University of Alexandria

Faculty of Engineering

Department of Architecture

NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

A THESIS

Presented to the Department of Architecture

Faculty of Engineering, University of Alexandria

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree

Of

Master of Science

In

Architecture

By

Architect

Faten Fares Fouad

Jun 2012

NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

Presented by

Faten Fares Fouad

For The Degree of

Master of Science

In

Architecture

Examiners' Committee: Approved

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim (Professor of architecture, department of architecture, Faculty ________________

Of Engineering, University of Alexandria)

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Assem Hanafi (Professor of architecture, department of architecture, Faculty ________________

Of Engineering, University of Alexandria)

Prof. Dr. Sahar Mahmoud Zaki Elarnaouty (Professor of architecture, department of architecture, Faculty ________________

Of Fine Arts, University of Alexandria)

Prof. Dr. Heba Wael Laheta (Vice Dean of Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty of ________________

Engineering, University of Alexandria)

Advisors’ Committee: Approved

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim (Professor of architecture, department of architecture, Faculty

Of Engineering, University of Alexandria) -------------------------

Dr. Zeyad Tarek El Sayad (Lecturer of architecture, department of architecture, Faculty

Of Engineering, University of Alexandria) -------------------------

Acknowledgment

III

Completion of a Master's degree involves contributions from individuals who deserve

recognition. A special word of thanks is due to Professor Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim

department of architecture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alexandria, for guiding

me in this undertaking. As well as his willingness to work long hours toward the

completion of my degree.

I would also like to thank my family for their understanding, patience and love specially

my Mom , my Husband and my cute children.

Faten fares

Acknowledgment

IV

This is for the memory of my father.

Table of Contents

V

Examiners' Committee....................................................................................................... I

Advisors' Committee.......................................................................................................... II

Acknowledgement.............................................................................................................. III

Table of Contents............................................................................................................... V

List of Figures..................................................................................................................... VIII

List of Abbreviations.......................................................................................................... XII

Abstract............................................................................................................................... XIV

Research Structure............................................................................................................. XV

Introduction........................................................................................................................ XVI

Research Objectives........................................................................................................... XVI

1.1. Introduction............................................................................................................ 01

1.2. Sustainability......................................................................................................... 01

1.2.1. Definition of Sustainability......................................................................... 01

1.2.2. Definition of Sustainability science............................................................ 02

1.2.3. History of sustainability.............................................................................. 02

1.2.4. Sustainability Measurement........................................................................ 04

1.2.5. Sustainability principles.............................................................................. 05

1.2.6. Sustainability dimensions........................................................................ 06

1.2.6.A. Environmental dimension.......................................................... 06

1.2.6.A.i. Environmental management................................. 06

1.2.6.A.ii. Management of human Consumption.................. 07

1.2.6.A.iii. Issues of Environment......................................... 07

1.2.6.A.iv. Climate change.................................................... 07

1.2.6.A.iiv. Buildings contribute to climate change................ 09

1.2.6.B. Economic dimension................................................................. 11

1.2.6.B.i. Financial crisis..................................................... 11

1.2.6.B.ii. A building sector in crisis.................................... 11

1.2.6.B. iii. Energy crisis (Building sector)............................ 12

1.2.6.C. Social dimension........................................................................ 13

1.2.6.C.i. Society in the 21st Century.................................. 13

1.2.6.C.ii. Social sustainability in architecture...................... 13

1.3. Sustainable architecture........................................................................................ 14

1.3.1. Definition of Sustainable Architecture........................................................ 14

1.3.2. Sustainable building materials................................................................. 14

1.3.1.A. Recycled Materials....................................................................... 15

1.3.1.B. Lower Volatile Organic Compounds........................................... 15

1.3.3. Sustainable Design...................................................................................... 15

1.3.2.A. Principles for Sustainable Design................................................. 15

1.3.2.B. Sustainable buildings..................................................................... 16

1.3.2.B.i. London’s Gherkin Tower.................................... 17

1.3.4. Sustainable city development...................................................................... 18

1.4. Green Architecture................................................................................................ 19

1.4.1. Green design elements............................................................................... 19

1.4.1.A. Bahrain world trade center (BWTC)........................................... 20

1.4.1.B. Masdar Headquarters.................................................................. 21

1.4.2. Green Architecture Performance measurement........................................... 23

1.4.2.A. LEED.......................................................................................... 23

1.4.2.B. BREEAM................................................................................... 25

1.4.2.C. International comparison of rating tools...................................... 27

1.3.3.D. California Academy of Science................................................... 29

1.4.3. Ecological Architecture.............................................................................. 32

1.4.3.A. la Tour Vivante skyscraper......................................................... 33

Part One – Sustainability

Table of Contents

VI

1.4.4. Biological Architecture............................................................................... 35

1.4.4.A. Tree of life skyscraper................................................................. 35

1.4.5. Smart Architecture....................................................................................... 37

1.4.5.A. Zero Net energy (Dynamic tower).............................................. 40

1.5. The Future role of sustainability to solve environmental problems................ 42

1.6. Conclusion............................................................................................................. 44

2.1. Introduction........................................................................................................... 46

2.2. Nanotechnology Overview.................................................................................... 47

2.2.1. Nano............................................................................................................ 47

2.2.2. Nanoscience................................................................................................ 47

2.2.3. What is nanotechnology?............................................................................ 48

2.3. Nanotechnology Applications IN......................................................................... 49

2.3.1. IN Environment......................................................................................... 49

2.3.1.A. To reduce greenhouse gases........................................................ 49

2.3.1.B. To environmental issues............................................................... 51

2.3.2. IN Energy................................................................................................... 51

2.3.2.A. Nanomaterials and energy............................................................ 51

2.3.2.B. Energy production....................................................................... 52

2.3.3. IN Economy................................................................................................ 52

2.3.3.A. Combines ecology and economy................................................. 53

2.3.4. IN Security and safety............................................................................... 53

2.4. NanoMaterials....................................................................................................... 54

2.4.1. NanoMaterials............................................................................................. 54

2.4.2. Classification of nanomaterials................................................................... 54

2.4.3. Approaches to making nanomaterials........................................................ 55

2.4.3.A. The top down approach............................................................... 55

2.4.3.B. The bottom-up approach.............................................................. 55

2.5. NanoArchitecture................................................................................................... 56

2.5.1. NanoArchitecture......................................................................................... 56

2.5.2. NanoMaterials in Architecture.................................................................... 56

2.5.2.A. Insulation................................................................................... 58

2.5.2.A.i. Nanogel Aerogel.................................................. 58

2.5.2.A.ii. Nanogel and daylighting...................................... 59

2.5.2.A.iii. Yale University Sculpture Building..................... 60

2.5.2.A.iv. Thin-film insulation............................................. 61

2.5.2.B. Coatings..................................................................................... 62

2.5.2.B.i. Types of nanoparticle coatings............................ 63

2.5.2.C. Lighting....................................................................................... 65

2.5.2.C.i. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)............................ 65

2.5.2.C.ii. Light Tree........................................................... 66

2.5.2.C.iii. Lighthouse Tower............................................... 67

2.5.2.C.iv. Organic Light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)………..68

2.5.2.C.iiv. Quantum dot LEDs (experimental)..................... 69

2.5.2.D. Soler energy................................................................................ 69

2.5.2.D.i. The Nanosolar Utility Panel................................. 70

2.5.2.D.ii. Case study............................................................ 70

2.5.2.E. Energy storage........................................................................... 71

2.5.2.E.i. Utopia one Tower................................................ 72

2.5.2.F. Air purification.......................................................................... 73

2.5.2.F.i. Indoor air quality.................................................. 73

2.5.2.F.ii. Outdoor air quality............................................... 74

Part Two – NanoArchitecture (NA)

Table of Contents

VII

2.5.2.G. Water purification..................................................................... 75

2.5.2.H. Structural materials.................................................................. 75

2.5.2.H.i. Concrete............................................................... 76

2.5.2.H.ii. Steel..................................................................... 77

2.5.2.H.iii. Wood................................................................... 77

2.5.2.H.iv. New structural materials...................................... 79

2.5.2.I. Non-structural materials........................................................... 80

2.5.2.I.i. Glass................................................................... 80

2.5.2.I.ii. Drywall................................................................ 82

2.6. The Future of Architecture with Nanotechnology............................................. 82

2.6.1. Nanotechnology effect................................................................................. 83

2.6.2. Forces accelerating Nanotech adoption...................................................... 83

2.6.3. Forces with potential to slow adoption........................................................ 84

2.6.4. Future trends and needs............................................................................... 84

2.6.4.A. Life cycle considerations............................................................. 84

2.6.4.B. Regulation................................................................................... 84

2.7. Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 85

AP

3.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 87

3.2. Green Nanotechnology (GNT).............................................................................. 87

3.2.1. Definition of green Nanotechnology........................................................... 87

3.2.2. Goals of green Nanotechnology................................................................. 88

3.2. Green NanoArchitecture (GNA)........................................................................... 88

3.4. Sustainable NanoArchitecture (SNA).................................................................. 89

3.4.1. Sustainability and NanoArchitecture...................................................... 89

3.4.1.A. Adaptability to existing buildings................................................ 90

3.4.1.B. Reduced processing energy......................................................... 90

3.4.1.C. Nanosensors and smart environments........................................ 90

3.4.1.D. Space-scraper (Innovative photovoltaic elevators)...................... 92

3.4.2. Biological NanoArchitecture.................................................................... 96

3.4.2.A. Nano Vent-Skin Tower................................................................. 96

3.4.2.B. Indigo Bio-Purification Tower...................................................... 99

3.4.3. Smart NanoArchitecture......................................................................... 103

3.4.3.A. Buildings exist in harmony with nature....................................... 103

3.4.3.B. Proposal (John M Johansen FAIA)............................................ 103

3.4.3.C. Community Center 2200............................................................. 103

3.5.3.D. Designing Cities of the Future..................................................... 105

3.4.4. Ecological NanoArchitecture................................................................... 106

3.4.4.A. Off the Grid. Sustainable Habitat 2020....................................... 106

3.5. Conclusions........................................................................................................... 111

Overall Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................................. 112

References.......................................................................................................................... 113

116 .........................................................................................................ملخص الرسالة باللغة العربية

Part Three – NanoArchitecture and Sustainability (SNA)

List of Figures

ix

01 A representation of sustainability. (Fig. 1.1) 02 Sustainability science. (Fig. 1.2) 02 Hans Carl von first one talk about sustainability. (Fig. 1.3) 03 Published in 1962, Silent Spring was one of the books (Fig. 1.4) 03 Brundtland presented report about sustainable development (Fig. 1.5) 03 Hi-Tec renewable energy. A solar concentrator 2005. (Fig. 1.6) 04 Metrics – used by the UK Government. (Fig. 1.7) 06 Definitions of sustainability often refer to the "three pillars". (Fig. 1.8) 07 Mean surface temperature change (2000 to 2009) relative to (1951 to 1980). (Fig. 1.9) 08 Climate changes reflect variations within the earth’s atmosphere. (Fig. 1.10) 08 Greenhouses. (Fig. 1.11) 09 The Greenhouse effect. Courtesy of U N Environmental Program/GRID. (Fig. 1.12) 09 Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions 2000. (Fig. 1.13) 10 CO2 emissions by sector (Fig. 1.14) 10 Electricity consumption by sector (Fig. 1.15) 10 CO2 emissions from electricity production (Fig. 1.16) 10 CO2 emissions by sector (historic- projected) (Fig. 1.17) 11 Economies by region 2008. (Fig. 1.18) 11 Home prices, population, building costs, and bond yields. (Fig. 1.19) 12 Building sector economic inputs by industry type. (Fig. 1.20) 12 Energy consumption by sector. (Fig. 1.21) 12 Energy consumption by sector (historic-projected) (Fig. 1.22) 13 Architecture to increase social sustainability. (Fig. 1.23) 13 Social sustainability in architecture. (Fig. 1.24) 14 K2 sustainable apartments in Windsor, Victoria, Australia by Yuncken (Fig. 1.25) 15 Recycling items for building. (Fig. 1.26) 16 Genzyme Center. sustainable design "fully integrated into architecture. (Fig. 1.27) 16 Sustainable building phases (Fig. 1.28) 17 30 St Mary Axe London’s Gherkin Tower. (Fig. 1.29) 17 Green wall and exterior surface at London’s Gherkin Tower. (Fig. 1.30) 18 Sustainable city development (Fig. 1.31)

20 The shape of the two towers is essential in developing the wind turbines (Fig. 1.32)

20 The three turbines at (BWTC). (Fig. 1.33)

21 Turbine images at Bahrain World Trade Center (BWTC). (Fig. 1.34)

21 LED lighting at Masdar Headquarters (Fig. 1.35)

22 Natural daylight at Masdar Headquarters (Fig. 1.36)

22 Sun the source of energy at Masdar Headquarters (Fig. 1.37)

22 Building energy efficient (Fig. 1.38) 22 Masdar Headquarters (Fig. 1.39) 23 Rating categories for LEED (Fig. 1.40) 25 Distribution of points of LEED for different categories (Fig. 1.41) 25 LEED 40-49 points Silver: 50-59 points Gold: 60-79 points Platinum: 80+ (Fig. 1.42) 26 The BREEAM rating benchmarks (Fig. 1.43) 27 BREEAM Environmental section weightings

(Fig. 1.44)

List of Figures

List of Figures

x

28 Main Rating Tools (Fig. 1.45) 28 Comparison of BREEAM, LEED and Green Star (Fig. 1.46) 29 California Academy of Science. (Fig. 1.47) 29 Green Roof and solar panels at Academy of Science (Fig. 1.48) 29 A modern green roof employs native plants and extensive daylight (Fig. 1.49) 30 Natural lighting at Academy of Science. (Fig. 1.50) 30 The skylights automatically open at Academy of Science. (Fig. 1.51) 30 The steep slopes of the green roof at Academy of Science (Fig. 1.52) 30 Interior hall at Academy of Science. (Fig. 1.53) 32 IEA task13 low energy buildings (1989-1993) Buildings and Climate

Change, Status, Challenges and Opportunities, 2007. (Fig. 1.54)

33 Aerial view prospective urban development. (Fig. 1.55) 33 La tour vivante (Art of Building High ). (Fig. 1.56) 33 Interior library at La tour vivante. (Fig. 1.57) 34 Hydroponic agricultural production purifies air at La tour vivante. (Fig. 1.58) 34 Two large Windmills at La tour vivante. (Fig. 1.59) 34 Photovoltaic panels at La tour vivante. (Fig. 1.60) 36 Tree of Life Skyscraper. (Fig. 1.61) 36 The geothermal electric power station the water purification station. (Fig. 1.62) 36 The outer greenhouses (fruits). (Fig. 1.63) 37 The central nucleus. (Fig. 1.64) 37 The carrying structure (the stem). (Fig. 1.65) 37 Smart Building (Fig. 1.66) 38 Integrating building systems (Fig. 1.67) 39 Connecting to Smart Grids (Fig. 1.68) 40 New facilitate between green and smart building (Fig. 1.69) 41 Dynamic Tower (Fig. 1.70) 41 Turbines on each floor and solar cells (Fig. 1.71) 41 Fast construction (Fig. 1.72) 43 2030 Using no fossil fuel GHG –emitting energy (Fig. 1.73) 43 Meeting the Challenge (Fig. 1.74) 46 The effect of nanotechnology at energy 2014. (Fig. 2.1) 47 Sequence of images showing the various levels of scale of Nano. (Fig. 2.2) 47 Range of 1 to 100 nanometers. (Fig. 2.3) 47 Silver and Gold particles have different colors depending on size and shape. (Fig. 2.4) 48 Nanotechnology influences all materials classes and technology fields. (Fig. 2.5) 48 Plans for the future of our built environment. (Fig. 2.6) 49 The impact of nanomaterials in industry and society. (Fig. 2.7) 49 Summary of environmentally beneficial nanotechnologies (Fig. 2.8) 52 Nanogel material (Fig. 2.9) 52 Hybrid electric vehicle (Fig. 2.10) 52 SolarThinfilm (Fig. 2.11) 53 The control room of the new Baytubes production facility (Fig. 2.12) 54 Classification of nanomaterials according to dimensions (Fig. 2.13)

List of Figures

xi

55 Computer simulation of single-wall carbon nanotube with a diameter 1.4 nm (Fig. 2.14) 55 Computer simulation of nanogears made of carbon nanotubes with teeth (Fig. 2.15) 57 Nanofibers from cotton waste (Fig. 2.16) 58 Nanogel aerogel is a lightweight. (Fig. 2.17) 58 Nanogel aerogel system. (Fig. 2.18) 58 Nanogel Aerogel for Natural Light Applications. (Fig. 2.19) 59 Daylighting systems. (Fig. 2.20) 60 Yale University Sculpture. (Fig. 2.21) 60 Section diagram, Yale University Sculpture Building. (Fig. 2.22) 60 The exterior building. (Fig. 2.23) 61 Thin film sheets. (Fig. 2.24) 61 Masa Shade Curtains reduce room temperatures and air conditioning. (Fig. 2.25) 61 Nanofilm control of heat and energy (Fig. 2.26) 62 Typical nanocoating forms. (Fig. 2.27) 62 Photocatalysis can aid in self-cleaning and antibacterial activity (Fig. 2.28a)

62 Thin titanium dioxide coatings exhibit photocatalytic and hydrophilic action. (Fig. 2.28b)

63 The Lotus plant with its natural self-cleaning (Fig. 2.29a)

63 principle of the Lotus-Effect works (Fig. 2.29b)

64 Types of nanoparticle coatings and properties. (Fig. 2.30) 65 Residential energy consumption (Fig. 2.31)

65 Parts of an LED. (Fig. 2.32)

65 Nanowires of indium phosphide. (Fig. 2.33)

66 Light Tree. (Fig. 2.34)

66 Dimensions Light tree. (Fig. 2.35)

66 Solar panel is located at the base of Tree. (Fig. 2.36)

67 Lighthouse Tower. (Fig. 2.37)

67 NanoLED Light at night. (Fig. 2.38) 67 Multi-usage space in tower. (Fig. 2.39) 68 (OLEDs) are highly efficient. (Fig. 2.40) 68 Demonstration of a flexible OLED device and color. (Fig. 2.41) 68 Basic geometric shapes. (Fig. 2.42) 68 Office room model for aesthetical perception case study. (Fig. 2.43) 69 Nanocrystal-based multicolor light -emitting diode (Fig. 2.44) 69 Thin-film solar" sheet. (Fig. 2.45) 69 Organic Thin-film solar" sheet (Fig. 2.46) 70 Making solar smaller and stronger. (Fig. 2.47) 70 The Nanosolar Utility Panel stretches performance. (Fig. 2.48) 70 Wide-span mounting drives BoS cost savings on mounting materials (Fig. 2.49) 71 Two example 2.66MW systems (Fig. 2.50) 71 Small yet powerful batteries. The Smart Nanobattery. (Fig. 2.51) 72 The thin solar cell in the Utopia One tower (Fig. 2.52) 72 Interior view in the Utopia One tower (Fig. 2.53) 72 Site plan in the Utopia One tower (Fig. 2.54) 72 The Utopia One tower (Fig. 2.55) 72 Solar cell used in the base in the Utopia One tower (Fig. 2.56) 73 The nanofilter array. (Fig. 2.57) 73 NCCO Air Sterilizing and Deodorizing System. (Fig. 2.58) 73 Air quality improvement project in Odor Reduction at the KT Station Public Toilets (Fig. 2.59) 74 NCCO Air Sterilizing and Deodorizing System is composed by 5 components (Fig. 2.60) 74 Photocatalytic pavement surfacing (Fig. 2.61)

