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PARTICIPATORY PATCH PLANNING PARTICIPATORY PATCH PLANNING IN WATERSHEDIN WATERSHED
Rashmi ranjan BarikTechnical Expert- NRMOrissa Watershed Development Mission
Typical PATCH
OF
A
MWS
Need………..Need………..For ensuring judicious resource utilization
without disturbing the ecological balance for sustaining livelihoods of local communities,
Soil and Water conservation or Land and water management is the means but viable production systems are the ends
Determine need for planning process
Identify needs or problems to be
addressed
Define goals and objectives
Collect information on which to
base decisions
Analyse information and identify options
Formulate plans and responsesImplement
Monitor and evaluate
Identify/mobilise stakeholders
Conduct stakeholder analysis
Create mechanisms for equitable
stakeholder participation
Share results with stakeholders
Negotiate among stakeholders
Participatory planning
Who is a stakeholder?Stakeholders have rights to a resource if they:
Stakeholders have responsibility for a resource if they:
Stakeholders have interest in a resource if they:
have a traditional link to it
undertake actions that change the nature of it
have a cultural attachment to it
depend on it for their livelihood
derive economic benefits or well-being from it
derive some enjoyment from it
own the land or access to it
are formally or informally managing it
are actively involved in its conservation
have been conferred rights via some legal mandate
have a statutory responsibility
have an intellectual association with it (e.g. through research)
Why stakeholder identification?
Primary aim – to document all those who have a stake
Stakeholder identification can become a mechanism to widen and identify others
Stakeholder identification can help to identify potential or actual conflicts
Exclusion can have unexpected and undesirable consequences
Participatory Patch Planning is a tool, designed to actively include the farmer household in the planning for the required treatments specific to their plot of land.
It is sensitive to the concerns and interests of the respective farmer household while designing the treatment of their land – the micro unit - which is both spatial as well as social.
Participatory Patch Planning
The twin objectives of the PPP
Promote Ownership and sustainability
Site specific / tailor made plans
NRM Planning
Erosion management
Water conservation
Soil fertility management
Vegetation management
Nutrient management
Salinity control
Gully control
Soil erosion control
In-situ water management
Run-off management
Water-table management
Tree production
Crop production
Pasture production
Pre-Pre-requisitesrequisitesAdequate community awareness and
mobilizationAvailability of cadastral map and
land recordsDemarcation of boundariesPrior intimation to the concerned
farmersAdequate availability of timeCapacity building of PIA/WMT/CLWFlexibility in project design
Advantages over Gross Advantages over Gross Planning:Planning:
Participatory and socially oriented
Local and indigenous knowledgeSite specificOwnership’ feeling as active participation
Easy for implementationWomen opinions consideredRealistic budget costs
PARTICIPATORY NRM PARTICIPATORY NRM PLANNINGPLANNING
STEPS-•Boundary line delineation & Drainage line Identification•Geographical Transect and Land use planning survey• Resource Mapping•Treatable area divided into small Unit ( Mapping unit/Patch))•Land Capability Classification survey ( Soil Texture, Soil Depth, Soil Slope and Soil Erosion)•Land Type- Up land ,Medium Land, Low land•Present and proposed Land use pattern and its area•Participatory Situational Analysis of NTFPs •Cropping pattern & CPR•Problems and Possible Measures
•Negotiation and Prioritization •Action Plan
Geographical transect and Geographical transect and land use survey.land use survey.
Representative from vulnerable section, Amin and refer ROR. Plot to plot survey considering the land capability survey. Identification of resources like hillock, water bodies, gullies, stone patch, plant species etc. Present land use status and position. Identification of problems. Possible solution measures offered by villagers. Technical solution and project support.
GeographicalTransect &
Land Use Survey
GeographicalTransect &
Land Use Survey
LCCLCCUse the land according to its capability Use the land according to its capability and treat the land according to its and treat the land according to its needsneeds..
Land Capability Classification refers to a systematic arrangement of different kinds of land according to those properties that determine the ability of the land to reproduce on a virtually permanent basis.
