depriving criminals of income and reducing health risks to the public.

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Water borne diseases : Cholera , Typhoid , Hepatitis , trachoma , scabies , Skin infections , malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis, filaria and dengue , Blue Baby diseaseAir borne diseases : bronchitis, chronic cough, asthma and emphysema , Mining :silicosis , black lung diseaseUV Radiation : cataracts, skin cancer HEAVY METAL TOXICITYCauses smelting industry , burning of organic wasteAutomobile and coal based power generation Lead , Mercury (Minamata case) , Arsenic (keratosis), cadmium ,

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Ocean AcidificationAs the uptake of co2 by the ocean increases , the concentration of hydrogen ions decreases.

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Q : Recently oilzapper was in the news. what it is ?Pre 2011It is an eco-friendly technology for the remediation of oily sludge and oil spillsIt is the latest technology developed for under sea oil explorationIt is a genetically engineered high bio fuel yielding maize varietyIt is the latest technology to control the accidentally caused flames from oil wells

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Q : Lead ingested or inhaled , is a health hazard , after the addition of lead to petrol has been banned, what still are the sources of lead poisoning (Pre.2012)Smelting units Pens and Pencils Paints Hair oils and cosmetics

a) 1 ,2 & 3 onlyb) 1 & 3 onlyc) 2 & 4 onlyd) 1,2,3 & 4

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Which one of the following can be found as pollutants in the drinking water in some parts of India?1 Arsenic 3 Fluoride2 Sorbitol 4 Formaldehyde 5 Uranium

Select the correct codes given below.1 and 3 only b) 2,4 and 5 only1,3 and 5 only d) 1,2,3,4 and 5

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Q With reference to the usefulness of the by-products of sugar industry which one of the following statements are correct ?Bagasse can be used as biomass fuel for the generation of energy.Molasses can be used as one of the feed stocks for the production of synthetic chemical fertilizers.Molasses can be used for the production of ethanol.

Select the correct codes given below1 only c) 1 & 3 only2 & 3 only d) 1,2 and 3

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Q There is some concern regarding the nanoparticles of some chemical elements that are used by the industry in the manufacture of various products. Why? (Pre 2014)They can accumulate in the environment, and contaminate water and soil.They can enter the food chains.They can trigger the production of free radicals.Select the correct answer using the code given below.1 and 2 only3 only1 and 3 only1, 2 and 3

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Q Which of the following are some important pollutants released by steel industry in India?Oxides of sulphurOxides of nitrogenCarbon monoxideCarbon dioxideSelect the correct answer using the code given below. 1, 3 and 4 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 4 only 1,2, 3 and 4

Q Brominated flame retardants are used in many household products like mattresses and upholstery. Why is there some concern about their use?They are highly resistant to degradation in the environment.They are able to accumulate in humans and animals.Select the correct answer using the code given below.1 only2 onlyBoth 1 and 2Neither 1 nor 2