List of Figures

xii

74 Air-purifying paving tiles. (Fig. 2.62) 75 Global water supply. (Fig. 2.63) 75 Technology use titanium nanoparticles to create water purification System. (Fig. 2.64) 76 A greener Cement for Concrete. (Fig. 2.65) 76 Self-healing concrete. (Fig. 2.66) 77 Jubilee Church, Richard (Fig. 2.67) 77 Steel can carry bending stresses involving tension and compressive stresses (Fig. 2.68) 78 NanoBois nature, hydrophobic wood treatment (Fig. 2.69) 78 Vertically slatted larch wood (Fig. 2.70) 79 Carbon nanotube sheets. (Fig. 2.71) 79 New structural possibilities with carbon nanotubes. (Fig. 2.72) 79 Graphene Outper-forms Nanotube. (Fig. 2.73) 80 New Carbon Nanotube Wind Turbine Blade (Fig. 2.74) 81 From transparent to tinted with the flip of a switch. (Fig. 2.75) 81 All flats have large expanses of south-facing glazing (Fig. 2.76) 81 Interior view at "Sur Falveng" housing for elderly people (Fig. 2.77) 82 Micrograph of nano-gypsum. (Fig. 2.78) 83 Buildings figure prominently in world energy consumption, carbon emissions (Fig. 2.79) 83 Ranking of environm-entally friendly nanotechnologies. (Fig. 2.80)

88 Ecology and economics will become inseparably connected (Fig. 3.1) 90 Smart environments integrate nanosensors. (Fig. 3.2) 91 self-sensing concrete structures (Fig. 3.3) 92 Spacescraper extend from several locations along the equator to high winds. (Fig. 3.4) 92 Spacescraper Cable extends from our planet's surface into space to (GEO). (Fig. 3.5) 93 A center of mass at (GEO), 35, 786 km–high above the Earth’s surface. (Fig. 3.6) 94 Vertical Mass Transportation, carbon-fiber structural skins (Fig. 3.7) 94 Initial Unit Derivations (Fig. 3.8) 94 Carbon Nanotube Material (Fig. 3.9) 95 The floor plan diagrams (Fig. 3.10) 95 (VMT) fulfills the greater needs for mass commuters (Fig. 3.11) 95 VMT (vertical mass transit). (Fig. 3.12) 96 Nano Vent-Skin (NVS). (Fig. 3.13) 96 NVS. Nano scale. (Fig. 3.14) 96 NVS Structure panel (Fig. 3.15) 96 (NVS) View from the interior (Fig. 3.16) 97 Detail side view. (Fig. 3.17) 97 NVS Structure panel. (Fig. 3.18) 97 Nano-structure components. (Fig. 3.19) 97 Zoom in showing the scale of nano engineered structures. (Fig. 3.20) 98 Nano Vent-Skin wind contact. (Fig. 3.21) 98 NVS interacting with Sunlight, Wind and CO2 (Fig. 3.22) 99 Ultra violet light at night of Indigo tower. (Fig. 3.23) 99 The skin design of Indigo tower. (Fig. 3.24) 100 The tower is split into three bars of Indigo tower. (Fig. 3.25) 100 Analysis of wind and light with skin. (Fig. 3.26) 101 Wind speed study of Indigo tower (Fig. 3.27) 101 Purification Tower. (Fig. 3.28)

List of Figures

xiii

101 A series of chemical reactions TiO2 with sunlight or ultraviolet (UV) light. (Fig. 3.29) 103 Exist in symbiotic harmony with the natural environment (Fig. 3.30) 103 Artificial DNA double helix (Fig. 3.31)

104 Assemblers replicate mechanically, by building others (Fig. 3.32)

104 Growth out of vat (Fig. 3.33)

104 Growth pattern: root, stem, rib, lattice or branches, nourished (Fig. 3.34)

105 Seed contains instructions allowing building to respond to its immediate

surroundings (Fig. 3.35)

106 Off the Grid: Sustainable Habitat 2020 (Fig. 3.36)

106 The skin interaction strategy (Fig. 3.37)

107 The active skin of the building reacts to the rain (Fig. 3.38) 107 Collects and channels rainwater into the habitat (Fig. 3.39) 107 Collects water even in dry periods (Fig. 3.40) 107 Water will be used in a closed loop (Fig. 3.41) 108 The active skin of the building reacts to the wind (Fig. 3.42) 108 Channeling air and wind through the skin (Fig. 3.43) 108 Generating the energy and filtering the air (Fig. 3.44) 108 Air will also be cooled for natural air-conditioning (Fig. 3.45) 109 The active skin of a building (Fig. 3.46) 109 The active skin moves to channel light and generate energy (Fig. 3.47) 109 Collecting the natural light for lighting with no electricity (Fig. 3.48) 109 Bringing natural light inside (Fig. 3.49) 110 The biogas used for heating and cooking (Fig. 3.50) 110 The biogas providing hot water for washing (Fig. 3.51)

List of Abbreviations

xiv

GW Global warming.

CO2 Carbon dioxide

ICSU International Council for Science

UK United Kingdom

WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development

GHG Greenhouse Gases

SA Sustainable Architecture

H2O Water Vapor

CH4 Methane

O3 Ozone

Mt Million tonnes

N2O Nitrous dioxide

EIA Energy Information Administration

Ppm part per million

EEB Energy Efficiency in Buildings

ICTs Information and Communication Technologies

VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds

GA Green Architecture

BWTC Bahrain World Trade Center

KW Kilo Watt

UAE United Arab Emirates

LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

LEDs Light-emitting diodes

HQ Headquarters

Sqm Square meters

MDG Millennium Development Goal

USGBC® U.S. Green Building Council

U.S. United States

Ft Feet

SS Sustainable Site development

WE Water Efficiency

EA Energy and Atmosphere

MR Materials and Resources

EQ Indoor Environmental Quality

LT Location and Transportation

ID Innovation in Design

AE Awareness & Education

BREEAM Building Research Establishment’s Environmental Assessment Method

NOx Oxides of Nitrogen

HVAC Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning

BAS Building Automation System

ZNE Zero Net Energy

ZCA Zero Carbon Architecture

EU European Union

IT Information technologies

QBtu Quadrillion Btu

NS NanoScince

NM Nanometer (nm).

List of Abbreviations

List of Abbreviations

xv

NT Nanotechnology

NA Nanoarchitecture

HEV Hybrid electric vehicle

0-D Zero-dimensional

3- D Three-dimensional

CNT carbon nanotubes

C carbon

UV Ultraviolet

CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition

TiO2 Titanium dioxide molecule

ETC Easy to Clean

AR anti-reflective

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

OLEDs Organic Light-emitting diodes

QLEDs Quantum dot LEDs

PV Photovoltaic Cells

INP Indium phosphide

e-HEPA electric High Efficiency Particulate Arrest

NCCO Nano-Confined Catalytic Oxidation

RPI Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

SiO2 Silicondioxide.

ICBM Innovative Construction and Building Materials

ICT Information and communication technology

GNT Green nanotechnology

GNA Green NanoArchitecture

SNA Sustainable NanoArchitecture

NMI NanoManufacturing Institute

GEO Geostationary orbit

VMT Vertical mass transit

NVS Nano Vent-Skin

VIP Vacuum Insulation Panels

Kms Kilometers

PNCs Polymer nanocomposites

M Meter

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

MNT Molecular Nanotechnology

Abstract

xvi

The research highlights an extraordinary amount of interest in nanotechnologies and

nanomaterials, terms now familiar not only to scientists, engineers, architects, and product

designers but also to the general public. Nanomaterials and nanotechnologies have been

developed as a consequence of truly significant recent advances in the material science

community. Their use, in turn, is expected to have enormous consequences on the design

and engineering of everything. Hopes exist for being able to make things smaller, lighter,

or work better than is possible with conventional materials. Serious problems facing

society might also be positively addressed via the use of nanomaterials and

nanotechnologies. In the sustainability and energy generation domain, for example,

nano-based fuel cells or photovoltaics can potentially offer greater efficiencies than are

possible with conventional materials.

The research is divided into three parts which review this issue as follows:

1- Sustainability: The first chapter discusses Sustainability science with an overview of

the Sustainable building which involves considering the entire life-cycle of buildings,

taking dimensions of Sustainable Environmental Architecture (Environmental- Economic-

Social dimensions) into account. To add to that, there are performance criteria which

measure sustainable architecture like (LEED- BREEAM … ) , and the next sections show

the way Nanotechnology achieves this certification and how it is reflected in the high-

performance advanced green buildings in the 21st century.

2- Nanotechnology and Architecture (NanoArchitecture): Architecture and building

technology on the basis of nanobuilding structure and nanomaterials are going through

some significant changes and developments. Nanotechnology is one of the most important

key technologies of the twenty-first century while its economic impact is another subject to

be recognized. New materials are being discovered and developed everyday as a result of

investigating ways to achieve molecular and atomic precision in engineering of materials.

These new materials present new opportunities to solve problems like heat absorbing

windows, energy coatings etc

3- NanoArchitecture and Sustainability (Sustainable NanoArchitecture - SNA):

Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that opens new possibilities in construction

sustainability. On one hand, it could lead to a better use of natural resources, obtaining a

specific characteristic or property with minor material use. It can (also) help to solve some

problems related to energy in building (consumption and generation), or water treatment

and air Purification….. As a result, NanoArchitecture has the ability to meet accepted

environmental performance criteria like LEED (Leadership in Energy and

Environmental Design) which offers a definable measure of sustainability and effects of

global climate change.

ABSTRACT

Research Structure Chart

xvii

Nanoarchitecture and Sustainability Research Structure Chart

Research Structure Chart

PA

RT

ON

E

Sustainability

Nanoarchitecture

Sustainable Architecture

Green Architecture

Co

ncl

usi

on

The Future of Architecture with Nanotechnology.

. NanoMaterials

.Applications of NM. In Arch

Approach

Approach

General Conclusion and Recommendations

.Green Architecture performance measurement.

.Ecological Arch .Biological Arch .Smart Arch

Economic

Social

Co

ncl

usi

on

Environmental

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Nanotechnology Applications

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Approach

Green Nanotechnology

Green NanoArchitecture

The Future of Zero Carbon NanoArchitecture (ZCNA) and Sustainability

Sustainability

. Sustainability Principles

. Sustainability Dimensions

. Sustainable buildings Materials.

. Principles of Sustainable Building

. Nano . Nanosince

. Nanotechnology

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Nanoarchitecture and Sustainability

Sustainable NanoArchitecture (SNA)

Introduction

xvi

Sustainability is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while

preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but

also for future generations. The field of sustainable development can be conceptually

divided into three constituents: - Environmental, Economic and Social Sustainability. First,

the Environmental dimension deals with important issues as Climate change, Energy,

Depletion of Natural Resources, Scarcity of resources, Environmental degradation,

Pollution. Second, the Economic dimension which deals with issues like reduced energy,

raw material input. Third, the Social dimension which involves health and safety, Over-

population, and Human relationship to nature [5]

But now, the 21st century Nanotechnology has the potential to make a huge impact on

sustainability; but to achieve this potential, Nanotechnology is all about getting more

function on less space. Efficiency and getting more with less is essential for

sustainability. Nanotechnology can contribute to make energy conversion and energy

storage more efficient or improve product durability. nanoparticles as fuel additive can

reduce waste gas emission, nanostructured materials can be used for direct energy

conversion or to improve photovoltaic cells, electrodes and membranes for fuel cells or

improve lighting. Carbon nanotubes provide atomically smooth channels with

unprecedented properties for water purification. These are all potential contributions of

nanotechnology to sustainability. A lot of it is not yet real but there is a significant

potential. [5]

Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter at the molecular scale, is opening new

possibilities in Sustainable building through products like solar energy collecting paints,

nanogel high-insulating translucent panels, and heat-absorbing windows. Even more

dramatic breakthroughs are now in development such as paint-on lasers that can one day

allow materials to send information to each other, windows that shift from transparent to

opaque with the flip of a switch, and environmentally friendly biocides for preserving

wood. These breakthrough materials are opening new frontiers in green building,

offering unprecedented performance in energy efficiency, durability, economy and

sustainability. This presentation provides an overview of nanotechnology applications for

green building, with an emphasis on the energy conservation capabilities of architectural

nanomaterials and the role of nanosensors in green building. Ubiquitous sensing is likely to

bring a host of benefits including customized temperature settings in buildings, light-

sensitive photochromic windows, and user-aware appliances. [4]

1. Highlight the sustainability, especially in the architectural and environmental issues

plus, Green buildings and measure its performance.

2. Clarification of the importance of nanotechnology and its applications in architecture,

environment, and energy produced and smart materials.

3. Access to the result that the use of nanotechnology in architecture achieves the

principles, dimensions and performance of sustainability

INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

Sustainability

PART ONE

. Sustainability

. Sustainable architecture

. Green Architecture (GA)

. GA performance measurement

. EcoArchitecture

. BioArchitecture

. Smart Architecture

. The Future role of sustainability to solve

environmental problems

S U S T A I N A B I L I T Y

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 1 -

A design approach focused on resource efficiency and minimum environmental

impact is not incompatible with visual delight. Sustainable architecture can "lift the spirit"

as well as help save the planet.

So, what do we mean by "sustainability" in the context of architecture? In its

broadest sense, a sustainable design should address the "triple bottom line" of social,

economic and environmental issues: social in the sense of community engagement and

inclusiveness; economic in the sense of long-term growth and prosperity; environmental in

the sense of local and global impact. In addition, the sustainability agenda affecting the

built environment in general, embraces the following key topics: energy and carbon

dioxide emissions, water conservation, waste recycling, materials sourcing, associated

transport and biodiversity. Energy efficiency and the need to reduce emissions of

greenhouse gases (principally carbon dioxide – CO2) is the area in which architects and

other design professionals can exert most influence to help combat global warming

(GW)10

.

The sustainable building refers to the quality and characteristics of the actual structure

created using the principles and methodologies of sustainable construction. It can be

defined as "healthy facilities designed and built in resource efficient manner. Using

ecologically based principles." similarly. Ecological design.3

1.2.1. Definition of Sustainability:

Used more in the sense of human sustainability

on planet Earth and this has resulted in the most

widely quoted definition of sustainability and

sustainable development, that of the Brundtland

Commission of the United Nations: “sustainable

development is development that meets the needs

of the present without compromising the ability of

future generations to meet their own needs.” It is

usually noted that this requires the reconciliation of

environmental, social and economic demands - the

"three pillars" of sustainability. This view has been

expressed as an illustration using three overlapping

ellipses indicating that the three pillars of

sustainability are not mutually exclusive and can be mutually reinforcing [14]

. [Fig 1.1]

(Fig.1.1) A representation of

sustainability showing how both

economy and society are constrained by

environmental limits (2003) [14]

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Sustainability

Ecologically sustainable design and the green design are terms that describe the

application of sustainability 8

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 2 -

1.2.2. Sustainability science:

Sustainability science has emerged in the 21st century as a new academic

discipline. This new field of science was officially introduced with a "Birth Statement" at

the World Congress "Challenges of a Changing Earth 2001" in Amsterdam organized by

the International Council for Science (ICSU) [12]

The concept of Sustainability is the key to any discussion of science, technology,

and economics in the 21st century (the Century of the Environment). Sustainability science

is a new, transdisciplinary discipline destined to play a fundamental role in addressing

critical global issues and developing visions that can lead to a sustainable global

society [13].

Definition of Sustainability science:

The novelty of Sustainability science lies

in its academic approach; must therefore

establish a transdisciplinary academic framework

that brings together the natural sciences, social

sciences, and humanities, and define and

structure problems and academic inquiries so

as to identify indicators and criteria for the

sustainable restoration of global, social and

human systems and their interactions.

Sustainability science must also reach out to

society at large. Only by disseminating the

results of research to society and the individuals

that compose it, we can achieve a sustainable

society [13]

. [Fig 1.2]

1.2.3. History of sustainability:

Technological advances over several millennia gave humans increasing control

over the environment. But it was the Western industrial revolution of the 17th to the

19th centuries that tapped into the vast growth potential of energy in fossil fuels to

power sophisticated machinery technology. These conditions led to a human population

explosion and unprecedented industrial, technological and scientific

growth that has continued to this day.

A Three-Hundred-Year-Old Idea: The concept is around three

hundred years old and originated with Hans Carl von Carlowitz, an

inspector of mines in Saxony at the time of Augustus the Strong. His

book, "Sylvicultura Oeconomica” ("Silviculture and Economics")

of 1713 – which is considered to be the first work on forest

management – takes up the idea of the term "sustainability"[15]

.

[Fig 1.3]

(Fig.1.3) Hans Carl

von Carlowiz [15]

(Fig.1.2) Sustainability science [13]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 3 -

Von Carlowitz developed a concept intended to ensure a lasting supply of wood

for the mining industry. In his book, he suggested many measures that are still key

elements of sustainable management today, such as improving the insulation of houses,

using energy-saving smelting furnaces or continuously replanting cleared forest areas.

Only as much wood should be logged as could grow back in the same time.

Mid 20th century after the deprivations of the

Great Depression and World War II, the developed

world entered a post-1950s period which included

"great acceleration” of growth and population (the

"Golden age of capitalism") while a gathering

environmental movement pointed out that there were

environmental costs associated with the many

material benefits that were being enjoyed at that

time. Technological innovations included plastics,

synthetic chemicals and nuclear energy as fossil

fuels also continued to transform society. The

negative influences of the new technology were

documented by American marine biologist and

naturalist Rachel Carson in her influential book

Silent Spring in 1962. [Fig 1.4]

By the late twentieth century, environmental

problems were becoming global in scale. And the

1973 and 1979 energy crises demonstrated the

extent to which the global community had become

dependent on a nonrenewable resource.

In 1987, the United Nation's World

Commission on Environment and Development (the

Brundtland Commission), in its report "Our

Common Future" suggested that sustainable

development was needed to meet human needs while not increasing environmental

problems. [Fig 1.5]

But by 2005, the situation had changed and

many countries were able to meet their needs only

by importing resources from other nations. Move

towards more sustainable living emerged, based

on increasing public awareness and adoption of

recycling, and renewable energies. Primarily in

wind turbines and photovoltaic's and increased

use of hydroelectricity, presented some of the

first sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel and

nuclear energy generation. [Fig 1.6]

(Fig 1.6) Hi-tec renewable energy a solar

concentrator, North America [14]

(Fig 1.5) Brundtland addressing the

Congress of the Labour Party 2007 [14]

(Fig.1.4) Published in 1962, Silent Spring

was one of the books that gave momentum

to the environmental movement [14]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 4 -

In the 21st century, there is heightened awareness of the threat posed by the human

induced greenhouse effect. Ecological economics now seeks to bridge the gap between

ecology and traditional neoclassical economics: and proposes an inclusive and ethical

economic model for society. Many new techniques have arisen to help measure and

implement sustainability, including Life Cycle Assessment, Cradle to Cradle, Ecological

Footprint Analysis, and green building [14]

.

1.2.4. Sustainability Measurement:

Sustainability measurement is a term that denotes the measurements used as the

quantitative basis for the informed management of sustainability. The metrics used for the

measurement of sustainability (involving the sustainability of environmental, social and

economic domains, both individually and in various combinations) are still evolving: they

include indicators, benchmarks, audits, indexes and accounting, as well as assessment,

appraisal and other reporting systems. They are applied over a wide range of spatial and

temporal scales [14]

.

The need to have quantitative measurements of sustainability is crucial, since they

focus attention on the precise issues. In particular, we really need to be aware of how

sustainability is changing at all levels, local, national and global, and measurement is

essential in order to chart these changes. If we can measure it, we can take planned and

coherent action to change it in a desired direction. The measures of sustainability that

provide this guidance are called “metrics” or “indicators”.

Example of Indicators: The challenge is to monitor and report the performance of the

UK government’s policy to promote Sustainable Development. For some time the

government has used a set of 68 indicators for this purpose. The UK Government is

committed to reducing CO2 emissions to 40% of 1990 levels by 2050 [14]

. [Fig 1.7]

(Fig 1.7) The twenty “framework "indicators used by the UK government are more closely aligned to a social

agenda than the previous fifteen “headline "indicators This is a subset of the UK government’s 68 indicators [14]

Metrics – used by the UK Government

:

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 5 -

1.2.5. Sustainability principles and concepts:

Scale

Sustainability is studied and managed over many scales (levels or frames of

reference) of time and space and in many contexts of environmental, social and economic

organizations. The focus ranges from the total carrying capacity (sustainability) of planet

Earth to the sustainability of economic sectors, ecosystems, countries, municipalities,

neighborhoods, home gardens, individual lives, individual goods and services,

occupations, lifestyles, behavior patterns and so on [16].

Principles of Sustainability and Some Options for Applying Them [16].