Purpose of land capability classification (L.C.C.)
The land capability map makes available in a simple and practical language the technical data contained in a soil survey map for application to the land use.
It indicate the hazards of soil erosion and difficulties to be encountered in using the land.
It indicates the most intensive profitable and safe use for any piece of land.
It enables the farmer to make the best use of research and experience in agriculture since the scientific and technical data are interpreted for each piece of land.
Land Capability Land Capability GroupsGroups
There are two broad groups, namely:
Land Suitable for cultivation, which includes class I to IV lands, and
Land not suitable for cultivation but very well suited to forestry ,grass land and wildlife. This includes class V to VIII lands.
COLOUR NOTATION IN COLOUR NOTATION IN MAPMAP
CAPABILITY CLASS COLOURI Light GreenII YellowIII RedIV BlueV Dark GreenVI OrangeVII BrownVIII Purple
Factor determining the Land Capability
All the factors and characteristics of soil and land which influence the risk of erosion and limit its use are assessed and considered to determine the capability of land.
Major factors which limit the land use are:-(a) Inherent soil characteristics (b) external land factorsi - Texture of top soil i - Slope of landii - Effective soil depth ii – Extent of erosioniii - Others such as permeability, iii – Water logging ,
soil fertility, soil reaction etc. Salinity and alkalinity
(c) Besides a & b , Environmental factors like., climate, rainfall, temperature can also be considered.
For our field purpose Texture, Depth, Slope & Erosion status will be the main determinants in deciding class of soil.
Methods…Get familiar with the base mapQuick reconnaissance of the area &
ascertain ridge lineStarting from one end of watershed from a
permanent featureTake observations on texture, depth, slope,
erosion and other features at 3-4 locationsFollow rating chart to determine LCC & sub
class in the field it selfConfirm boundary of mapping unit Min. mappable area depend upon scale of
map
Observation Recording Table
Area No.
Soil Texture
Effective soil depth
Slope class
Erosion class
Any other observation
Mapping Unit
LCC Sub class
Determination of Soil texture by Feel MethodTextural class
Feel of fingers
Ball formation Stickiness Ribbon formation
Sand (s) Very gritty Does not form ball
Does not stain fingers
NIL
Loamy sand (ls)
-do- Forms very easily broken ball
stains fingers
NIL
Sandy loam(sl)
Moderately gritty
Forms fairly firm ball but is easily broken
Definitely stains fingers
Nil
Loam(l) Neither very gritty nor very smooth
Forms firm ball Definitely stains fingers
Nil
Silt Loam(sil)
Smooth or slick, buttery feel
Forms firm ball Definitely stains
Slight tendency to form ribbon with flaky surface
Clay loam(Cl)
Slightly gritty feel
Moderately hard ball when dry
Definitely stains fingers
Ribbons out on squeezing but ribbon breaks
Silty Clay Loam(Scl)
Very smooth Moderately hard ball when dry
Definitely stains fingers
Shows some flaking on ribbon surface similar to silt loam
Clay(c) Very smooth forms hard ball which when dry cannot be crushed by fingers
Definitely stains fingers
Squeezes out at right moisture into long(1”-2”0 ribbons
Soil texture by
Feel Method
Soil propertiesSoil texture Particle sizeSand(s) 0.05 to 2.00 mm
Silt(si) 0.05 to 0.02 mm
Loam(l) 0.02 to 0.002mm
Clay(c) Less than 0.002mm
Soil type Code % Sand % Silt % Clay Land capability class
Sand s 80 - 100 0 - 20 0 - 20 IV
Sandy loam sl 50 - 80 0- 50 0- 20 I
Loam l 30 - 50 30 - 50 0 - 20 I
Silty Loam sil 0 - 50 50 - 100 0 - 20 I
Sandy Clay Loam
scl 50 - 80 0 - 30 20- 30 I
Clay Loam cl 20 - 50 20 - 50 20 - 30 I
Silty Clay Loam
sicl 0 - 30 50 - 80 20 - 30 I
Sandy Clay sc 50 - 70 0 - 20 30 - 50 II
Clay c 0 - 50 0 - 50 30 - 100 II, III
Silty Clay sic 0- 20 50 - 70 30 - 50 II
Details of soil Texture:
Influence of soil texture on LCC
Soil texture influences the water holding capacity, permeability, drainage etc.