1. Maintain and enhance quality of life Options:

Make housing available/affordable/better

Provide education opportunities

Ensure mobility

Provide health and other services

Provide employment opportunities

Provide far recreation

Maintain safe/healthy environments

Have opportunities for civic engagement

Meet human needs fairly & efficiently

2. Enhance Economic vitality Options:

Support area redevelopment and revitalization

Attract/retain businesses

Attract/retain work force

Rebuild for economic functionality

Develop/redevelop recreational, historic, tourist attractions

3. Ensure social and intergenerational equity Options:

Preserve/conserve natural, cultures, historical resources

Adopt a longer-term focus for all planning

Avoid/remedy disproportionate impacts on groups

Consider future generations’ quality of life

Value diversity

Preserve social connections in and among groups

4. Enhance environmental quality Options:

Preserve/conserve/restore natural resources

Protect open space

Manage storm water

Prevent/remediate pollution

Reduce encroachment upon nature

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 6 -

Reduce dependence upon fossil fuels, underground metals, and minerals

5. Incorporate disaster resilience/mitigation Options:

Make buildings and infrastructure damage-resistant

Avoid development in hazardous areas

Manage storm water

Protect natural areas

Promote and obtain hazard and other insurances

6. Use a participatory process Options:

Incorporate all of the other principles

1.2.6. Sustainability dimensions:

Sustainability often refers to the

"three pillars" of Social, Environmental

and Economic Sustainability. [Fig 1.8]

Sustainable building involves

considering the entire life-cycle of

buildings, taking environmental quality,

functional compatibility and future values

into account. It is worth mentioning that

sustainability cannot be seen in isolation, as

it has very meaningful linkages with

economic as well as social parameters,

without which it will not be accepted by the society at large [14]

.

1.2.6. A. Environmental dimension:

Healthy ecosystems provide vital goods and services to humans and other

organisms. There are two major ways of reducing negative human impact and enhancing

ecosystem services.

1.2.6. A. i. Environmental management:

This direct approach is based largely on information gained from earth science,

environmental science and conservation biology. Environmental management involves the

oceans, freshwater systems, land and atmosphere, but following the sustainability

principle of scale, it can be equally applied to any ecosystem from a tropical rainforest to a

home garden. [14]

(Fig.1.8) Definitions of sustainability often

refer to the "three pillars" of social,

environmental and economic sustainability

(2006) [14]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 7 -

1.2.6. A. ii. Management of human consumption of resources:

In an indirect approach based largely on information gained from economics,

consumption of goods and services can be analyzed and managed at all scales through the

chain of consumption, as food, energy, materials and water. [14]

1.2.6. A. iii. Issues of Environmental Sustainability Global: [17].

Climate change, Energy, Depletion of Natural Resources,

Threatened species, Threatened habitats,

Scarcity of resources, Environmental degradation,

Pollution, Recycled Materials,

Waste management, Water management

1.2.6. A. iv Climate change as important

Issue of Environmental:

Climate change refers to variation

in global or regional climates over time. It

describes variability in the average state

of the atmosphere over time periods

ranging from decades to millions of

years. These changes can be caused by

internal processes in the earth or by

external forces such as variations in

sunlight intensity and more recently,

human activity.

The term "Climate Change" often refers to changes in modern climate that are

likely caused in part by human, or anthropogenic, action. Climate change is frequently

referred to as global warming (GW). In some cases, this term is used with a presumption

of human causation for variations that are in actuality not anthropogenic.

Climate model projections summarized in the latest IPCC report indicate that the

global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F)

during the 21st century [18]

. [Fig 1.9]

Natural Factors Driving Climate Change:

Greenhouse Gases (GHG), Glaciations, Ocean Variability, Volcanism, Orbital

variation patterns of the earth’s movement around the sun result in solar energy, Solar

Variation [2]

. [Fig 1.10]

( Fig.1.9 ) Mean surface temperature change for

the period 2000 to 2009 relative to the average

temperatures from 1951 to 1980. [18]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 8 -

[2] (Fig 1. 11) greenhouse gases

Greenhouse Gases (GHG):

Greenhouse gases are gases found in an

atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within

the thermal infrared range Earth's surface would be on

average about 33 °C (59 °F) colder than at present [2]

.

Earth's most abundant greenhouse gases are: [Fig 1.11]

The Greenhouse effect:

Recently, scientific studies conducted that both natural and anthropogenic factors

are the primary cause of global warming. Greenhouse gases are also important in

understanding earth’s climatic history. According to these studies, the greenhouse effect,

which is the warming of the climate as a result of heat trapped by atmospheric gases,

plays a significant role in regulating earth’s temperature [2]

. [Fig 1.12]

First, sunlight shines onto the Earth's surface, where it is absorbed and then

radiates back into the atmosphere as heat [20]

.

Gas

Formula

Contribution

(%)

Water Vapor H2O 36 – 72 %

Carbon Dioxide CO2 9 – 26 %

Methane CH4 4 – 9 %

Ozone O3 3 – 7 %

(Fig.1.10) Climate changes reflect variations within the earth’s atmosphere, processes in parts of the earth

such as the oceans, and the effects of human activity. Other external factors that affect climate are referred to

as climate forcing factors, which include variations in the earth’s orbit and greenhouse gas concentrations [2]

.

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 9 -

In the atmosphere, “greenhouse” gases trap some of this heat, and the rest escapes

into space. The more greenhouse gases are in the atmosphere, the more heat gets trapped

The main sources of greenhouse

gases due to human activity are:

Burning of fossil fuels and

deforestation leading to higher

carbon dioxide concentrations

(CO2).

Land use change (methane)

Many of the newer style fully

vented septic systems-

Agricultural activities (N2O)

Use of chlorofluoro-carbons

(CFCs) in refrigeration systems,

and use of CFCs and halons in

fire Suppression systems and

manufacturing processes. [21]

[Fig 1.13]

1.2.6. A. iiv. Buildings are the Largest Contributor to Climate Change: [41]

The Building Sector consumes more energy than any other sector. Most of this

energy is produced from burning fossil fuels, making this sector the largest emitter of

greenhouse gases on the planet – and the single leading contributor to anthropogenic

(human forcing) climate change. According to the U.S. Energy Information

Administration (EIA), nearly half (46.7%) of all CO2 emissions in 2009 came from the

(Fig 1.13) Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions

broken down into 8 different sectors for the year 2000 [21]

(Fig.1. 12) Greenhouse

effect courtesy

of UN

Environmental

Program/GRI

D- Arendal [2]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 10 -

Building Sector. [Fig 1.14] By

comparison, transportation accounted for

33.4% of CO2 emissions and industry, just

19.9%.

80% of U.S. Electricity CO2 Emissions

Come From Coal. 76% of This

Electricity is consumed by the Building

Sector. [Fig 1.16]

CO2 emissions from the Building Sector

are projected to increase between 2010

and 2030, remaining the largest source

of U.S. CO2 emissions. [Fig 1.17]

Coal (and unconventional fossil fuels

- oil shale, tar sands, methane hydrates, etc.)

is the only fossil fuel that is plentiful enough

to contribute the amount of CO2 necessary

to trigger irreversible climate change. We

are currently at 392 ppm, and are increasing

atmospheric concentrations of CO2 at

approximately 2 ppm annually. Scientists

warn that irreversible climate change will

occur if 450 ppm (or any level much above

350 ppm) is sustained for very long and that

the “safe” long-term level of atmospheric

greenhouse gases (GHGs) is 350 ppm. [41]

Climate Protection Policies That Could

Enhance Human Health

Policies and measures that enforce

the reduction of emissions of greenhouse

gases are the only viable solutions to

ameliorate human health problems.

Measures that can improve air quality

significantly include the extensive use of

green energy and enhanced energy-

efficiency movements that promote the use

of non-carbon fuels. It is estimated that an international adoption of increased carbon

emission control policies worldwide would reduce deaths from air pollution by about 8

million between 2000 and 2020. [19]

(Fig 1.17) CO2 emissions by sector (historic-

projected) [41]

(Fig 1.14) CO2 emissions by sector [41]

(Fig 1.15) Electricity consumption by sector [41]

(Fig 1.16) CO2 emissions from electricity

production [41]

Coal

88%

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 11 -

1.1.6. B. Economic dimension:

Sustainability interfaces with economics through the social and ecological

consequences of economic activity. Sustainability economics represent: "... a broad

interpretation of ecological economics where environmental and ecological variables and

issues are basic but part of a multidimensional perspective. Social, cultural, health-

related and monetary/financial aspects have to be integrated into the analysis." [14]

1.2.6. B. i. Financial crisis: [Fig 1.18]

The term financial crisis is

applied broadly to a variety of

situations in which some financial

institutions or assets suddenly lose a

large part of their value. In the 19th

and early 20th centuries, many

financial crises were associated with

banking panics, and many recessions

coincided with these panics. Other situations that are often called financial crises include

stock market crashes and the bursting of other financial bubbles, currency crises, and

sovereign defaults. Financial crises directly result in a loss of paper wealth; they do not

directly result in changes in the real economy unless a recession or depression follows [22].

Causes of the financial crisis of 2007–2011

The financial crisis of 2007 to the

present is a crisis triggered by a liquidity

shortfall in the United States banking

system. It has resulted in the collapse of

large financial institutions, while

significant risks remain for the world

economy over the 2010–2011 periods

The collapse of the housing

bubble, which peaked in the U.S. in 2006,

caused the values of securities tied to real

estate pricing to plummet thereafter,

damaging financial institutions globally. And also the 2000s energy crisis as well as the

Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010 [23]

[Fig 1.19]

1.2.6. B. ii. A Building Sector in Crisis:

The rippling effects of sagging U.S. building construction go far beyond rising

foreclosures and stagnant housing starts. When the Building Sector contracts every other

(Fig.1.18) Economies by region 2008 [22]

(Fig 1.19) home prices, population, building

costs, and bond yields [23]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 12 -

U.S. sectors and industry suffers.

Virtually every U.S. industry –

from steel, concrete, insulation,

caulking, mechanical and

electrical equipment, solar

systems, glass, wood, metals, tile,

fabrics, and paint to architecture,

planning, design, engineering,

banking, development, real

estate, manufacturing,

construction, wholesale, retail

and distribution – depends on the

demand for products and services generated by the

construction industry. However, this industry is

mired in the worst downward economic spiral since

the Great Depression. [41]

[Fig 1.20, 21]

The Building Sector touches many other

industries and sectors, ultimately affecting our

entire economy. When the Building Sector fails the

rest of the economy is adversely affected. [41]

1.2.6. B.iii. Energy crisis (Building Sector Energy Consumption):

An energy crisis is the

bottleneck (or price rise) in the

supply of energy resources to an

economy. Buildings are responsible

for half of all energy consumed in

the United States. [24]

[Fig 1.21]

Building Operations alone account

for 43.1% of U.S. energy consumed

today while construction and

building materials account for an

additional 5.6%. In coming years,

the Building Sector's energy consumption will grow faster than that of industry and

transportation, a staggering 5.85 Quadrillion Btu between 2010 and 2030. [41]

[Fig 1.22]

Green Commerce (Eco commerce): Eco commerce is a business, investment, and

technology-development model that employs market-based solutions to balance the

world’s energy needs and environmental integrity. Through the use of green trading and

green finance, eco-commerce allows for the further development of clean technologies

such as wind power, solar power, biomass, and hydropower [25]

(Fig 1.22) Energy consumption by sector (historic-projected) [41]

[19] [19]

(Fig 1.20) Building sector economic inputs by industry type [41]

(Fig 1.21) Energy consumption - sector [41]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 13 -

1.1.6. C. Social dimension:

Sustainability issues are generally expressed in scientific and environmental terms,

but implementing change is a social challenge In terms of Peace, security, social justice,

Human relationship to nature and Transition. [14]

1.1.6. C.i. Society in the 21st Century

Information Technology will greatly influence the quality of life in the 21st

century. The challenge is to use the technology to help overcome numerous global,

regional, and local problems that threaten the quality of life. These problems include

global overpopulation, intense and

potentially socioeconomically destructive

global economic competitions, continued

pressures on the global environment,

increasing levels of regionalized armed

conflicts, regional water shortages and

other regional environmental problems,

and local transportation congestion,

poverty, crime, and drug abuse. Social

scientists must become aggressively

involved and accept leadership roles in the

conceptualization, development, and

implementation of computer-based

systems that have broad social impact [29]

.

1.1.6.C.ii. Social sustainability in

architecture:

Architectural design can play a

large part in influencing the ways that

social groups interact. Communist

Russia's Constructivist Social condensers

are a good example of this; they built

buildings which were designed with the

specific intention of controlling or

directing the flow of everyday life to "create socially equitable spaces". [Fig 1.23]

An honest, pure form of architecture with residents and the community at its heart

and external spaces as important as the buildings [30]

” [Fig 1.24]

(Fig 1.24) Social sustainability in architecture [30]

(Fig 1.23) Architecture to increase social sustainability

and reverse the current trend for working, playing and

shopping in isolation [30]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 14 -

1.3.1. Sustainable Architecture:

Sustainable architecture is a

general term that describes

environmentally-conscious design

techniques in the field of architecture.

Sustainable architecture is framed by the

larger discussion of sustainability and the

pressing economic and political issues of

our world. In the broad context,

sustainable architecture seeks to

minimize the negative environmental

impact of buildings by enhancing

efficiency and moderation in the use of

materials, energy, and development

space. Most simply, the idea of

sustainability, or ecological design, is to ensure that our actions and decisions today do not

inhibit the opportunities of future generations. This term can be used to describe an energy

and ecologically conscious approach to the design of the built environment [32]

.

Passive solar building design allows buildings to harness the energy of the sun

without the use of any active solar mechanisms such as photovoltaic cells or solar hot

water panels. [Fig 1.25]

1.3.2. Sustainable building materials:

Some examples of sustainable building materials include recycled denim or blown-

in fiber glass insulation, sustainably harvested wood, Tress, Linoleum, sheep wool,

concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete), panels made from

paper flakes, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork,

expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fiber plates, calcium sand stone, locally-obtained

stone and rock, and bamboo, which is one of the strongest and fastest growing woody

plants, and non-toxic low-VOC glues and paints [32].

1.3.2. A. Recycled Materials:

Some sustainable architecture incorporates the use of recycled or second hand

materials, such as reclaimed lumber. The reduction in the use of new materials creates a

corresponding reduction in embodied energy (energy used in the production of materials).

Often sustainable architects attempt to retro-fit old structures to serve new needs in order to

avoid unnecessary development. Architectural salvage and reclaimed materials are used

when appropriate. When older buildings are demolished, frequently any good wood is

(Fig.1.25) K2 sustainable apartments in

Windsor, Victoria, Australia by Hansen

Yuncken (2006) features passive solar design,

recycled and sustainable materials, photovoltaic

cells, wastewater treatment, rainwater collection

and solar hot water [32].

1.3. Sustainable architecture

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 15 -

reclaimed, renewed, and sold as flooring. Any good dimension stone is similarly

reclaimed. Many other parts are reused as well, such as doors, windows, mantels, and

hardware, thus reducing the consumption

of new goods [32]

. [Fig 1.26]

1.3.1.B. Lower Volatile Organic

Compounds:

Green products are usually

considered to contain fewer VOCs and

be better for human and

environmental health. A case study

conducted by the Department of Civil,

Architectural, and Environmental

Engineering at the University of Miami

that compared three green products and

their non-green counterparts found that

even though both the green products and

the non-green counterparts both emitted

levels of VOCs, the amount and intensity

of the VOCs emitted from the green

products were much safer and

comfortable for human exposure [32]

.

1.3.3. Sustainable Design:

It is the philosophy of designing

physical objects, the built environment

and services to comply with the

principles of economic, social, and

ecological sustainability.

Sustainable design is mostly a general reaction to global environmental crises, the

rapid growth of economic activity and human population, depletion of natural resources,

damage to ecosystems and loss of biodiversity [33]

.

1.3.3. A. Principles for Sustainable Design: [33]

1. Low-impact materials: choose non-toxic, sustainably-produced or recycled materials

which require little energy to process.

2. Energy efficiency: use manufacturing processes and produce products which require

less energy.

(Fig.1.26) Recycling items for building [32].

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 16 -

3. Quality and durability: longer-

lasting and better-functioning products

will have to be replaced less frequently,

reducing the impacts of producing

replacements.

4. Design for reuse and recycling:

Products, processes, and systems should

be designed for a commercial

performance.

5. Bio-mimicry: redesigning industrial

systems on biological lines ... enabling

the constant reuse of materials in

continuous closed cycles.

6. Service substitution: shifting the

mode of consumption from personal

ownership of products to provision of

services which provide similar functions,

e.g. from a private automobile to a car

sharing service. Such a system promotes

minimal resource use per unit of

consumption.

7. Renewability: materials should come from nearby (local or bioregional), sustainably-

managed renewable sources that can be composted when their usefulness has been

exhausted.

8. Healthy Buildings: sustainable building design aims to create buildings that are not

harmful to their occupants nor to the larger environment. An important emphasis is on

indoor environmental quality, especially indoor air quality. [Fig 1.27]

1.3.3. B. Sustainable buildings: [1]

Sustainable building is the

practice of creating structures and using

processes that are environmentally

responsible and resource-efficient

throughout a building's life-cycle: from

sitting to design, construction,

operation, maintenance, renovation,

and deconstruction. This practice

expands and complements the classical

building design concerns of economy,

utility, durability, and comfort. [Fig 1.28]

(Fig.1.28) Sustainable building phases [16]

(Fig.1.27) Genzyme Center The sustainable design in

this building is fully integrated into architecture, space,

And light. Sustainability in this sense is not an extra you

could add or not. It is interwoven with the

Vital parts of architecture Photo by Anton Grassl. [1]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 17 -

Sustainable technologies use less energy, fewer limited resources, do not deplete

natural resources, do not directly or indirectly pollute the environment, and can be reused

or recycled at the end of their useful life. There is a significant overlap with appropriate

technology, which emphasizes the suitability of technology to the context, in particular

considering the needs of people in developing countries. However, the most appropriate

technology may not be the most sustainable one; and a sustainable technology may have

high cost or maintenance requirements that make it unsuitable as an "appropriate

technology" [34]

EX1 London’s Gherkin Tower

Architect Foster and Partners

Location 30 St Mary Axe, City of London, United Kingdom

Date 2005

Style/ Type Green Building / Contemporary Architecture

Sustainable technology

used

Day lighting, thermal insulation, reduced water consumption, energy

generation

CO2 Emissions energy-saving methods which allow it to use 50% the power a similar

Design:

On the building top level (the 40th floor),

there is a bar for tenants and their guests featuring

a 360° view of London. A restaurant operates on

the 39th floor, and private dining rooms on the

38th. And the building is visible over long

distances.

The primary methods for controlling wind-

excited sways are to increase the stiffness, its fully

triangulated perimeter structure makes the

building sufficiently stiff without any extra

reinforcements. Despite its overall curved

glass shape [35]

.

Light, Air, Energy

Architects limit double glazing in

residential houses to avoid the inefficient

convection of heat, but the tower exploits

this effect. The shafts pull warm air out of

the building during the summer and warm

the building in the winter using passive

solar heating. The shafts also allow

sunlight to pass through the building,

making the work environment more

pleasing, and keeping the lighting costs down [35]

. [Fig 1.29, 30]

(Fig.1.30 ) Green wall and exterior surface [35]

(Fig.1.29) 30 St Mary Axe [35]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 18 -

Gaps in each floor create six shafts that serve as a natural ventilation system for the entire

building even though required firebreaks on every sixth floor interrupt the "chimney." The

shafts create a giant double glazing effect; air is sandwiched between two layers of glazing

and insulates the office space inside. [35]

Sustainable Philosophy

The building uses energy-saving methods which allow it to use half the power a

similar tower would typically consume. Needless to say the benefits of the panels are

many: Shading, increased internal day lighting, thermal insulation, reduced water

consumption, energy generation for the entire building and reduction of toxicity in the

interior spaces [36]

1.3.4. Sustainable city development:

What makes up the sustainable city?

Environmental Care: with the right technologies, cities will become more

environmentally friendly.

Competitiveness: with the right technologies, cities will help their local authorities and

businesses to cut costs

Quality of Life: with the right technologies, cities will increase the quality of life for their

residents

1. Healthcare: energy optimization, building automation, and the use of energy-saving

equipment.

2. Energy: the energy generation in

highly efficient combined gas and steam

turbines, wind or solar power plants.

3. Building: With intelligent technology

buildings can save up to 60% of their

consumed energy.

4. Transport: Trains are particularly

environment- friendly and intelligent

traffic control systems contribute to

helping traffic flow, reduce fuel

consumption, air pollution and noise.

5. Water: treating and reusing wastewater and purifying drinking water [89]

. [Fig 1.31]

(Fig.1.31) Sustainable city development [89]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 19 -

Green architecture is a sustainable method of green building design (It is design and

construction with the environment in mind). Green architects generally work with the key

concepts of creating energy efficient and environmentally friendly buildings.

Green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment

on human health and the natural environment by:

Efficiently using energy, water and other resources.

Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity.

Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation.

The goal of green building and sustainable architecture is to use resources more

efficiently and reduce a building's negative impact on the environment. Zero energy

buildings achieve one key green-building goal. [90]

.

1.4.1. Green design elements:

1. Design Efficiency: This is the concept stage of sustainable building and has the largest

impact on cost and performance. It aims to minimize the environmental impact associated

with all life-cycle stages of the building process.

2. Energy Efficiency: Examples of ways to reduce energy use include insulating walls,

ceilings, and floors, and building high efficient windows. The layout of a building, such

as window placement, can be strategizing so that natural light pours through for additional

warmth. Similarly, shading the roof with trees offers an eco-friendly alternative to air

conditioning.

3. Water Efficiency: To reduce water consumption and protect water quality, facilities

should aim to increase their use of water which has been collected, used, purified and

reused. They should also make it a goal to reduce waste water by using products such as

ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads.

4. Materials Efficiency: To minimize environmental impact, facilities should use materials

that have been recycled and can generate a surplus of energy. Good example here would be

solar power panels. Not only do they offer lighting but they are also a valuable energy

source. Low-power LED lighting technology reduce energy consumption and energy bills,

so everyone wins!

5. Indoor Air Quality: Reduce volatile organic compounds and provide adequate

ventilation by choosing construction materials and interior finish products with low-zero

emissions. This will vastly improve a building's indoor air quality [91]

.

1.4. Green Architecture (GA)

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 20 -

6. Waste Reduction: It is possible to reuse resources. What may be "waste" to us might

have another benefit to something else, like grey water that can be changed into fertilizer.

Grey water is wastewater from sources such as dishwashers and washing machines which

can be easily reused for purposes such as flushing toilets or power-washing decks [91]

.

energy:and Design

The towers stand 240 m (787 ft) tall and

are comprised of 50 floors each. The complex

contains office space located atop a three-storey

shopping center with boutique stores, fine

restaurants, a food court, a hotel, and a parking

garage. The two towers are linked via three sky

bridges, each holds a 225KW wind turbine,

totaling to 675kW of wind power production.

Each of these turbines measure 29 m (95

ft) in diameter, and is aligned north, which is the

direction from which air from the Persian Gulf

blows in. The sail-shaped buildings on either side

are designed to funnel wind through the gap to

provide accelerated wind passing through the

turbines. This was confirmed by wind tunnel

tests, which showed that the buildings create an

S-shaped flow, ensuring that any wind coming

within a 45° angle to either side of the

central axis will create a wind stream

that remains perpendicular to the

turbines. This significantly increases

their potential to generate electricity. [37]

The wind turbines are

expected to provide 11% to 15% of

the towers' total power consumption,

or approximately 1.1 to 1.3 GWh a

year. This is equivalent to providing the

EX2 Bahrain World Trade Center (BWTC)

Architect The multi-national architectural firm Atkins group

Location Manama, Bahrain

Date 2008

Style/ Type Modern- Green Building / Commercial building

Sustainable

technology used 3 Wind turbines - Renewable energy

CO2 Emissions 1300 megawatt hr / year - deliver 11-15% of the energy needs

(Fig.1.33) The three turbines [37]

(Fig.1.32) The shape of the two towers is

essential in developing the wind stream for the

turbines [37]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 21 -

lighting for about 300 homes

annually. The three turbines were

turned on for the first time on the 8th

of April, 2008. They are expected to

operate 50% of the time on an

average day [37].

. [Fig 1.30, 32, 34]

Sustainable philosophy

The Bahrain World Trade

Center is the world’s first building to

integrate large-scale wind turbines;

and together with numerous energy

reducing and recovery systems. This development shows an unequivocal commitment to

raising global awareness for sustainable design.

The BWTC encapsulates the essence of a sustainable philosophy engaging all of

the social, economic and environmental impacts of the project as well as making

significant strides in environmentally balanced architecture [39].

Design

The building takes its cue from the

centuries of indigenous architecture,

marrying historically successful building

strategies for the climate with the latest

technology and innovative building systems,

including some especially developed

systems for the Masdar Headquarters [42]

.

Light and Material

The center will also include other

energy saving features such as LED lighting

in the exhibition halls and a special wireless convention management system. [Fig 1.35]

The cones maximize natural daylight throughout the building; the operable

windows on the cones allow occupants the option of naturally ventilating interior spaces.

Structurally, cones support the building’s roof and allow for the creation of a shaded

EX3 Masdar Headquarters

Architect Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill

Location Masdar City, U.A.E

Date 2011

Style/ Type Green Building / Contemporary Architecture

Green Certification achieve a Gold LEED rating Sustainable technology

used Modern wind towers - Renewable energy

CO2 Emissions Strategy is to reach zero emission.

(Fig.1.35) LED lighting [42]

(Fig.1.34) Turbine images [37]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 22 -

ground plane on the top of the building.

Spatially, they create garden courtyards

at the public realm which have pools of

light and water. [Fig 1.36]

Air:

The sun will be the source of

energy for Masdar HQ. Its rays will be

harnessed through the world’s largest

solar canopy, which will provide shade

to the building below and keep it cool in

the hot desert climate. The power of the

sun is also used to cool the building,

replacing ozone-depleting air

conditioning units. [Fig 1.37]

Modern wind towers are the

basis for a number of features in the

complex design. They act as wind

towers, exhausting warm air and

naturally ventilating the building, as

well as bringing cool air up through the

subterranean levels of the city below. [42]

Energy:

The center will have an area of 177,000 sq

meters and will have a specially designed roof

containing 3,600 sqm of solar panels which will

supply about 12.5% of the project total energy needs.

Projects consume about 37% less energy than

conventional buildings, and efficiently use energy,

water, and other natural resources, protect occupant

health, improve employee productivity, and reduce

pollution. [Fig 1.38]

Sustainable Philosophy:

The structure will include numerous systems

that generate energy, eliminate carbon emissions and

reduce liquid and solid waste. The complex will

utilize sustainable materials and feature outdoor air

quality monitors and use one of the world’s largest

building-integrated solar energy systems [42].

[Fig

1.39]

(Fig.1.38) Building energy efficient

(Fig.1.39) Masdar Headquarters

building [42]

(Fig.1.37) Sun the source of energy [42]

(Fig.1.36) Natural daylight [42]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 23 -

1.4.2. Green Architecture Performance Measurement:

Many of these tools measure sustainability of the built environment. These tools

have been developed to determine if any capacity exists for further development, or

whether a development is sustainable, or whether progress is being made towards

sustainable development. ‘Indicators’ are also an important part of the range of the tools

available and relate mainly to parameters that can be measured to show trends or sudden

changes in a particular condition. It is important to distinguish between those tools used for

measurement (identifying variables measuring sustainable development and collecting

relevant data), and those used for assessment (evaluating performance against criteria), as

well as those tools that can be used to effect a move towards sustainable development by

changing practice and procedures. In general, the tools are attempting to: achieve

continuous improvement to optimize building performance and minimize environmental

impact; provide a measure of a building’s effect on the environment; and set credible

standards by which buildings can be judged objectively [92].

1.4.2. A. What is LEED?

LEED, or Leadership in Energy and

Environmental Design, is redefining the way

we think about the places where we live, work

and learn. As an internationally recognize mark

of excellence.

LEED certification provides

independent, third-party verification that a

building, home or community was designed

and built using strategies aimed at achieving

high performance in key areas of human and

environmental health: sustainable site

development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection and indoor

environmental quality [92].

LEED® Building Rating:

[38]

This program is the verification arm of the U.S. Green Building

Council (USGBC®), a nonprofit organization that certifies sustainable

businesses, homes and communities. LEED promotes a whole-building

approach to sustainability by recognizing performance in key areas: [Fig 1.40]

Sustainable Site development (SS): category discourages development on previously

undeveloped land; seeks to minimize a building's impact on ecosystems and waterways;

encourages regionally appropriate landscaping; rewards smart transportation choices;

controls storm water runoff; and promotes reduction of erosion, light pollution, heat island effect

and construction-related pollution.

(Fig.1.40) Rating categories [38]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 24 -

What LEED Delivers: [92]

LEED-certified buildings are designed to:

Lower operating costs and increase asset value

Reduce waste sent to landfills

Conserve energy and water

Be healthier and safer for occupants

Reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions

Qualify for tax rebates, zoning allowances and other incentives in hundreds of cities

How to achieve certification

LEED points are awarded on a 100-point scale, and credits are weighted to

reflect their potential environmental impacts. Additionally, 10 bonus credits are

available, four of which address regionally specific environmental issues. A project must

satisfy all prerequisites and earn a minimum number of points to be certified [92]. [Fig 1.41,

42]

Water Efficiency (WE): The goal of category is to encourage smarter use of water,

inside and out. Water reduction is typically achieved through more efficient appliances,

fixtures and fittings inside and water-conscious landscaping outside.

Energy and Atmosphere (EA): This category encourages a wide variety of energy-wise

strategies: commissioning; energy use monitoring; efficient design and construction;

efficient appliances, systems and lighting; the use of renewable and clean sources of

energy, generated on-site or off-site; and other innovative measures

Materials and Resources (MR): This category encourages the selection of sustainably

grown, harvested, produced and transported products and materials. It promotes waste

reduction as well as reusing and recycling, and it particularly rewards the reduction of

waste.

Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ): This category promotes strategies that improve

indoor air as well as those that provide access to natural daylight and view and improve

acoustics.

Location and Transportation (LT): This category encourages building on previously

developed or infill sites and away from environmentally sensitive areas. Credits reward

homes that are built near already-existing infrastructure, community resources and transit

– in locations that promote access to open space for walking, physical activity and time outdoors.

Innovation in Design (ID):The Innovation in Design category provides bonus points for

projects that use innovative technologies and strategies to improve a building’s

performance well beyond what is required by other LEED credits

Awareness & Education (AE): This category encourages home builders and real estate

professionals to provide homeowners, tenants and building managers with the education

and tools they need to understand what makes their home green and how to make the

most of those features.

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 25 -

1.4.2. B. What is BREEAM? [93].

BREEAM (Building Research Establishment’s Environmental

Assessment Method) is the world’s leading and most widely used

environmental assessment method for buildings. At the time of writing,

BREEAM has certified over 200,000 buildings since it was first

launched in 1990.

A BREEAM assessment uses recognized measures of performance, which are set

against established benchmarks, to evaluate a building’s specification, design, construction

and use. The measures used represent a broad range of categories and criteria from energy

to ecology. They include aspects related to energy and water use, the internal

environment (health and well-being), pollution, transport, materials, waste, ecology and

management processes.

A Certificated BREEAM assessment is delivered by a licensed organization, using

assessors trained under a UKAS accredited competent person scheme, at various stages in

a buildings life cycle. This provides clients, developers, designers and others with:

Market recognition for low environmental impact buildings.

Confidence that tried and tested environmental practice is incorporated in the

building.

Inspiration to find innovative solutions that minimize the environmental impact.

A benchmark that is higher than regulation.

A system to help reduce running costs, improve working and living environments.

(Fig.1.42) 40-49 points Silver: 50-59 points Gold: 60-79 points Platinum: 80+ points [92]

(Fig.1.41) Distribution of points of LEED for different categories [92]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 26 -

A standard that demonstrates progress towards corporate and organizational

environmental objectives [93].

Aims of BREEAM

1. To mitigate the life cycle impacts of buildings on the environment.

2. To enable buildings to be recognized according to their environmental benefits.

3. To provide a credible, environmental label for buildings.

4. To stimulate demand for sustainable buildings.

Objectives of BREEAM

1. To provide market recognition of buildings with a low environmental impact.

2. To ensure best environmental practice is incorporated in building planning, design, con-

saturation and operation.

3. To define a robust, cost-effective performance standard surpassing that required by

regulations.

4. To challenge the market to provide innovative, cost effective solutions that minimizes

the environmental impact of buildings.

5. To raise the awareness amongst owners, occupants, designers and operators of the

benefits of buildings with a reduced life cycle impact on the environment.

6. To allow organizations to demonstrate progress towards corporate environmental

objectives [93].

Type of buildings that can be assessed using the BREEAM

-Offices -Industrial

-Retail (Shopping centers - Retail parks - Showrooms – Restaurants- cafes)

-Education -Healthcare (Hospitals- Health centers and clinics)

-Prisons -Law Courts

-Residential institutions -Non residential institutions (Art galleries, Museums...)

-Assembly and Leisure (Cinema-Theatre/concert halls- Exhibition/conference halls) [93].

BREEAM rating benchmarks

The BREEAM rating benchmark levels

enable a client or other stakeholder to compare an

individual building’s performance with other

BREEAM rated buildings and the typical

sustainability performance of new non-domestic

buildings in the UK [93].

[Fig 1.43]

How BREEAM works?

BREEAM rewards performance above regulation which delivers environmental,

higher comfort or health benefits. BREEAM awards points or 'credits' and groups the

environmental impacts into the sections below: [Fig 1.44]

(Fig.1.43) the BREEAM rating benchmarks

version 2011 [93]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 27 -

-Management: Sustainable procurement,

Responsible construction practices, Construction

site impacts, Service life planning and costing.

-Health and wellbeing: Visual comfort, Indoor air

quality, Thermal comfort, Water quality, Acoustic

performance, Safety and security.

-Energy: Reduction of CO2 emissions, Energy

monitoring, Energy efficient external lighting,

Low or zero carbon technologies, Energy

efficient cold storage, Energy efficient

transportation systems, Energy efficient

laboratory systems and Energy efficient

equipments.

-Transport: Public transport accessibility, Proximity to amenities, Cyclist amenities, and

Maximum car parking capacity.

-Water: Water consumption, Water monitoring, Water leak detection and prevention and

Water efficient equipments (process).

-Materials: Embodied impacts of building materials, including lifecycle impacts like

embodied carbon dioxide.

-Waste: Construction waste management, Recycled aggregate, Operational waste and

Floor and ceiling finishes.

-Land Use and Ecology: Site selection, Ecological value of site / protection of ecological

features, Mitigating ecological impact, Enhancing site ecology, and long term impact on

biodiversity

-Pollution: Impact of refrigerants, NOx emissions from heating/cooling source and

external air and water pollution.

-Innovation: New technology, process and practices [93].

1.4.2. C. International Comparison of Sustainable Rating Tools [93].

Many countries have introduced new rating tools over the past few years in order to

improve the knowledge about the level of sustainability in each country’s building stock.

On one hand, it can be argued that the individual characteristics of each country, such as

the climate and type of building stock, necessitate an individual sustainability rating tool

for that country. Like BREEAM (U.K. and Europe), LEED (U.S. & Canada), Green Star

(Australia). [Fig 1.45, 46]

(Fig.1.44) BREEAM Environmental section

weightings [93].

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 28 -

(Fig.1.45) main Rating Tools [93].

(Fig.1.46) Comparison of BREEAM, LEED and Green Star [93].

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 29 -

EX4 California Academy of Science

Architect Renzo Piano

Location San Francisco

Date 2008

Green Certification achieve a platinum LEED rating

Style/ Type Green Building/ Contemporary Architecture Sustainable technology

used Green roof- Solar Energy Panels- natural ventilation system…

CO2 Emissions prevent the release of 405,000 of greenhouse gas emission

1.Sustainable Design and Materials:

Natural Lighting

. The expansive, floor-to-ceiling

walls of glass will enable 90% of

the building's interior offices to use

lighting from natural sources.

. Skylights, providing natural light to the

rainforest and aquarium, are designed to open

and close automatically. As hot air rises

throughout the day, the skylights will open to

allow hot air out from the top of the Academy

while louvers below draw in cool air to the

lower floors without the need for huge fans or

chemical coolants [44]

. [Fig 1.47, 49]

2.Water, Air and Energy:

(Green roof) Soil as Insulation

Not only does the green rooftop canopy

visually connect the building to the park

landscape, but it also provides significant gains

in heating and cooling efficiency. The six

inches of soil substrate on the roof act as

natural insulation, and every year will keep

approximately 3.6 million gallons of rainwater

from becoming stormwater. The steep slopes of

the roof also act as a natural ventilation system, funneling cool air into the open-air plaza

on sunny days. The skylights perform as both ambient light sources and a cooling system,

automatically opening on warm days to vent hot air from the building [44]

. [Fig 1.48]

Solar Energy Panels

Surrounding the Living Roof is a large glass canopy with a decorative band of

60,000 photovoltaic cells. These solar panels will generate approximately 213,000

kilowatt-hours of energy per year and provide up to 10% of the Academy's electricity

(Fig.1.47) California Academy of Science [44]

(Fig.1.49) Natural lighting [44]

(Fig.1.48) Green Roof and solar panels [44]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 30 -

need. The use of solar power will prevent

the release of 405,000 pounds of

greenhouse gas emission into the air. [Fig

1.50]

Sources of Warmth:

1. Radiant Floor Heating

Warm air rises. A traditional forced-

air heating system for the 35-foot-high

public spaces in the museum would be

wasteful in the extreme. Instead, the

Academy is installing a radiant heating

system in the museum’s floors. Tubes

embedded in the concrete floor will carry

hot water that warms the floor. The

proximity of the heat to the people who need

it will reduce the building’s energy need by

an estimated 10% annually [44]

.

3.Waste:

2. Denim Insulation

Insulation also keeps buildings

warm. The Academy, rather than using

typical fiberglass or foam-based insulation,

chose to use a type of thick cotton batting

made from recycled blue jeans. This

material provides an organic alternative to

formaldehyde-laden insulation materials.

Recycled denim insulation holds more heat

and absorbs sound better than spun

fiberglass insulation. It is also safer to

handle. Even when denim insulation is treated

with fire retardants and fungicides to prevent

mildew, it is still easier to work with and

doesn't require installers to wear protective

clothing or respirators [44]

.

4.Sustainable philosophy:

Platinum Certified LEED Building [45]

:

On October 7, 2008, the U.S. Green

Building Council awarded the Academy a

(Fig.1. 53) interior hall [44]

(Fig.1.52) The steep slopes of the green roof [44]

(Fig.1.51 ) A modern green roof employs native plants

and engineered drainage, extensive day-lighting, and

photovoltaic electrical generation [45]

(Fig.1.50) the skylights automatically open [44]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 31 -

Platinum-level LEED certification.

The sustainability features in the building include the following:

Design:

•The rooftop of the academy is a green roof modeled after San Francisco’s natural

landscape which acts like a natural insulation helping with heating and cooling efficiency

•The steep slopes of the green roof act like a natural ventilation system, bringing cool air

into the open-air [Fig 1.52]

•The skylights automatically open on warm days to bring hot air (hot air rises) from the

building as well as bring ambient light sources into the academy [Fig 1.51]

Energy:

•Solar Energy Panels surround the roof providing approximately 10% of the yearly

energy

•Radiant Floor Heating to reduce the building’s energy use by about 10% annually.

•30% less energy consumption than federal code requirement.

Air:

•Natural Lighting: 90% of office space will have natural light and ventilation

•Louvers will open throughout the day and night to provide fresh air and cooling the

building reducing the dependence on a HVAC system [Fig 1.53]

Water:

Every year will keep approximately 3.6 million gallons of rainwater from stormwater.

Waste & Materials:

• Recycled Materials: 68% of the insulation comes from recycled blue jeans

•95% of all steel from recycled sources

•50% of lumber harvested from sustainable-yield forests

•15% fly ash (a recycled coal by-product), 35% slag in concrete

•32,000 tons of sand from foundation excavation applied to dune restoration projects in

San Francisco [45]

.

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Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 32 -

1.4.3. Ecological Architecture:

Ecological Architecture merges the interests of sustainability, environmental

consciousness, green, natural, and organic approaches to evolve a design solution from

these requirements and from the characteristics of the site, its neighborhood context, and

the local micro-climate and topography.