Textural class Symbol Land Capability Class
Sand s IV
Loamy sand ls III
Sand loam sl I
Loam l I
Clay loam cl I
Sany clay loam scl I
Silt si I
Silty loam sil I
Silty clay sic II
Silty clay loam sicl I
Sany clay sc II
clay c II, III
Soil erosion phases (e)Symbol
Erosion phase Characteristics Land capability class
e1 No erosion or slight (sheet) erosion
0-25% top soil or original plough layer within A horizon removed
I & II
e2 Moderate (sheet and rill) 25-75% top soil removed III
e3 Severe erosion (small & medium gullies)
75-100% top soil and up to 25% sub soil removed
IV
e4 Very severe erosion (shallow gullies)
Gullied land/ 25-75% sub soil removed
VI & VII
e5 Very very severe erosion Very severely Gullied land or sand clues
VII & VIII
Soil depth Classes (d)
Symbol Name Depth range
Land capability class
D5 Very deep > 90 cm I
D4 Deep 45-90 II
D3 Moderately deep 22.5-45 III
D2 Shallow 7.5-22.5 IVD1 Very shallow 0-7.5 VI & VIII
Slope ClassesSlope class
Slope Description Land capability
class
A 0 -1 % Nearly level I
B 1- 3 % Very gently sloping II
C 3 – 5 % Gently sloping III
D 5 -10 % Moderately sloping III
E 10 -15 % Strongly sloping IV
F 15 - 25 %
Moderately steep IV
G 25 - 33 %
Steep VI
H 33 - 50 %
Very steep VII
I > 50 % Very very steep VII
Influence of Climate on L.C.C.
Climate Characteristics Influence on capability class
Humid climate with well distributed rainfall
I
Humid climate with occasional dry spell
II
Sub-humid: crop yields frequently reduced by droughts
II to III
Semi-arid III to IV
Arid IV
Land Capability Classification Rating Table
III Sc, sic, c, is
22.5-45
3-5(C) 5-10(C)
3-5(C)
5-10(D)
5-10(D) 10-15(E)
3-5(C)5-10(D)
Up to ¼ to ¾ top soil lost; rill erosion (e2)
Between 6-60m for 0-3% slope
Slow (1.25-5) Rapid (125-250)
4-8 Sub-humid , crop yield frequently reduced by semi-arid
IV C, s
7.5-22(d2)
10-15(E)
5-10(D)
10-15(E)
15-25(F)
15-25(F)25-33(F)
10-15(E) 15-25(F)
¾
top soil and up to ¼ sub soil lost ; small gullies(e3)
- Very slow (>1.25) Very rapid (>250)
8-16
Semi arid and arid
V Some characteristics as class 1 and except for one or more limitation of wetness or stoniness or rockiness or adverse climatic conditions. It has no hazard of erosion like class 1 land.
Gullied land (e4) or sand dunes.
Marginal land (6m wide strip near gully head
- >16
-
VI 7.5 or less (d1)
15-25(F)
10-15(E)
25-33(G)
33-50(H)
25-33(G) 33-50(G)
Gullied land (e4) or sand dunes
Gully sides and beds
- - -
VII 7.5 or less (d1)
25-33(G)
15-25(F)
33-50 (H)
50-100 (I)
50-100(I)
Bad lands Gully sides and beds
- - -
VIII Rock >33 >25 >50 >100 >100(J) - - - - -
RELATION OF LAND CAPABILITY WITH SAFE LAND USELand
capability class
Wild life recreation Forestry Limited
GrazingIntensive Grazing
Limited Cultivation
Moderate Cultivatio
n
Intensive Cultivation
Very Intensive
Cultivation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
I(Green)
Very good lands, nearly level, soil deep, well drained, easily workable, medium to fine textured, good water holding capacity, well supplied with plant nutrients and very low erosion hazard.