Ecological Architecture is design that emphasizes natural materials and the use of

renewable resources that come from the earth in such a way that they can be returned to the

earth without causing harm [8]

.

Ecological Design:

Eco-design is the culmination of a holistic, conscious and proactive approach. It consists in

designing a product or service so as to minimize its impacts on the environment [1]

. [Fig 1.54]

Ecological Design Strategies [46]

:

(Fig.1.54 ) IEA task 13 low energy buildings (1989-1993) cited in United Nations Environment

Programme (UNEP), Buildings and Climate Change, Status, Challenges and Opportunities, 2007 [46]

.

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 33 -

Design:

.This project proposes a possible

solution by creating a city-like

skyscraper that takes Paris’s street life

to the sky.

During the last couple of

decades, Paris, like any other major city

has exponentially grown. Nowadays it

requires 70,000 new homes per year; a

situation that has created a lot of

controversy as urban planners propose

skyscrapers [48]

. [Fig 1.55]

La Tour Vivante: International

Sustainable City La Tour Vivante is a

vertical farm skyscraper with a light-

shading skin that wraps around the

structure and admits sunlight to targeted

locations for both functional and

aesthetic purposes. Designed by French

architecture firm Atelier SOA, the

skyscraper’s sustainable features

include wind power, reclaimed rainwater,

biogas production and on-site food

production.

The architects explain, “The

separation between city and countryside,

urban planning and natural areas, places

of living, consumption and production is

increasingly problematic for sustainable

land management [48]

.

The concept of eco-tower "Tour

Vivante" aim is to associate agricultural

hydroponic production, dwelling and

EX6 La tour vivante (Art of Building High )

Architect Gregoire Zündel, Irina Cristea, Nicolas Souchko, Mario Russo

Location Paris – France

Date 2010 Skyscraper

Type / style Ecological Architecture/ Ecosystem - self-sufficiency

Sustainable technology

used Wind power, reclaimed rainwater…

CO2 Emissions The produced electric power is about 200 to 600 kWh per annum.

(Fig.1.55) Aerial view prospective urban development [48]

(Fig.1.56) La tour vivante (Art of Building High) [48].

(Fig.1.57) interior library [48]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 34 -

activities in a single and vertical

system [49]

. [Fig 1.56]

:Feature cologicalE

. A continuous agriculture,

emancipated from seasons and

climatic hazards (drought, flood,

weather), which provides a production

5 to 6 time better than open fields

cultures. Tour Vivante allows a local

production and to wipe out

transportation needed for food supply

and thus, the process of the very

energy-consuming preservation [49]

.

Air, Water, Energy and Waste:

The hydroponic agricultural

production purifies the districts air

by the provision of plants oxygen. An

efficient use of salvaged rainwater is

transformed into drinking water by the

evaporation /respiration of plants.

Tour Vivante generates a large

amount of methane or electricity by

the fermentation of food waste and

vegetal. [Fig 1.57, 58]

Located at the top of the tower,

two large windmills directed towards

the dominant winds produce

electricity facilitated by the height of

the tower. The produced electric

power is about 200 to 600 kWh per

annum. [Fig 1.59]

4500 m of Photovoltaic panels

included into the facades generate

electricity from solar energy [49]

. [Fig

1.60]

:hilosophySustainable P

This tower will have as well: Rainwater and Black water systems, Ecological or

recycled materials and Thermal and hydrometrical regulation [50]

.

(Fig.1.58) hydroponic agricultural production purifies air [48]

(Fig.1.60) photovoltaic panels [50].

(Fig.1.59) two large windmills [50].

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 35 -

1.4.4. Biological Architecture:

Bio-Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and spaces which

create, support and enhance life and living system.

Bio-Architecture is the holistic process and product of planning, designing and

constructing space that integrates natural form, biologic function and environmental,

social and aesthetic considerations. It requires knowledge of living systems, natural

harmonics and fractal geometric relationships expressing as form, pattern, rhythm, ratio

and proportion. Bio-Architecture involves the use of organic materials, green technology

and appropriately skilled labor [94]

.

Bio-Architecture integrates all aspects of the design-build process; including

project planning, cost analysis, construction administration and final certification. A

broader definition comprises all design-stage activities from the macro to the micro level.

Create living space by observing some simple rules:

1. Use natural geometries, shapes, forms, ratios and growth patterns to design our

spaces in order to create life and truly sustainable systems. This is 'Full Spectrum

Architecture' - not just 'green architecture'.

2. Use virtually all biologic materials - to create fractal charge field effects (avoid

particularly aluminum and steel - also plastics wherever possible)

3. Make detailed plans to eliminate most all electro smog - the adverse effects of

electrical contamination. (Seriously poisonous to most human beings)

4. Work with elemental forces under, on and above the land - (living charge domains)

- to include the symphony of life in your structural plan [94]

.

Design:

The Tree of Life is a skyscraper proposal for open mines around the world. It is an

autonomous ecosystem based on the structure of a plant where the inhabitants live and

work producing Biological products.

The bottom part, or root, is comprised of a power station that harvests geothermal

energy and includes a subterranean water purification plant. The stem is an external frame

designed as two interlacing structures that provide stability to the entire project [51]

.

EX7 Tree of Life Skyscraper

Architect Svirid Denis, Gudzenko Anastasiya

Location Ukraine

Date 2011 Skyscraper Competition

Type / style Biological Architecture / Ecosystem - self-sufficiency

Sustainable technology

used Wind power, reclaimed rainwater…

CO2 Emissions Strategy is reducing emission by using solar panels and wind turbines

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 36 -

Vertical communication is achieved through

pneumatic elevators on all levels. The top

part, or crown, is the public area with housing

sectors, offices, schools, and entertainment

facilities. Attached to these structures there

are a series of pods or terraces that are used as

geoponic greenhouses, covered with solar

panels and wind turbines [51]

. [Fig 1.61]

The concept of the tree of life presupposes

the presence of three parts:

1. The geothermal electric power station the

water purification station (the root system).

2. The carrying structure (the stem).

3. The inner space (the crown of the tree).

4. The outer greenhouses (fruits).

(Energy, Water and Waste)

The root system:

The root system is the main system

feeding "the tree of life" The geothermal

electric power station is capable of providing

the tree with cheap ecologically sent energy

transforming the inner warmth of the earth

into electric power.

The water purification station is

located at the bottom of the quarry,

accomplishing the collection and purification

of subsoil water and also recycles the waste

water [51]

. [Fig 1.62]

The Fruits [Fig 1.63]

Various plants are grown on the basis

in the greenhouses located on the outside

platforms (capsules) which are autonomous

modules. The greenhouses use the energy of

the sun and wind for their needs, collecting

(Fig.1.63) The outer greenhouses (fruits)

(Fig.1.62) The geothermal electric power

station the water purification station (the

root system) [51]

(Fig.1.61) tree of Life Skyscraper [51]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 37 -

also the moisture from the

environment.

The Stem

The carrying structure is a

system of constructions consisting of

the central nucleus and the external

frame. The vertical communication is

implemented by pneumatic (vacuum)

lifts of different types. The first is the

high speed lifts capable of immediate

transportation of passengers to any

sector. The connection between the

floors of each sector is carried out by

the second type of lifts. [Fig 1.64, 65]

The Crown

The public sector with its

restaurants, offices, clinics, schools,

and entertainment and trade centers

is situated at the base (foundation) of

the tree, three residential sectors and

a scientific-research sector. The role

of the street is fulfilled by small

recreational areas located along the

outer perimeter of the building [51]

.

(Fig.1.65) the

carrying structure

(the stem) [51]

(Fig.1.64) the central nucleus [51]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 38 -

1.4.5. Smart Architecture:

Building automation describes

the advanced functionality provided by

the control system of a building. A

building automation system (BAS) is

an example of a distributed control

system. The control system is a

computerized, intelligent network of

electronic devices designed to monitor

and control the mechanical and lighting

systems in a building. [Fig 1.66]

Integrate disparate building

systems so they can be controlled by a

centralized common user interface. Use

a shared network for all building-

system communications.

Smart architectures are high-

performance buildings that provide

significant benefits to building owners,

property/facility management

professionals, and end-users.

Smart architectures maximize building performance and efficiency by integrating

building systems such as lighting, HVAC, safety, power management, security (access

control, video surveillance, and visitor management), etc. Use technology and strategies

that add long-term, sustainable value to the property [95]

. [Fig 1.67]

BAS is an instance of a distributed control system:

It consists of sensors, controllers, actuators, and software. An operator interfaces

with the system via central workstation or web browser [95].

(Fig.1.66) Smart Building [95]

(Fig.1.67) integrating building systems [95]

Optimized "Building Automation Systems"

Information Networking

Automation Networking

Automation

Networked buildings Networked Appliances

Efficient use of energy Environment friendly High user and customization

Centralized control of multiple buildings efficient use of energy and resources Environment friendly Overall cost reduction Efficient use of man-power

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 39 -

Sensors

Smart Architecture starts with sensors. They simply detection devices that collect

information and data internally and externally; internally where they allow system to

perceive even its condition and externally where they detect and receive information from

out of system environment in real time. Sensors are divided into three groups that cover

interior and exterior environment:

1. Security and safety sensors 2.Weather and space quality sensors

3.System monitoring sensors [95].

Connecting to Smart Grids: [95]

[Fig 1.68]

Truly smart buildings will leverage knowledge that resides outside its walls and

windows. The smart grid is an ideal place to start. Electric utilities have been introducing

programs that allow real-time adjustment of demand in addition to supply when wholesale

prices are high or when grid reliability is “jeopardized.” For example, a software

conversation between the smart grid and a smart building might go something like this…

Grid: Predictions are for increased temperatures tomorrow. We’re expecting high demand

and need your help. Of course, we’ll reward you for cooperating.

User: Okay, is the incentive the same as last time?

Grid: Yes. We’ll pay you $0.50 for every kilowatt-hour drop from your average electricity usage.

User: Great! We can

offer to reduce our load

by 100 kilowatts

tomorrow from 1 p.m. to

5 p.m. by activating

demand-reduction mode.

Grid: Your offer has

been accepted. Hate to

cut you short, but

another bid is coming in.

Dialogues like

this between intelligent

systems often require

humans to confirm the

decisions

Smart buildings go far beyond saving energy and contributing to sustainability goals.

(Fig.1.68) Connecting to Smart Grids [95]

HAVC

Thermal Storage

Internet

Smart Meter

Smart Grid Building Manager

Electrical Storage

Power Distribution

Internet

Renewable

Energy

Combined heat and power plant

Information technology

Lighting

Security

Power and Bi- directional

Data Communication

- Dynamic pricing

- Curtailment signals

- Load Forecasts

- Capacity Bids

- Emission reduction info

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 40 -

How Do Smart Buildings Make A Building Green? [96].

Smart buildings make green buildings greener, and green buildings make

smart buildings smarter. Green buildings are about resource efficiency, lifecycle effects

and building performance. Smart buildings, whose core is integrated building technology

systems, are about construction and operational efficiencies and enhanced management

and occupant functions.

Part of what a smart

building will deliver is energy

control and energy cost savings

beyond that of traditional system

installation, due to the tighter

control system integration.

Smart and green buildings

deliver the financial and

conservation benefits of energy

management. One question then

is how do smart buildings make

a building green? More

specifically, how can smart buildings support and effect the LEED certification of a green

building? How does a Smart Building meet or exceed the technical requirements of the

credits and points of the LEED rating system? Here are a few possibilities: [Fig 1.69]

1. Optimize Energy Performance (1-10 points) 2.Additional Commissioning (1 p.)

3.Measurement and Verification (1 point) 4.Carbon Dioxide Monitoring (1 p.)

5.Controllability of Systems: Perimeter and Non-Perimeter Spaces (1 point each)

6.Thermal Comfort: Permanent Monitoring System (1 point)

7.Innovation in Design (1-4 points)

1.4.5. A. Zero Net Energy

Today's technologies allow for new "smart building" built in IT solutions. A smart

building would include built in IT solutions in the core structure and allow, not only a zero

energy but also for a building to become a net producer of electricity/energy [96]

.

EX7 Dynamic Tower

Architect Italian architect David Fisher

Location Dubai

Date completed by 2010

Type / style Smart Architecture / Digital system

Sustainable technology

used Wind turbines on each floor- Photovoltaic solar cells- sensors…

CO2 Emissions IT solutions not only a zero energy but also a net energy.

(Fig.1.69) new facilitate between green and smart building

Sustainable Sites

Water Efficiency

Energy and Atmosphere

Materials and resources

Indoor Environment Quality

Innovation and Design Process

Data Network VOIP

Video Distribution A/V Systems

Video Surveillance Access Control HAVC Control

Power Management

Programmable Lighting Control

Facilities Mangement

Cabling Infrastructure

Wireless Systems

Optimize Energy

Performance

Additional

Commissioning

Measurement and

Verification

Carbon Dioxide

Monitoring

Controllability of Systems

Permanent Monitoring

Systems

Innovation in Design

The Commonality of Smart and Green

Building

Smart B

uild

ing G

reen

Bu

ildin

g

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 41 -

Design: Dynamic Tower offers

infinite design possibilities, as each floor

rotates independently at different speeds,

resulting in a unique and ever evolving

structure that introduces a fourth dimension

to architecture, Time. The skyscraper will

offer occupants a 360 degree view and a

constantly changing skyline; the rotation

will take up to 3 hours [97]

.

Energy

The building is equipped with wind

turbines on each floor, so it generates its

own electricity, and gets power from

photovoltaic solar cells and 79 wind

turbines, one located between each floor.

The Dynamic Tower is the first

skyscraper to be entirely constructed in a

factory from prefabricated parts that are

custom made in a workshop, resulting of

fast construction and of substantial cost

savings [97]

. [Fig 1.70, 72]

Sensors and smart building (materials)

For net energy:

The tower has responsive structures

that can adapt, change and mime the

external and internal climate and conditions

for optimum occupational standards to

deliver comfort, convenience and

sophistication.

Many instances where buildings are

made to precisely orient themselves in the

optimal direction taking into consideration

the wind direction, force of the wind,

daylight and sunlight incidence etc., so that

the buildings can enable maximum

utilization of natural resources without

compromising on the indoor comfort. In such cases, the building would naturally revolve

to align itself in the optimum direction by measuring the outdoor conditions and the angle

of the sunlight, wind direction etc. [Fig 1.71]

(Fig.1.70) Dynamic Tower [97]

(Fig.1.71) turbines on each floor and solar cells [97]

(Fig.1.72) fast construction [97]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 42 -

Sustainable Philosophy

Increasingly easy to manage and maintain even without constant monitoring. Buildings

are equipped to judge for themselves and make intelligent decisions regarding the usage of

electricity and other basic facilities thereby ensuring optimal usage of energy [97].

- 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:

The EU is already committed to cutting its greenhouse gas emissions by

20%, improving energy efficiency by 20%, and generating 20% of its energy

needs from renewable sources, all by 2020. Other countries after EU country

are stepping up For example:

● Australia: to cut carbon emissions by 25% below 2000 levels by 2020 if the

world agrees to an ambitious global deal to stabilize levels of CO2e to 450 ppm

or lower.

● United States of America: United States to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 17% below

2005 levels by 2020, 42% by 2030 and 83% by 2050.

● Denmark: gets about 20 % of its power from wind energy.

● Germany: produces one-third of the world’s solar panels and half of its wind rotors.

● Some regions of Spain: get more than 70 % of their electricity from renewable sources.

● Nine EU: members are working to develop an offshore wind grid in the North and Irish

seas.

● France: gets 75 % of its electricity from nuclear power, which generates no carbon

dioxide.

● Costa Rica: To become carbon neutral by 2021

● India: To cut carbon emissions intensity by 20–25% below 2005 levels by 2020

● Japan: To cut greenhouse gas emissions by 25% below 1990 levels by 2020

● New Zealand: To reduce emissions between 10% to 20% below 1990 levels by 2020 if

a global agreement is secured that limits [19]

- Meeting the Challenge 2030

Buildings are the major source of global demand for energy and materials that

produce by-product greenhouse gases (GHG). Slowing the growth rate of GHG emissions

1.5. The Future role of sustainability to solve environmental problems

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 43 -

and then reversing it is the key to addressing climate change and keeping global average

temperature below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.

•All new buildings, developments and major renovations shall be designed to meet

a fossil fuel, GHG-emitting, energy consumption performance standard of 60% of the

regional (or country) average for that building type [41]

.

•At a minimum, an equal amount of existing building area shall be renovated

annually to meet a fossil fuel, GHG-emitting, energy consumption performance standard of

60% of the regional (or country) average for that building type [41]

.

•The fossil fuel reduction standard for all new buildings and major renovations

shall be increased to:

◦70% in 2015

◦80% in 2020

◦90% in 2025

◦Carbon-neutral in 2030 (using no

fossil fuel GHG emitting energy to

operate) [Fig 1.73]

These targets may be

accomplished by implementing

innovative sustainable design

strategies, generating on-site

technologies and system renewable

power and/or purchasing

renewable energy (20% maximum)

[41]. [Fig 1.74]

Through design strategies,

technologies and systems, and off-

site renewable energy, buildings

designed and constructed today can

meet the 2030 Challenge targets [41]

.

- The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)

A new study on energy efficiency in buildings (EEB) indicates that the global

building sector needs to cut energy consumption in buildings 60 % by 2050 to help meet

global climate change targets. According to The World Business Council for Sustainable

Development (WBCSD), the building sector must achieve greater energy efficiency

through a combination of public policies, technological innovation, informed customer

choices, and smart business decisions [26]

.

(Fig 1.74) (Source 2010-2030. Inc/Architecture 2030 All rights

reserved), Meeting the Challenge [41]

(Fig 1.73) (Source 2010-2030. Inc/Architecture 2030 All rights

reserved) Using no fossil fuel GHG –emitting energy [41]

PART ONE Sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 44 -

1. Sustainability often refers to the "three pillars" of social, environmental and economic

sustainability [14]

.

2. The buildings sector accounts for 130 (Mt) about 40% of greenhouse gas emissions each

year, also use about one-third of the world's energy if current trends continue, buildings

worldwide will become the top energy consumers by 2025 [24].

3. The goal of Green building and Sustainable architecture is to use resources more

efficiently and reduce a building's negative impact on the environment. Zero energy

buildings achieve one key green-building goal.

4. Green Architecture performance measurement, many of these tools are to measure

sustainability of the built environment, Like BREEAM (U.K. and Europe), LEED (U.S. &

Canada) and Green Star (Australia).

Those tools that can be used to affect a move towards sustainable development by

changing practice and procedures in general, the tools are attempting to:

1. Achieve continuous improvement to optimize building performance.

2. Minimize environmental impact.

3. Set credible standards by which buildings can be judged objectively.

5. LEED points are awarded on a 100-point scale, and

credits are weighted to reflect their potential

environmental impacts. Additionally, 10 bonus credits

are available, five of which address regionally specific

environmental issues. A project must satisfy all

prerequisites and earn a minimum number of points to

be certified.

6. Smart buildings built in IT solutions in the core

structure do not only allow zero energy but also allows

a building to become a net producer of

electricity/energy.

7. Technology can play a role in solving environmental

problems, although structural measures are also required

if we are to realize a future sustainable society. Where Technology challenges capabilities

to create solutions [54]

1.6. CONCLUSION

NanoArchitecture

PART TWO

. NanoScience

. Nanotechnology

. Nanotechnology Applications

. NanoArchitecture

. The Future of Architecture with Nanotechnology

N A N O A R C H I T E C T U R E

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 46 -

The most compelling argument for using nanotechnology in architecture is for

greater energy efficiency. Nanotechnology offers a new technological means with which

to tackle climate change and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the foreseeable

future.

The next five to ten years will see a boom in nanotechnology for green building.

Current nanomaterials and nano-products show demonstrable environmental improvements

including energy savings and reduced reliance on non-renewable resources, as well as

reduced waste, toxicity and carbon emissions. Some can even absorb and break down

airborne pollutants. The benefits of nanotechnology for green building will accrue first

from coatings and insulating materials available today, followed by advances in solar

technology, lighting, air and water purification and eventually structural materials and fire

protection.