II(Yellow)
Good land, gently sloping, moderately eroded, little less than the ideal soil depth, unfavourable soil structure, land requires careful management practise.
III(Red)
Moderately good land, moderately sloping, highly susceptible to erosion, very slow permeability, shallow soil depth and low water holding capacity, land requires special conservation practices.
IV(Blue)
Land is steep, severally susceptible to erosion, shallow soil depth subject to frequent over flow wetness with continuous hazards and water logging.
V(Deep Green)
Same as Class I land but have one or more hazards which limits its use i.e. flood, stoniness and drainage.
VI(Orange)
Land too steep, very dry, shallow, severe erosion hazards, excessive wetness or over flow than can not be corrected for use of crops.
VII(Brown)
Very steep, eroded stony, droughty, shallow, dry or swampy.
D A N G E R
VIII(Purple)
Marshes, deserts, deep gullied area, high mountainous rough stony, barren land.
Land use and (Possible) Area TreatmentsSl. No. Land Use Possible Treatments (Vegetative & Mechanical)
1 Afforestation (AF)
Reforestation (RF)
Grass land with Trees (GT)
(With small gully Treatments)
VI, VII, VIII
1. Continuous Contour Trenching (C.C.T.)
2. Water absorption Trench (WAT)
3. Contour stone Bund (CSB)
4. Refilling of contour Trenching (RCT)
5. Gully plug (GP)
6. Loose Boulder Structure (LBS)
7. Earthen Gully Plug (EGP)
8. Diversion drain
9. Gabion Structure (wire mess)
10. Seed sowing (Grass)
11. Grass beds
12. Plantation (Plants)
13. PIT Excavation
14. Seed sowing(tree species)
2 Agro Horticulture
III, IV
1. New Farm/ Contour/ Graded/ Repair of Bund
2. Stone outlet
3. Plantation
4. Pit excavation
3 Crop Cultivation
I, II, III, IV
1. Farm/ Contour/ Graded/ Repair of Bunding
2. Stone outlet
3. Earthen Gully Plug
4. Water ways
5. Farm Ponds/ Bodi
4 Horticulture (Dryland/ Rainfed)
IV, VI
1. CCT/ SCT+ RCT
2. Pit excavation
3. Plants
4. FB/ CB/ GB with stone outlet
5. Small earthen plug
Limitations and Improvements
India does not have own systems of LCCLand slopes not classified ( continuous or
terraced)Size & % of coarse texture not consideredSome of soil properties parameters are
not well defined( Salinity, alkalinity etc.)Productivity affected by local
environment ( wild animal, insect, proximity of forest, transportation etc)
Suitability of land for local crops
Soil and Land Capability Suitability Surveys
Land use , land capability & suitability surveys are fundamental for rationalizing land use in a watershed
Soil Survey( Identification of major soil type & their boundaries, recognition of problem of soil, soil depth, limiting factor i.e Stoniness, water logging, occasional flooding, severe erosion etc.)
Slope AnalysisLCC & Land suitability classification
Diagram of Mapping Procedures for Land Capability and Land Use Maps
PRESENT LAND USE
SLOPE CATEGORY
SOILS
LAND CAPABILITY LAND CAPABILITY
LAND USE ADJUSTMENT
New scheme of Land Capability ClassificationA Treatment-oriented scheme especially for hilly watersheds
Slope
1. Gently sloping
<7*
2. Moderately sloping 7*-15*
3. Strongly sloping 15*-
20*
4. Very Stron
gly sloping 20*-
25*
5. Steep 25*-30*
6. Very Steep>3
0*Soil depth
Deep (D) >36*(>90cm)
C1 C2 C3 C4 FT F
MODERATELY Deep (MD) 20-36* (50-90cm)
C1 C2 C3
C4 FT
FP F
Shallow (S) 8-20* (20-50 cm)
C1
C2 C3
P FF
P P
Very Shallow (VS)<8* (<20cm)
C1
P P P F FP
Symbols for most intensive tillage or uses:
C1. Cultivable land1, up to 7* slope, requiring no or few intensive conservation measures, e.g. contour cultivation, strip cropping, vegetative barriers, rock barriers and in large farms, broadbase terraces.
C2. Cultivable land 2, on slopes between 7* and 15* with moderately deep soils needing more intensive conservation, e.g bench terracing, terracing for the convenience of four-wheel tractor farming. The conservation treatments can be done by medium sized machines such as Bulldozer D5 or D6.
C3. Cultivable land 3, 15* to 20*, needing bench terracing on deep soil and hillside ditching, individual basin on less deep soils. Mechanization is limited to small tractor or walking tractor because of the steepness of the slope. Terracing can be done by a smaller tractor with 2.5 m (8 ft) wide blade.
C4 Cultivable land 4,20* to 25*, all the necessary treatments are likely to be done by manual labour. Cultivation is to be practised using a walking tractor and hand labour.
P. Pasture, improved and managed. Where the slope is approaching 25* and when the land is too wet, zero grazing should be practised. Rotational grazing is recommended for all kinds of slopes.
FT. For food trees or fruit trees. On slopes of 25* to 30* orchard terracing is the main treatment supplemented with contour planting, diversion ditching and mulching. Because of the steepness of the slopes interspace should be kept under permanent grass cover.
F. Forest land, slopes over 30* or 25* to 30*, where the soil is too shallow for any of the above-mentioned conservation structures.
Legends for present land usesLegends
Land uses
Legends
Physical/ Natural features
Legends
Conservation
UC Upland crop (pulses, millets,)
R Rock Out Crop
bO Un bunded land
LVP Late Variety Paddy
V/S Village Site
b1 Weakly bunded land
MVP Medium variety Paddy
Tank (WB) b2 Moderately bunded land
FO Fallow land Nala b3 Well bunded land
T Bushy Forest
Road
C1R One Crop Rainfed
-
C2I Two crop Irrigated
-
T
Legends for Land uses, Physical/ natural features and Conservation measures for proposed land use map
CPR CPR ANALYSISANALYSIS
CPR TypeArea
in Ha.
Present Use Problem
Village Forest
Pasture Land
Cultivable Wasteland Govt.
Situation Analysis for NRM based Planning and proposed treatment Mapping Unit
Land details (type/ownership)
Area(ac.)
HH no
WB category
Land Capability Classification
Present Land use/ situation
Source of water
Yield (qtl./ac.)@
Soil texture
Slope
Erosion
Depth of top soil
Colour/ soil type
Land Use
Area
Current problems
Scope of interventions
Solutions offered by Villagers/ land owner
Technical solutions by team
Commonly agreed solutions
Likely direct beneficiaries
Users contribution
Project contribution
Other sources
Land type – Aat/ Mal/ Berna / Bahal Soil texture – Local/ colloquial termSlope – Nearly level, gently sloping,
moderate sloping, strongly sloping, moderate steep, steep, very steep,
very, very steepErosion – Not apparent/ slight,
Moderate, Severe, Very severe, very very severe
Depth of top soil – Very shallow, shallow, moderately shallow, deep and very deep;
List of NRM works to be done in different PlotsName of the Village
Itemof Work
Area (in Ha.) /
No.
Plot No. Latitude Longitu
de
LCC & Treatment
Map
Index mapWatershed DrainageSlopeSoil & Land Capability Land Use/Land coveredMap showing existing conservation
measures Proposed Action PlanAny other Map
Maps in DPR Maps in DPR Scale- 1:8000 or Scale- 1:8000 or
1000010000
Difficulties Difficulties Encountered…….Encountered…….Farmers initially agree and then
backtrack during implementation-sufficient time
Refusal to accept treatments proposed-Involve WC member
Women may be overlooked Treatments suggested by the owners
may not meet the accurate technical requirements- Negotiation
Thank Thank YouYou