Nanomaterials are not only useful for some partial requirements like roofs and

facades; they also expand some design possibilities for interior and exterior spaces. Nano-

insulating materials open up new possibilities both for sustainable design strategies and

architects.

It turns out that many of the

overhyped applications such as thin film

solar or fuel cells will have relatively little

impact between now and 2015, with solid

state lighting, nanocomposite materials

and aerogels used in insulation. In fact,

energy saving technologies amount to

nearly 77% of the energy related

applications of nanotechnologies by

2014, up from 62% today. [Fig 2.1]

So overall, the smart money is on saving energy rather than generating it, at least

that is where the money will be for the next five years [59]

.

2.1. Introduction

(Fig 2:1) the effect of nanotechnology at energy [4]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 47 -

2.2.1. Nano

The term nano derives from the Greek word for dwarf. It is used as a prefix for any

unit such as a second or a meter, and it means a billionth of that unit. Hence, a nanometer

(nm) is a billionth of a meter, or 10−9

meters. To get a perspective of the scale of a

nanometer, observe the sequence of images shown in Figure [5]

[Fig 2.2]

2.2.2. NanoScince:

The study of materials measuring (in the

range of 1 to 100 nanometers) The science of

developing materials at the atomic and molecular

level in order to imbue them with special

electrical and chemical properties.

Nanotechnology, which deals with devices

typically less than 100 nanometers in size, is

making a significant contribution to the fields of

computer storage, semiconductors, biotechnology, manufacturing and energy [5]

. [Fig 2.3]

When objects are

below 100 nanometers in

size they can exhibit

unexpected chemical and

physical properties. For

example, you could cut a

block of gold into

smaller and smaller

pieces and it would still

have the same color,

melting temperature, etc.

But at certain ranges of

the nanoscale, gold

particles behave differently. The image below shows how gold nanoparticles of different

shapes and sizes have different colors [57]

.

(Fig2:4) Silver and Gold particles have different colors depending on size

and shape. © Northwestern University [57]

(Fig2:3) range of 1 to 100 nanometers [5]

2.2. Nanotechnology overview

(Fig2:2) Sequence of images showing the

various levels of scale (Adapted from

Interagency Working Group on Nanoscience,

Engineering and Technology, National

Science and Technology Council Committee

on Technology, “Nanotechnology: Shaping

the World Atom by Atom.” Sept.1999.) [5]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 48 -

The chemical properties

(reactivity, flam mobility, etc.) and the

physical properties (melting point,

conductivity, etc.) can all change at the

nanoscale. So, the properties are

dependent on the size of the material.

Size-dependent properties are the

major reason that nanoscale objects

have such amazing potential [57]

. [Fig

2.4]

By working at the molecular

level, nanotechnology opens up new

possibilities in material design. In the

nanoscale world where quantum physics

rules, objects can change color, shape,

and phase much more easily than at the macroscale. Fundamental properties like strength,

surface-to-mass ratio, conductivity, and elasticity can be designed to create dramatically

different materials.

2.2.3. What is nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology is the use of very small pieces of material by themselves or their

manipulation to create new large scale materials.

Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that allows us to develop materials

with improved or totally new properties [58]

. [Fig 2.5]

The biggest plans for the future

of our built environment are extremely

small. The eight billion dollar per year

nanotechnology industry has already

begun to transform our buildings and

how we use them; if its potential

becomes reality, it could transform our

world in ways undreamed of.

Nanotechnology has the potential to

radically alter our built environment

and how we live. It is potentially the

most transformative technology we have

ever faced, generating more research

and debate than nuclear weapons, space travel, computers or any of the other

technologies that have shaped our lives. It brings with it enormous questions, concerns

and consequences. It raises hopes and fears in every aspect of our lives—social, economic,

cultural, political, and spiritual. Yet its potential to transform our built environment

remains largely unexplored [56].

[Fig 2.6]

(Fig2:5) Nanotechnology as transsectoral technology

influences all important materials classes and technology

fields, providing both product and technology [58]

(Fig2:6) Plans for the future of our built environment [56]

Nanotechnology Energy Revolution

Sustainable Methods

Trans- humanism

Semiconductors

Smart materials

Built form

Structural System

Building Envelope

Adaptable processes

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 49 -

Nanotechnology is being used

in several applications to improve the

environment. This includes cleaning

up existing pollution, improving

manufacturing methods to reduce the

generation of new pollution, and

making alternative energy sources

more cost effective.

Nanomaterials will bring

benefits throughout society and its

activities: [Fig 2.7]

2.3.1. IN Environment:

In natural and man-made environment, nanotechnology will help to solve

problems like soil and groundwater remediation, air purification, pollution detection

and sensing. The same is true for man-made waste reduction including nuclear waste

which also requires developing safe geological disposal with methods acceptable for

society. A better prediction of climate change is directly linked to the understanding of the

role of aerosols (nanoparticles) in the atmosphere [61]

.

2.3.1. A. Nanotechnology's potential to reduce greenhouse gases [83]

.

Nanotechnology

could reduce our green

house gas emissions by

up to 2% in the near term

and up to 20% by 2050

with a similar saving

being realized in air

pollution. These savings

are based on the wide-

scale adoption of

nanotechnology and the

assumption that predicted breakthroughs within the field will occur when expected. [Fig 2.8]

(Fig. 2.8) summary of environmentally beneficial nanotechnologies [83]

(Fig2:7) the impact of nanomaterials in industry and

society [61]

2.3. Nanotechnology Applications IN

1. Impact of nanotechnology describes the effect nanotechnology is likely to have in the area

compared to other technologies.

2. Infrastructural changes indicate the effort bring the nanotechnology to market.

3. Benefit is the estimate of the maximum potential CO2 saving by implementing the technology.

4. Timescale for implementation is the projected distance (in years) before the technology will be

fully implemented.

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 50 -

Fuel additives

Nanoparticle additives have been shown to increase the fuel efficiency of diesel

engines by approximately 5% which could result in a maximum saving of 2-3

millions of tonnes (Mte) per annum of CO2 in the UK.

Solar cells

Nanotechnology may deliver benefits in significantly decreasing the cost of

production of solar cells. Conservatively, if a distributed solar generation grid

met 1% of the UK's electricity demand, approximately 1.5 Mte per annum of

CO2 could be saved.

The Hydrogen

Economy

Hydrogen powered vehicles could eliminate all noxious emissions from

road transport, which would improve public health. If the hydrogen were

generated via renewable means or using carbon capture and storage, all

CO2 emissions from transport could be eliminated (132 Mte per

annum). Using current methods of hydrogen generation, significant

savings in carbon dioxide (79 Mte per annum) can be made.

Nanotechnology is central to developing efficient hydrogen storage

Batteries and

Super

capacitors

Recent advances in battery technology have made the range and power

of electric vehicles more practical. Issues still surround the charge time.

Nanotechnology may provide a remedy to this problem by allowing

electric vehicles to be recharged in much more quickly. If low carbon

electricity generation techniques are used, CO2 from private transport

could be eliminated (resulting in a maximum potential saving of 64

Mte per annum) or, using the current energy mix, maximum savings

of 42 Mte per annum of carbon dioxide could be made.

Insulation

Cavity and loft insulation are cheap and effective, however, there are no

easy methods for insulating solid walled buildings, which currently

make up approximately one third of the UK’s housing stock.

Nanotechnology may provide a solution which, if an effective insulation

could be found with similar properties to standard cavity insulation,

could result in emission reductions equivalent to a maxim potential of 3

Mte per year. Ultra thin films on windows to reduce heat loss already

exist on the market. There are claims that nano-enabled windows are up

to twice as efficient as required by current building standards [83]

.

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 51 -

2.3.1. B. The Application of Nanotechnology to Environmental Issues [84]

In trying to help our ailing environment, nanotechnology researchers and

developers are pursuing the following avenues:

1. Generating less pollution during the manufacture of materials: Use of silver

nanoclusters as catalyst

2. Producing solar cells that generate electricity at a competitive cost: Silicon

nanowires embedded in a polymer results in low cost but high efficiency solar cells.

3. Increasing the electricity generated by windmills: The resulting blades are stronger

and have lower weight

4. Cleaning up organic chemicals polluting groundwater: Iron nanoparticles disperse

throughout the body of water and decompose the organic solvent in place.

5. Capturing carbon dioxide in power plant exhaust. Searchers are developing

nanostructure membranes designed to capture carbon dioxide in the exhaust stacks of

power plants instead of releasing it into the air.

6. Clearing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from air. Catalyst that breaks down

VOCs at room temperature is composed of porous manganese oxide in which gold

nanoparticles

7. Storing hydrogen for fuel cell powered cars. Using graphene layers to increase the

binding energy of hydrogen to the graphene surface in a fuel tank, results in a higher

amount of hydrogen storage and a lighter weight fuel tank. This could help in the

development of practical hydrogen-fueled cars.

2.3.2. In energy:

Climate change and the security of energy supply are two of the most pressing

concerns facing both developed and developing countries alike. To tackle energy

consumption and associated problems, no other way than using renewable sources and

developing nuclear energy will be possible in the medium to long term. Saving energy and

an efficient use of it are the basic requirements in this evolution.

The potential impact that nanomaterials can make in this area is truly enormous. If

current projections are correct, they could achieve transformational changes in the way

we convert and use energy, providing a sustainable, clean, efficient energy and above

all decarbonized energy system [61]

.

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 52 -

2.3.2. A. NanoMaterial and energy to solve some problems related to environment [62]

:

Energy Saving, which includes technologies such as

better insulation such as nanogel, solid sate lighting (LEDs)

and (OLEDs), reduction of weight of automobiles and

improving the efficiency of the combustion of fossil fuels [Fig

2.9]

Energy Storage, which includes lithium ion batteries

for both portable electronics and hybrid electric vehicle

(HEV) use, materials capable of storing hydrogen for use in

fuel cells or hydrogen powered vehicles and super capacitors

[Fig 2.10]

Energy Generation, which is primarily focused on the

conversion of energy to electricity and is dominated by

applications in hydrogen fuel cells and thin films and organic

solar photovoltaic. [Fig 2.11]

2.3.2. B. The Application of Nanotechnology to Energy Production: [84]

Here are some interesting ways that are being explored using nanotechnology to

produce more efficient and cost-effective energy:

1. Increasing the electricity generated by windmills: Carbon nanotubes are used to make

windmill blades.

2. Generating electricity from waste heat: Sheets of nanotubes can be used.

3. Clothing that generates electricity: Researchers have developed piezoelectric

nanofibers that are flexible enough to be woven into clothing

4. Reducing power loss in electric transmission wires: Wires containing carbon

nanotubes and reducing the cost of solar cells

5. Improving the performance of batteries and improving the efficiency and reducing

the cost of fuel cells.

6. Making the production of fuels from raw materials more efficient.

2.3.3. In economy:

Science and technology are the principal drivers of economic growth and quality

of life. Research, particularly nanomaterials research, has widespread impact on health,

(Fig2.11) Solar Thinfilm [76]

(Fig2.10) hybrid electric

vehicle [62]

(Fig2.9) nanogel material [61]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 53 -

information, energy, and many other fields where there are major economic benefits to the

commercialization of new technologies [61]

.

The enormous potential for widespread Nanomaterials applications to occur

inherently depends on the availability of large quantities of Nanomaterials at reasonable

costs. In the current emerging state of the field, not all Nanomaterials forms found in the

laboratory are widely available; fewer still are considered commercialized products. costs

for Nanomaterials products are also high. Costs are invariably a driving factor, one

often cited as an inhibiting factor in the development of applications involving

Nanomaterials and not without good reason.

[Fig 2.12]

In the current context, many groups that

commercially produce Nanomaterials (such as

various kinds of nanoparticles or nanotubes)

are just now transitioning from their roles as

suppliers to the research sector to that of

becoming producers of commodity products.

This transition, in turn, is being driven by the

development of more and more real

applications that demand larger quantities [4]

.

2.3.3. A. Nanotechnology combines ecology and economy:

The use of nanotechnology offers ecological and economic advantages for

energy efficiency and the conservation of resources. Technologies that help reduce

climate change are in demand more than ever before. In future, ecology and the economy

will become inseparably connected, as preventive measures will be cheaper in the long

term than remedying the damage caused [6]

.

2.3.4. IN Security and safety:

Nanotechnology will bring new answers to the prevention and protection against

terrorism threats, or against natural and industrial accidental risks. Nanotechnology will

also provide efficient response to the security and safety of critical installations and the

environment [61]

.

Aside from environmental and human health concerns, less direct societal concerns

could also arise. Nanosensors, for example, raise questions of privacy and control.

Who will control the transparency of windows in public places or a child’s room, for

instance? How will the data gathered about individual building users be used? The rise of

“smart environments” may even have implications for the design professions as

buildings become more dynamic networks of smart assemblies interacting with their

environment and users [84]

.

(Fig2.12)The control room of the new Baytubes

production facility showing the top of the fluidized

bed reactor [6]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 54 -

2.4.1. NanoMaterials:

Nanomaterials field is a field which takes a materials science-based approach to

nanotechnology. It studies materials with morphological features on the nanoscale, and

especially those which have special properties stemming from their nanoscale dimensions.

Nanoscale is usually defined as smaller than a one tenth of a micrometer in at least one

dimension, though this term is sometimes also used for materials smaller than one

micrometer [61]

.

2.4.2. Classification of

nanomaterials

Currently, the most typical

way of classifying nanomaterials is

to identify them according to their

dimensions. [Figure 2. 5],

nanomaterials can be classified as:

1. Zero-dimensional (0-D):

Nanoparticles

2. One-dimensional (1-D):

Nanowires, nanorods, and

nanotubes

3. Two-dimensional (2-D):

Nanocoatings and nanofilms

4. Three-dimensional (3- D):

Nanocrystalline and nanocomposite

materials

This classification is based

on the number of dimensions,

which are not confined to the

nanoscale range (<100 nm). As

these categories of nanomaterials

move from the 0-D to the 3-D

configuration, categorization

becomes more and more difficult to

define as well [1]

.

2.4. NanoMaterials

(Fig2.13) Classification of nanomaterials according to

dimensions [1]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

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2.4.3. Approaches to making nanomaterials

There are basically two routes: a top-down approach and a bottom-up approach.

2.4.3. A. The top down approach:

For those who seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their

assembly. An operator first designs and controls macroscale machines shop to produce an

exact copy of itself, but smaller in size. Subsequently, this downscaled machine shop will

make a replica of itself, but also a few times smaller in size. This process of reducing the

scale of the machine shop continues until a nanosize machine shop is produced and is

capable of manipulating nanostructures. One of the emerging fields based on this top-down

approach is the field of nano- and micro electromechanical systems.

The actual implementation is very complex and expensive. This is because:

1. Nanostructures significantly smaller than 100 nm are difficult to produce due to

diffraction effects.

2. Masks need to be perfectly aligned with the pattern on the wafer.

3. The density of defects needs to be carefully controlled.

4. Photolithographic tools are very costly, ranging in price from tens to hundreds of

millions of dollars [1]

.

2.4.3. B. The bottom-up approach:

The concept of the bottom-up approach is that one

starts with atoms or molecules, which build up to form larger

structures. In this context, there are three important enabling

bottom-up technologies, namely

1. Supra-molecular and molecular chemistry

2. Scanning probes

3. Biotechnology.

The supra-molecular and molecular chemistry route

is based on the concept of self assembly. This is a strategy

for nano fabrication that involves designing molecules so

that they aggregate into desired structures. The advantages of

self-assembly are that

1. It solves the most difficult steps in nanofabrication, which

involve creating small structures

2. It can directly incorporate and bond biological structures

with inorganic structures to act as components in a system

3. It produces structures that are relatively defect-free.

One of the best examples of self-assembly is the

fabrication of carbon nanotubes. These nanostructures are

(Fig2.14) Computer simulation

of single-wall carbon nanotube

with a diameter of 1.4 nm [1]

(Fig2.15) Computer simulation

of nanogears made of carbon

nanotubes with teeth [1]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 56 -

composed of C atoms that assemble into cylinders of approximately 1.4 nm in diameter.

[Figure 2. 14]

In the last decade, the idea of using carbon nanotubes to fabricate simple gears

evolved by bonding ligands onto the external surfaces of carbon nanotubes to produce

“gear teeth” The efficiency of these gears depends on placing the gear teeth just right in

atomically precise positions. Researchers at the (NASA) performed a molecular dynamics

simulation [Figure 2. 15] to investigate the properties of molecular gears made from carbon

nanotubes. Each gear is made of a 1.1 nm diameter nanotube with seven benzene teeth. The

distance between two nanotubes is 1.8 nm. The simulations show that the gears can operate

up to 70 GHz without overheating. As speed increases above 150 GHz [1]

.

2.5.1. NanoArchitecture:

Refers to the use of Nanotechnology + Architecture = Nano Architecture

Science, that works on the molecular scale, set to transform the way we build.

The biggest changes that led to shaking up architecture in a long time have their

origins in the very small Nanotechnology. The understanding and control of matters at a

scale of one- to one hundred-billionths of a meter brought incredible changes to the

materials and processes of building. Yet the question how ready we are to embrace these

changes that could make a big difference in the future of architectural practice.

Nano Architecture will allow having designs that interact better with the human

senses. Experiencing this type of architecture could feel more “natural” and less forced

than many of the designs we experience today [60]

.

Overall, it still seems fairly optimistic that most scientists think that

nanotechnology will unveil more solutions that are needed to meet some of the biggest

challenges of our time [60]

.

2.5.2. NanoMaterial In Architecture:

Nanotechnology allows for the development of new materials that will

revolutionize how buildings work. It is important for architects to understand some

fundamentals about how nanotechnology can change materials and their behaviors. As

smart materials gain greater ability to interact and change properties, it will be up to

architects to design for their meaningful integration into our built environments [60]

.

Design Your Own Materials

By merging both nanotechnology and architecture, the advent of nanotechnology

will give architects renewed freedoms that we don’t experience today. For instance, the

ability to design your own materials — going beyond wood, concrete and glass, and can

2.5. Nanoarchitecture

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 57 -

use nanomaterials in building section at Insulation, coatings, lighting, solar energy, air

and water purification.

For example, making nanofibers from cotton waste

while cellulose insulation is made from 80 % post-consumer

recycled newspaper, the equivalent of 25 million 480-pound

cotton bales are discarded as scrap every year in the garment

industry. "Producing a high-performance material from

reclaimed cellulose material will increase motivation to

recycle these materials at all phases of textile production and

remove them from the waste stream, "said Margaret Frey, an

assistant professor of textiles and apparel at Cornell. Frey

and her collaborators are using electro-spinning techniques

to produce usable nanofibers from waste cellulose. These

nanofibers could form the basis of new insulating

materials from cellulose which, as the basic building block

of all plant life, represents the most abundant renewable

resource on the planet [60]

. [Fig 2.16]

The demands of public and private building owners for greener materials

(demands increasingly being enforced as regulations in many instances) will soon force

architects and engineers to specify greener materials in buildings. This demand, combined

with the environmentally friendly character of most nano-products for architecture, will

create a synergy that we expect will result in a boom in demand for nanotechnology for

green building. [4]

The market for green building materials and technologies will of course be

determined more by market pull--the needs of architects, owners and contractors--than by

the technological push of new nanomaterials discovered and developed in the laboratory.

But the convergence of green building demands and green nanotechnology capabilities

over the next 5-10 years appears very strong. It suggests some categories of

nanotechnology for green building [4]

:

Insulation

Coatings

Solar energy

Lighting

Air filtration

Water filtration

Structural materials

Non-structural materials

(Fig2.16) nanofibers from cotton

waste [60]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 58 -

2.5.2. A. Insulation:

2.5.2. A. i. Nanogel Aerogel

Nanogel is a brand of aerogel

insulation mainly used in building

products and oil and gas industries. It

is sometimes called "frozen smoke". It

is made by Cabot Corporation, which

has a plant in Frankfurt, Germany. It is

an aerogel that consists of 95% air,

in nano-sized pores that inhibit heat

transfer through the aerogel. It is made of grades of opaque to translucent. It can be

adapted to different environments [63]

. [Fig 2.17]

:erogelNanogel Aenefits of The B

Nanogel is a unique material. Some products

may perform similarly in ONE area of

performance, but Nanogel has ALL of the

following characteristics:

1. High light transmission – 75% per cm

2. Low thermal conductivity – R-value of 8/inch

(U-value of .71 W/m2K)

3. Reduced solar heat gain

4. Sound attenuation – reduces transmitted noise

5. Permanence – resists color change, mold and

mildew, and performance degradation

6. Green product and manufacturing process

7. Reduced building energy consumption and

carbon footprint

8. Excellent light diffusion and reduction of solar transmission . Low weight: 60-80

kg/m³

9. Aesthetically appealing . Architectural freedom . UV resistant (no

discoloration) [64]

[Fig 2.18]

Potential Applications:

• Industrial roof-lights

• Offices, shopping malls and hotels

• Schools and museums

• Conservatories and private housing

• Sporting and leisure centers, swimming pools

• Façade glazing and curtain walls

• Special projects such as train stations, airports, etc [64]

. [Fig 2.19]

(Fig2:19) Nanogel Aerogel for Natural Light Applications [64]

(Fig2:18) Nanogel aerogel system [64]

(Fig2:17) NANOGEL aerogel is a lightweight [63]

LIGHT

HEAT

SOUND

MOISTUR

E

Moisture Resistant

Sound Transmission Reduced

Heat transfer Minimized

Light Diffused

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 59 -

2.5.2. A. ii. Nanogel and High performance daylighting:

When incorporated into the following systems, in both roofs and facades, Nanogel

offers architects and building owners a multitude of design benefits. Whether the

installation is horizontal, vertical or at an angle, Nanogel retains its properties, enabling

unflinching thermal efficiency while allowing exceptional daylight and optimized building

aesthetics without sacrificing, but actually improving, occupant comfort and productivity

[65]

: [Fig 2.20]

Tensile Structures /Fabric

Roofing

Unit Skylights, Rooflights,

and Smoke Vents

Continuous Vaults and Ridges

with Ventilation Systems

Insulated Glass Units

Polycarbonate Façade

Systems

U-Channel Glass

Structural Polycarbonate Skylight Systems

Structural Composite Panels for Skylights and Façades

(Fig2:20) Delighting Systems [66]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 60 -

Nanomaterial Solution:

High performance curtainwall that

combines glass and Kalwall® + Nanogel

®

aerogel surrounds the 14ft high studios of the

Yale University Sculpture Building and Gallery

on the upper levels, and the shops and teaching

space on the first floor. To maintain a

predominantly glazed envelope, without

compromising the building's high level of energy

performance, the architect installed a triple-

glazed curtain-wall of insulated glass and super

insulated R-20 [67]

. [Fig 2.21]

Nanogel-insulated translucent panels:

This high performance curtainwall provides

significant reductions in both heat gain and loss

year round. The warm air trapped in the

curtainwall cavity is retained by the Nanogel

insulation and is either used internally in the

winter months or vented to the exterior during the

warm months. This creates an effective thermal

management barrier that increases energy

performance while simultaneously allows the

entire façade to admit natural light into the

interior, thereby reduces artificial lighting costs.

The building's transparent, lightweight façade

system transmits soft, glowing light through 8ft

operable windows, triple-glazed low-E vision

panels, and a translucent double-cavity spandrel

panel using Nanogel [68]

. [Fig 2.22, 23]

The Nanogel makes up a translucent

panel, which achieves a remarkable level of

energy saving while providing indoor spaces with

natural light.

Yale University Sculpture Building

Architect Kieran Timberlake Associates LLP, Philadelphia

Location New Haven, Connecticut, USA

Date 2007

Green Certification LEED Platinum Certified

Style/ Type Museum & Academic / contemporary architecture

Nanomaterials used Nanogel® aerogel

CO2 Emissions greenhouse gas reduction by ( energy saving - natural light)

(Fig2:21) Yale University Building [67]

(Fig2:22) Section diagram, Yale

University Sculpture Building [67]

(Fig2:23) the exterior building [67]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 61 -

2.5.2. A. iv. Thin-film Insulation:

Thin films are thin material layers ranging from fractions of

a nanometre (monolayer) to several micrometers in thickness.

Electronic semiconductor devices and optical coatings are the

main applications benefiting from thin film construction [5]

[Fig

2.24]

Insulating nanocoatings can also be applied as thin films to

glass and fabrics. Masa Shade Curtains, for example, are fiber

sheets coated with a nanoscale

stainless steel film. Thanks to

stainless steels ability to absorb

infrared rays, these curtains are able

to block out sunlight, lower room

temperatures in summer by 2-3º C

more than conventional products,

and reduce electrical expenses for air

conditioning, according to manufacturer claims [4]

[Fig 2.25]

Window Film: Heat absorbing films

can be applied to windows as well. Windows

manufactured by Vanceva incorporate a

nanofilm “interlayer” which, according to the

company, offers cost effective control of heat

and energy loads in building and solar

performance superior to that of previously

available laminating systems. By selectively

reducing the transmittance of solar energy relative to visible light, they say, these solar

performance interlayer's result in savings in the capital cost of energy control equipment as

well as operating costs of climate control equipment. Benefits include the ability to block

solar heat and up to 99 % of UV rays while allowing visible light to pass through [69]. [Fig

2.26]

Performance Results:

Visible Light Transmitted 61% Total Solar Energy Rejected 52%— On Angle 61%

Infrared Rejected 97% Visible Light Reflected Int. 8%

Visible Light Reflected Ext. 8% UV Rejected 99.9%

Glare Reduction 31% Luminous Efficacy 1.11

(Fig2:26) nanofilm control of heat and energy

loads in building [69]

(Fig2:25) Masa Shade Curtains reduce room temperatures

and air conditioning [4]

(Fig2:24) thin film sheets [5]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 62 -

2.5.1. B. Coatings: [5], [6]

Coatings are an area of significant research in nanotechnology and its work is being

carried out on concrete and glass as well as steel. Much of the work involves Chemical

Vapor Deposition (CVD), Dip, Spray and Plasma Coating in order to produce a layer

which is bound to the base material to produce a surface of the desired protective or

functional properties. One of the goals is the endowment of self healing capabilities

through a process of “self-assembly”

Coatings are thin coverings that are deposited on a base material to enhance its

surface characteristics or appearance. This broad definition includes coatings used to

improve durability or wearing characteristics, provide corrosion resistance, or otherwise

protect the base material. They might also be used for change adhesion qualities, color,

reflective qualities, or a host of other reasons. Typical coating forms [5]

. [Fig 2.27]

Insulating nanoparticles can achieve a wide variety of other performance

characteristics, including: [Fig 2.30]

1. Self-cleaning (photocatalytic): surfaces have become a reality thanks to

photocatalytic coatings containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. These

nanoparticles initiate photocatalysis, a process by which dirt is broken down by exposure

to the sun’s ultraviolet rays and washed away by rain. VOCs are oxidized into carbon

dioxide and water. Today’s self-cleaning surfaces are made by applying a Thin

nanocoating film, painting a nanocoating on, or integrating nanoparticles into the surface

layer of a substrate material [5]

. [Fig 2.28]

(Fig 2:27) Typical

Nanocoating

forms [5]

(Fig 2:28b) Thin titanium dioxide coatings exhibit

photocatalytic and hydrophilic action. When the coatings

are subjected to ultraviolet light, the photocatalysis

process oxidizes foreign particles and decomposes them.

When the coatings are subjected to washing or rain, the

hydrophilic action then causes dirt particles to be carried

away [5]

(Fig 2:28a) Photocatalysis can aid in self-

cleaning and antibacterial activity and in

the reduction of pollutants in the air [5]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 63 -

2. Self-cleaning "Lotus-Effect": Self-cleaning surfaces were

investigated back in the 1970s by the botanist Wilhelm

Barthlott, who researched at the University of Heidelberg.

He examined a self-cleaning effect that can be observed not

only in oriental Lotus leaves but also in the European

Nasturtium, the American Cabbage or South African Myrtle

Spurge. [Fig 2.29]

Common to them all is that they exhibit a

microscopically rough water-repellent (hydrophobic)

surface, which is covered with tiny knobbles or spikes so

that there is little contact surface for water to settle on.

Artificial ―lotus surfaces, created with the help of

nanotechnology, The Lotus-Effect is most well suited for

surfaces that are regularly exposed to sufficient quantities of

water, e.g. rainwater. The Lotus- Effect drastically reduces

the cleaning requirement and surfaces that are regularly

exposed to water remain clean. The advantages are self-

evident: a cleaner appearance and considerably reduced

maintenance demands [6]

.

(Fig 2:29a) The Lotus plant

with its natural self-cleaning

(Fig 2:29b) principle of the

Lotus-Effect works [6]

Muhammad Ali Center MAC (USA)

2. Its facade. Ceramic tiles with different

color glazing are arranged on a 30 X 60

cm grid according to a particular pattern.

The tiles are equipped with a

photocatalytic self-cleaning surface

coating. Investigations have shown that

l, 000 m2 of photocatalytic facade has

the equivalent effect of 70 medium-sized

deciduous trees [6].

Commercial building (Croatia)

1. The clean white cube with its subtle play of natural

light is transformed into a colorfully illuminated eye-

catcher. The intensity of the pure white surfaces is

protected against dirt with the help of a Lotus-Effect

facade coating. Dirt simply washes off the rough

surface together with the rain. The self-cleaning

function should persist for at least five years without

needing to be renewed [6].

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 64 -

11. The metal furniture

shown is for use in special

hygienic environments.

Metal components are

coated with a silver-

bearing antibacterial

powder coating. A ceramic

carrier with positive silver

ions is used. (Courtesy of

Kusch.)

10. Photocatalytic air purification

and pollutant reduction and UV

Protection

9. A Photovoltaic module with

and without anti-reflective (AR)

solar glass coating.

5. This fabric membrane structure

at the Hyatt Regency in Osaka

uses a photocatalytic clear coat

based on titanium dioxide, which

helps prevent the buildup of

organic particles that host stain-

causing bacteria. An anti-

staining action is thus present.

(Tayo Kogyo.)

8. Nissan uses a nano-

based anti-scratch coating

on recent automobile

bodies. (Nissan.)

7.Historic monuments such

as the Brandenburg Gate in

Berlin are protected with

an anti graffiti coating.

6. Mirrors with anti-fogging

coating do not steam up. Due to

nanotechnology a permanently

clear view is now possible

without the use of electricity. The

solution is an ultra-thin coating of

nanoscalar TiO2, which exhibits

a high surface energy and

therefore greater moisture

attraction.

4. The effect of anti-

fingerprint coating on this

sheet of stainless steel is

clearly evident.

3. A comparison of ceramic

surfaces – left without ETC

coating, right with easy to clean

coating. Flexible ETC ceramic

wall coverings, similar to

wallpapers, can withstand direct

exposure to water, such as that in

a shower cubicle thanks to their

highly water-repellent surface.

(Courtesy of Degussa)

3. The flexible ceramic-coated

surfaces shown here provide

hydrophobic action that results

from very smooth surfaces (unlike

Lotus Effect surfaces) that are

resistant to dirt buildup, moisture and very easy to keep

clean by simple washing.

(Fig 2:30) types of nanoparticle

coatings [6]

1. Self-cleaning (lotus effect)

2. Self-cleaning (photocatalytic)

3. Easy to clean coating

4. Anti-fingerprint.

5. Anti-staining coating

6. Anti-fogging coating

7. Anti graffiti coating

8. Anti-scratch coating

9. Anti-reflective coating

10. UV Protection& air

purification

11. Anti-bacterial

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 65 -

2.5.2. C. Lighting:

Lighting and appliances consume

approximately one third of the energy

used in building operation. Not only do

lighting fixtures consume electricity, but

most produce heat that can add to building

cooling costs. Incandescent lights, for

example, waste as much as 95 % of their

energy as heat. Fluorescent lights use less

energy and produce less heat, but contain

trace amounts of mercury [4]

. [Fig 2.31]

The energy-saving potential in more efficient lighting is therefore tremendous.

2.5.2. C.i. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs):

A diode is a device made from two different

conducting materials that allows current to flow in only

one direction. When electricity is passed through the

diode, the atoms in one material are excited to a higher

energy level. This energy is released as the atoms transfer

electrons to the other material. During the release of

energy process, light is created. The color of the light from

the LED depends on what the diode is made from and how

it is configured [70]

. [Fig 2.32]

Properties:

Efficiency: LEDs produce more light per watt than incandescent bulbs. Their efficiency is

not affected by shape and size.

Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without the use of the color filters that

traditional lighting methods require.

Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2) and are easily populated onto printed

circuit boards.

On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly

Cool light: In contrast to most light sources, LEDs radiate very little heat in the form of IR

that can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics.

Life time: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One

report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though

time to complete failure may be longer [70]

.

NanoLEDs:

Nanomaterials already have wide use in relation to light, and

future uses are seemingly imagined every day in a broad spectrum of

application areas.

Chromogenic materials are also expected to have improved

performances through the use of nanomaterials. Chromogenic

(Fig 2:31) Residential energy consumption [4]

(Fig2:33) Nanowires of

indium phosphide (InP) [71]

(Fig2:32) Parts of an LED [70]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 66 -

materials change their optical properties when subjected to a change in their surrounding energy

stimuli. Various kinds of Nanophosphors are already commonly used in many lighting devices and

LEDs [5]

.

Nanowires of indium phosphide (InP) are well suited for miniature light-emitting diodes

(LEDs) in the yellow and green color range. The LED is obtained by introducing a junction

between differently doped regions within a wire. NanoLEDs are promising for light-emitting

displays, integrated optics for communications purposes or light sources [71]

. [Fig 2.33]

Solution:Nanomaterial

A brilliant solution that combines public art, pedestrian

scale lighting and greenery that beautifies parks, paths and

public venues the Light Tree, designed by Omar Ivan Huerta

Cardoso uses hydroponic techniques with NanoLED and

Nanosolar cell technology.

The Light Tree is constructed of plastic and is filled

with water. The light is generated by several ultra-bright

LEDs located at the base of the fixture. The light is conducted

through water that fills the interior of the structure. The water

also feeds the seeds or saplings planted at the top of each of

the branches. These saplings can either be allowed to grow to

a specific size, or they can be removed, transplanted and

replaced with new plants [72]

. [Fig 2.34, 35]

The Light Tree “uses a Highly-Efficient 3-

Dimensional Nanotube Solar Cell for Visible and UV

Light,” which enables light absorption from visible and

ultraviolet light and double the efficiency of light to energy

conversion. This solar panel is located at the base of the

Light Tree but is

designed to work

in shady or cloudy

conditions.

[Fig 2.36]

Light Tree: A Very Green Solution to Pedestrian Lighting

Architect Omar Ivan Huerta Cardoso

Location USA

Date 2011

Type paths and public venues

Nanomaterials used NanoLED and Nano solar cell

CO2 Emissions ultra-bright light with little emission heat- reduce electricity consumption

and greenhouse gas emissions –save and generate energy

(Fig2:34) Light Tree [72]

(Fig2:35) Dimensions Light [72]

Tree (Fig2:36) Solar panel is located at the base of Tree

[72]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 67 -

:Nanomaterial Solution

Infusing new life to conventional lighthouses,

installed to mark dangerous coastlines, hazardous

shoals and reefs in and around the sea, Mikou Design

Studio has planned a tower to build in the Brazilian

city of Rio de Janeiro. Entitled the “Lighthouse

Tower,” the mammoth structure is rooted on the island

of Cotunduba and makes an arched gateway to the

capital city. Accessed through a large jetty from the

sea, the modern lighthouse provides enough space for

a number of observation points, an auditorium,

skywalk, bungee jump platform and climbing tower,

together with a gyro drop, cafeteria, souvenir store,

urban balconies and multi-usage space. Illuminated

with bright (possibly NanoLED) lights, the tower

does not only look good at night but also provides a

mesmerizing view of the “samba” city [73]

. [Fig 2.37]

The Lighthouse Tower when illuminated at

night does not only excite senses, but also provides an

awesome view of the sun-kissed city of Rio! [Fig 2.38,

39]

Lighthouse Tower

Architect Mikou Design studio

Location Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro

Date 2011

Type paths and public venues

Nanomaterials used NanoLED.

CO2 Emissions Illuminated with bright light with little emission heat -save energy

(Fig2:37) Lighthouse Tower [73]

(Fig2:38) NanoLED Light at night [73]

(Fig2:39) multi-usage space in tower [73]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 68 -

2.5.2.C.iv. Organic Light-emitting diodes (OLEDs):

OLED, is a light-emitting diode (LED)

whose emissive electroluminescent layer is

composed of a film of organic compounds. This

layer of organic semiconductor material is formed

between two electrodes, where at least one of the

electrodes is transparent.

OLED efficiency depends on both, the

materials and the device structure to increasing light

emission and OLED lifetime [74]

. [Fig 2.40]

Properties:

- (OLEDs) are efficient light sources with new

exciting features. OLEDs can cover large areas.

They are extremely thin and can be made on

substrates of virtually any shape. [Fig 2.41]

-This high level of flexibility in terms of design and

application makes them highly appealing for

lighting designers, manufacturers and consumers. [Fig 2.42]

-A multitude of colors is available and the quality of

the emitted light is high. The spectrum can be

tailored such that it resembles the daylight spectrum.

Case study on OLEDs:

Large-area OLEDs are a novel kind of light

source, which offer a large variety of design options.

This does not only flourish free design parameters

such as shape, size and emission color, but also

makes it possible for technology to enforce

parameters such as off-state appearance and shunt

line structures. However, little is known about the

acceptance of the potential end-users concerning these features. Which OLED tile shape is

preferred and which color temperature [75]. [Fig 2.43]

(Fig2:42) Basic geometric shapes [75]

(Fig2:41) Demonstration of a flexible

OLED device and color [74]

(Fig2:43) Office room model for aesthetical perception case study with ceiling consisting of square (left),

hexagonal (middle), and ornamental-type OLED tiles [75]

(Fig2:40) (OLEDs) are highly efficient,

long-lived natural light sources that can

be integrated into extremely thin, flexible

panels [74]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 69 -

2.5.2.C.iiv. Quantum dot LEDs (experimental):

Quantum dots are nanoscale semiconductor particles

that can be tuned to brightly fluoresce at virtually any

wavelength in the visible and infrared portions of the

spectrum. They can be used to convert the wavelength, and

therefore the color of light emitted by LEDs [4]

.

Quantum dots offer great potential in the form of

QLEDs which are made out of networks of quantum dots and

can also build on, yet dramatically improve, existing LED

technologies. Quantum dots are essentially nanometer-size

crystals of semiconductor materials (e.g., silicon or

germanium) for which the electronic properties are strongly

dependent on there. The potential advantages are many.

Efficiencies are potentially extremely high. Better control of

the emitted light is possible, as are improvements in the form

factor characteristics so important to designers [5]

. [Fig 2.44]

2.5.2. D. Solar energy:

The sun offers a free, renewable source of energy capable of meeting all our energy needs .

. . if an efficient, economical means of converting solar to electrical energy can be found [4]

Silicon Solar Cells

In silicon solar cells today, 40% of the cost is materials, and the best studies I’ve

seen say that in 5 years that will be reduced to 30%. When you’re looking at thin-film

solar using nanotechnology, the cost of goods might be 1% or

1.5% [4]

.

Thin-film Solar Nanotechnologies

-Nanotechnology is leading to advances in silicon-based

photovoltaics, and new nanocrystalline materials, thin-film

materials, and conducting polymeric films [76]

. [Fig 2.45]

- It is estimated that thin film producer Nanosolar's cells

are 6.7% efficient. At that level, just a 3.3% increase in

efficiency to 10% would allow each cell to capture 50%

more energy, reducing the price per watt by 33% [76]

.

-Organic thin-film, or plastic solar cells, use low-cost materials

primarily based on nanoparticles and polymers.

The other dramatic advantage of organic thin films

is their flexibility, which will enable their integration into far

more building applications than conventional flat glass panels.

This will open new architectural possibilities and overcome the

(Fig2:46) Organic Thin-

film [4]

(Fig2:45) "Thin-film solar"

sheet [76]

(Fig2:44) nanocrystal-based

multicolor light -emitting

diode. Semi-conductor

nanocrystals are in corp-

orated into a p-n junction

formed from semi-

conducting GaN injection

layers [5]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 70 -

aesthetic concerns some architects hold against rigid flat panels, which

can hardly be integrated into building facades [4]

. [Fig 2.46]

-Other nanotech advances include spray-on polymer-based solar

collecting paint in development at Wake Forest University. "You just

paint it on," said Professor David Carroll of the new nano-phase

material with an efficiency of 6%, double that of similar cells [4]

. [Fig

2.47]

2.5.2. D. i. The Nanosolar Utility Panel: [77]

The Nanosolar Utility Panel™ is the industry’s first solar electricity panel

specifically designed and developed for utility-scale system deployment.

Reducing Balance-of-System Cost

Compared to conventional thin-film panels, these Nanosolar Utility Panel

features and benefits have the following cost advantages: [Fig 2.48]

2.5.2. D. ii. Case study In Germany, where trained teams of installers mounted 18

square meters (1800W) each of conventional thin film panels and Nanosolar panels. The

Nanosolar Utility Panel required 30% less mounting time and 85% less cabling time. And

resulting in significant savings in labor time [77]

(Fig2:49) Wide-span mounting

drives BoS cost savings on

mounting materials. The arrow

above indicates the freespan

distance that a panel must sustain

mechanically (with snow loads up to

5400Pa) when installed in a typical

rail-mount configuration. The larger

the mounting span, the fewer rails

are necessary [77]

.

(Fig2:47) Making solar

smaller and stronger [4]

(Fig2:48) The Nanosolar Utility Panel stretches performance characteristics along several

key dimensions relative to conventional thin panels [77]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 71 -

"The Nanosolar Utility Panel is fast and inexpensive to install with unique and

efficient installation technology. With 50% fewer people, it is possible to install the same

area of Nanosolar panels in one day as conventional thin film solar panels,” [77].

Two example 2.66

MW systems; one designed

with the Nanosolar Utility

Panel, and one employing a

conventional thin film

panel. Field dimensions are

300m x 230m. DC Cabling

is represented by orange

lines. Panel string length is

64m for Nanosolar and

12m for conventional thin

film. The system designed

with conventional thin film

panels requires 17 home runs

while the Nanosolar Utility Panel system design requires only 4 home runs. The Nanosolar

Utility Panel installation utilizes 73% less DC cabling than the conventional thin film

installation [77]

[Fig 2.49, 50]

2.5.2. E. Energy storage:

Improved energy storage can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, lowering

carbon dioxide emissions from energy production nanotechnology for energy savings

will play a much greater role in future markets than

nanotech for energy storage.

Nanotechnology’s possible contributions to the

future of energy storage include improved efficiency for

conventional rechargeable batteries, new

supercapacitors, and advances in thermovoltaics for

turning waste heat into electricity, improved materials

for storing hydrogen, and more efficient hydrocarbon

based fuel cells. Altairnano is one of the most

established companies using nanotechnology to develop

new batteries, is bringing to market its Smart

Nanobattery; it is a new battery made out of paper

impregnated with carbon nanotubes [4]

. [Fig 2. 51]

(Fig2:51) small yet powerful

batteries the Smart Nanobattery has

survived forces up to 50,000 Gs [4]

(Fig2:39) Two example 2.66MW systems

(Fig2:50) Two example 2.66MW systems [77]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 72 -

Design:

Utopia one is an elevated tower that

does not just present a unique design but also

uses the similar materials employed in a smooth

sculptural, erected earlier in the park. [fig.3.52]

The tower and its elements are

composed of materials that resemble a smooth

sculptural piece that are integrated into the

park. Form creates a courtyard intended for

gatherings and general leisure. Conceptually,

the structure reacts to the gravitational forces

that act upon it and gives the allusion of

hovering above the ground. [fig.3.53]

The tower grows from the base element

becoming an extension of the sculpture giving

way to the observation deck. The elevator is

constructed of glass all around and encased

inside a shaft with a glass exterior to permit

views to the outside as one rises. [47]

Nanomaterial Solution :

Nano-cell technology will be integrated

to the exterior skin of the building, providing a

portion of the energy to run the elevator

systems, HVACs systems and electrical systems.

Nanocell technology is a thin photovoltaic film

bonded to metal surfaces. Heat sensitive glass reacts

to the sun position and controls the heat gain in the

glassed surfaces. Water management features will

reuse grey water for irrigation and provide water for

the HVACs systems. [47] [fig.3.54, 55]

Utopia One tower

Architect cesar bobonis-zequeira, ivan perez-rossello & teresita del valle

Location zaabeel park-U.A.E

Date proposal

Type/ style Proposal skyscraper/ Contemporary

Nanomaterials used Nano cell thin film

CO2 Emissions Strategy is to reach zero emission.

(Fig2:52) The thin solar cell [47]

(Fig2:53) Interior view [47]

(Fig2:54) Site plan [47]

(Fig2:55) The Utopia One tower [47]

(Fig2:56) Solar cell used in the base [47]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 73 -

2.5.2. F. Air purification:

Americans spend up to 90 % of their time indoors, and in 90 % of U.S. offices

the number one complaint is lack of outdoor air. The EPA estimates that poor indoor

air quality results in $60 billion per year in medical expenses. But indoor air quality can

be improved by using materials that emit few or no toxins and volatile organic compounds

(VOCs), resist moisture thereby inhibiting the growth of biological like mold, and adding

systems, equipment and products that identify indoor air pollutants or enhance air quality

Though not able to completely purify air, the use of nanomaterials makes it possible to

improve the quality of air. It enables unpleasant odors and pollutants to be eradicated [4]

.

2.5.2. F .i. Indoor air quality: Nanotechnology is contributing to indoor air quality

on all of these fronts. Samsung Electronics, for example,

has launched its new Nano e-HEPA (for electric High

Efficiency Particulate Arrest) filtration system. The

system sifts the air to filter particles, eliminates undesirable

odors, and kills airborne health threats. It uses a metal dust

filter that has been coated with 8-nanometer silver

particles. The Kitasato research center of environmental

sciences in Japan found the nanofilter killed 99.7 % of influenza viruses. Up to 98 % of

odors were eliminated, and another nanofilter eliminated all noxious VOC fumes from

paint, varnishes and adhesives [4]

[Fig 2.57]

Nano-Confined Catalytic Oxidation (NCCO):

Technology is developed by the member of

Entrepreneurship Center of the Hong Kong University

of Science and Technology. NCCO technology is

considered as the safest air purifying solution with

excellent efficiency. It can remove pollutants such as

allergen, virus, bacteria and TVOC without releasing

any oxidant in the air [79]

. [Fig 2.58, 59]

Principle of NCCO

-Pre-filter screens the pollutants up to 0.3

micro meters

-Oxidants with pollutants will be enter the

nanopores of the nanofilter

-Pollutants will be and decomposed oxidized

into non-harmful substances, such as water and

carbon dioxide [79]

. [Fig 2. 60]

(Fig2:59) Air quality improvement project in

Odor Reduction at the Kowloon Tong Station

Public Toilets - NCCO Air Purifier [79]

(Fig2:57) The nanofilter array [79]

(Fig2:58) NCCO Air Sterilizing and

Deodorizing System [79]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 74 -

2.5.2 .F .ii. Outdoor Air Purification:

As with indoor air environments, outdoor air purification

applications are only a supporting measure for tackling

symptoms and are an adequate means of reducing existing

pollution.

They do not eradicate the cause of pollution but can be

used to reduce smog and improve the outdoor air quality. The

question is whether a noticeable difference to the quality of air

can be made with the use of air-purifying surfaces, and how

significant this effect actually is. With regard to reducing air

pollutants, greater attention should be given to avoiding their

emission in the first place [6]

[Fig 2. 61]

Paving for Leien Boulevard, Antwerp (48.000m2)

A decorative paving tile was developed for central

Antwerp with a multi angular form whose shape is derived from

Moorish patterns. The paving element, which wasn't realized for

this project, is equipped with further functionality: with the help

of sunlight and oxidative catalysis, it is able to convert

environmental pollutants such as NO into inert nitric acid ions.

In this way, large areas of the urban realm have the

potential to be used to reduce pollution levels in inner cities. As

such the paving tiles represent an exemplary combination of

decoration and function [6]

[Fig 2. 62]

(Fig2:62) air-purifying

paving tiles [6]

(Fig2:61) Concrete paving

panels with photocatalytic

Properties used as a design

element in a car [6]

park. .

(Fig2:60) NCCO Air Sterilizing and Deodorizing System is composed by 5 components [79]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 75 -

2.5.2. G. Water purification:

Water is the source of all life on Earth,

and yet 1.3 billion people do not have access

to safe drinking water. Furthermore, water is

implicated in 80 % of all sickness and disease

according to the World Health Organization.

And less than 1 % of the world’s drinking water

is actually fit for drinking [4]

. [Fig 2.63]

Water must be purified in order to remove

harmful materials and make it suitable for human

uses.

Contaminants can include metals like

cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc,

chromium and aluminum; nutrients including

phosphate, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite,

phosphorus and nitrogen; and biological elements

such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and biological

agents from weapons. UV light is an effective

purifier, but is energy intensive, and application in

large-scale systems is sometimes considered cost

prohibitive. Chlorine, also commonly used in water

purification, is undesirable because it is one of the

world’s most energy-intensive industrial processes,

consuming about 1 % of the world’s total electricity

output in its production [4]

.

Researchers at Queensland University of

Technology, for example, have developed a novel

form of titanium nanoparticles and a process for

fabrication of an environmentally-friendly product that purifies water. They say their

innovative photocatalyst has twice the efficiency of current materials and is an ideal

platform technology to complement existing product portfolios [4]

. [Fig 2.64]

2.5.2. H. Structural materials: [5]

Nanotechnology promises significant improvements in structural materials in two

ways. First, nano-reinforcement of existing materials like concrete and steel will lead to

nanocomposites (materials produced by adding nanoparticles to a bulk material in order

to improve the bulk material’s properties). Eventually, when cost and technical know-how

permit, we will see structures made from altogether new materials like carbon nanotubes.

(Fig2:64) Technology use titanium

nanoparticles to create an enviro-

nmentally-friendly water purification

System with twice the efficiency of

current materials [4]

(Fig2:63) global water supply, Less than 1% of the

world’s water is readily available freshwater [4]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 76 -

2.5.2.H.i Concrete:

Nanotechnology is leading to new cements,

concretes, admixtures (concrete performance-

enhancing additives,) low energy cements,

nanocomposites, and improved particle packing.

The addition of nanoparticles, for example, can

improve concrete’s durability through physical

and chemical interactions such as pour filling [4]

.

Novacem is trying to eliminate emissions

from the production of concrete with cement that

absorbs more carbon dioxide than is released

during its manufacture. By adding water to

magnesium compounds, without any Portland

cement in the mix, they have been able to create

solid-setting cement that doesn’t rely on carbon-

rich limestone [82]

. [Fig 2.65]

The production process to make 1 ton of

Novacem cement absorbs up to 100 kg more CO2

than it emits, making it, on balance, a carbon

negative product. Additionally, as the cement

hardens, atmospheric carbon dioxide react with the

magnesium to make carbonates that strengthen the

cement while trapping the gas. Novacem is now

refining the formula so that the product’s mechanical

performance will equal that of Portland cement [83]

.

Experimentation is also underway on self-

healing concrete. When self-healing concrete

cracks, embedded microcapsules rupture and release

a healing agent into the damaged region through

capillary action. The released healing agent contacts an embedded catalyst, polymerizing to

bond the crack face closed. In fracture tests, self healed composites recovered as much as

75 % of their original strength. They could increase the life of structural components by

as much as two or three times [4]

. [Fig 2.66]

Jubilee Church

Architect Richard Meier & Partners, New York, NY, USA

Location Rome, Italy

Date 2003

Type/ style Contemporary

Nanomaterials used photocatalytic cement,

(Fig 2:66) Self-healing concrete [83]

(Fig 2:65) a greener Cement for Concrete [82]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 77 -

Three giant sails reaching up to 36m into the

sky give this church and community centre its

unmistakable appearance. Made of prefabricated

high-density concrete, their white color is achieved

by adding Carrara marble and TiO2 to the mixture.

The photocatalytic self-cleaning additive

enables the architect to achieve his trademark white

coloring in an urban environment that is heavily

polluted by car exhaust gases.

The building not only remains clean, the large

surface area of the sails also helps combat pollution

by reducing the amount of volatile organic

compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxide in the air

considerably. [Fig 2.67]

When the titanium dioxide absorbs

ultraviolet light, it becomes powerfully reactive,

breaking down pollutants that come in contact with the concrete. It is particularly good at

attacking the noxious gases that come out of a cars exhaust pipe [6]

.

2.5.2. H. ii Steel:

The introduction of new materials with

improved technical properties has also led to

innovative new designs like phase of steel to a nano-

size has produced stronger cables. High strength steel

cables, as well as being used in car tires, are used in

bridge construction and in pre-cast concrete

tensioning and a stronger cable material would reduce

the costs and period of construction, especially in

suspension bridges as the cables are run from end to

end of the span. Sustainability is also enhanced by the

use of higher cable strength as this leads to a more

efficient use of materials [58]

. [Fig 2.68]

2.5.2. H. iii Wood:

Wood is the most-used construction material in the United States. Over 1.7 million

housing units were constructed of wood in the U.S. in 2004 alone. Wood frame

construction is relatively inexpensive, easy to build with, and flexible in its structural and

stylistic applications. Wood is attractive from an environmental standpoint because it is

renewable and can be readily recycled and reused.

Nanotechnology promises to improve the structural performance. Experts foresee

nanotechnology as “a cornerstone for advancing the biomass-based renewable, sustainable

economy.” Nanocatalysts that induce chemical reactions and make wood even more

(Fig 2:68) The introduction of materials

such as steel that can carry bending

stresses involving both tension and

compressive stresses has allowed

designers to explore new shapes [5]

(Fig 2:67) Jubilee Church, Richard [6]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 78 -

multifunctional than it is today, nanosensors identify mold, decay, and termites, quantum

dot fiber tagging, natural nanoparticle pesticides and repellents, self-cleaning wood

surfaces, and photocatalytic degradation of pollutants are all envisioned by today’s wood

engineers.

Wood/plastic composites are another intriguing possibility raised by

nanotechnology. Rakesh Gupta, PhD, a professor of chemical engineering at West Virginia

University, is using carbon nanofibers and nano clays to improve stiffness and other

mechanical properties in wood/plastic composites. His goal is to produce a less-toxic

alternative to traditional treated lumber as a construction material [4]

.

The house is located on a site

overlooking Lake Zurich and with a

view over to the Alps. The sculptural

and minimalist character of the house is

emphasized by the enclosure of the shell

in a delicate envelope of vertically

slatted larch wood. The slender slats

show particularly well around the

perimeter of the loggias. To protect the

wood against weathering and to slow its

gradual grey discoloration, the wood has

been given a hydrophobic treatment.

Rather than sealing the wood with a

varnish- like film, the wood is

impregnated transparently allowing it to

breathe. The high-tech hydrophobic

coating does not obscure the natural

grain of the wood [6]

. [Fig 2.69, 70]

Private residence (Erlenbach, Switzerland)

Architect Kalin

Location Switzerland

Date 2005

Type/ style Contemporary

Nanomaterials used Samicolor NanoBois nature, hydrophobic wood treatment

(Fig 2:70) vertically slatted larch wood [6]

(Fig 2:69) NanoBois nature, hydrophobic wood

treatment [6]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 79 -

2.5.2. H. iv New structural materials: (carbon nanotube – Graphene)

While the introduction of

nanomaterials into building structural

components has begun with the reinforcement

of conventional materials like wood, concrete

and steel, breakthrough materials made

primarily from nanomaterials are changing

smaller-scale products like sporting

equipment and will eventually scale up to

impact the building industry. Nanotubes,

nanofibers and nanosheets of carbon and

similar materials may eventually form the

structural skeletons of new buildings [4]

. [Fig 2.71]

Researchers at the University of Texas at Dallas

together with an Australian colleague have produced

transparent carbon nanotube sheets that are stronger

than the same weight steel sheets. These can be made

so thin that a square kilometer nanotube sheet would

weigh only 30 kilograms. The prospect of transparent

sheet materials stronger than steel not only holds

tremendous energy-saving potential, it promises to

dramatically transform conventional assumptions about

the relationship between building structure and skin.

Could, for example, a super-thin nanotube sheet serve

as both skin and structure, eliminating the need for

conventional structural systems altogether [4]

. [Fig 2.72]

Three new studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic

Institute (RPI) and Beijing University researchers

illustrate why graphene should be the nanomaterial of

choice to strengthen materials used in everything from

wind turbines to aircraft wings.

Composites infused with graphene are stronger, stiffer, and less prone to failure

than composites infused with carbon nanotubes or other nanoparticles, according to the

studies. This means graphene, an atom-thick sheet of carbon atoms arranged like a

nanoscale chain-link fence, could be a key enabler in the development of next-

generation nanocomposite materials [82]

. [Fig 2.73]

(Fig 2:73) Graphene Outper-forms

Nanotubes [82]

(Fig 2:71) Carbon nanotube sheets [4]

A carbon nanotube 10 times lighter than steel but 250 times stronger

Graphene Outperforms Nanotubes for Stronger, Crack-Resistant Materials [82]

(Fig 2:72) New structural possi-

bilities with carbon nanotubes [4]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 80 -

A researcher at Case Western University recently

developed a wind turbine blade that is lighter and

stronger than conventional prototypes. Increasing the

size of wind turbines in order to increase their energy

capacity has been difficult, since the parts become too

heavy and prone to damage when enlarged. Now Case

Western has created a new composite material made

from a polyurethane base reinforced with carbon

nanotubes that is lighter and eight times tougher than

the material currently used to create wind turbine blades

New Carbon Nanotube Wind Turbine Blade is

Lighter, Stronger, More Efficient [4].

[Fig 2.74]

2.5.2.I. Non-structural materials:

2.5.2. I. i. Glass:

Reducing heat loss and heat gain through windows is critical to reducing energy

consumption in buildings. Energy lost through residential and commercial windows costs

U.S. consumers about $25 billion a year. Nanotechnology is reducing heat loss and heat

gain through glazing thanks to thin-film coatings and thermochromic, photochromic and

electrochromic technologies [4]

.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used in nanoparticle form to coat glazing since it has

sterilizing and anti-fouling properties, breakdown organic pollutants, volatile organic

compounds and bacterial membranes…... As noted (p 63)

Fire-protective glass is another application of nanotechnology. This is achieved

by using a clear intumescent layer sandwiched between glass panels (an interlayer) formed

of fumed silica (SiO2) nanoparticles which turns into a rigid and opaque fire shield when

heated [5]

.

Most of glass in construction is, of course, on the exterior surface of buildings and

the control of light and heat entering through building glazing is a major sustainability

issue. Research into nanotechnological solutions to this centers around four different

strategies to block light and heat coming in through windows:

1. Thin film coatings are being developed which are spectrally sensitive surface

applications for window glass. These have the potential to filter out unwanted infrared

frequencies of light (which heat up a room) and reduce the heat gain in buildings (passive

solution)

(Fig 2:74) New Carbon Nanotube

Wind Turbine Blade [4]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 81 -

2. Thermochromic technologies are being

studied which react to temperature and provide

thermal insulation to give protection from heating

whilst maintaining adequate lighting. (Active

solution)

3. That produces a similar outcome by a

different process, involves photochromic

technologies which are being studied to react to

changes in light intensity by increasing

absorption.

4. Electrochromic coatings are being

developed to react to changes in applied voltage

by using a tungsten oxide layer; there by

becoming more opaque at the touch of a

button reducing undesirable effects such as

fading, glare, and excessive heat without losing

views and connection to the outdoors [5]

. [Fig 2.75]

An

experienced architect,

who is also a

scientist, developed a

latent heat storing

glass, which was

followed soon after

by the founding of a

start-up company

under the name GlassX AG. Among the projects realized using this

glass, is a building with 20 disabled-access sheltered flats in the

Swiss Alps. All flats have large expanses of south-facing glazing

and, depending on the season, the flats are heated actively or from

passive solar gain. The central of three cavities of an 8 cm thick

composite glass element contains a salt hydrate fill material that

functions as a latent heat store for solar heat and protects the rooms

from overheating. The latent heat store has a thermal absorption

capacity equivalent to a 15 cm thick concrete wall. The glass panel is

transparent when the fill material has melted and milky-white when

"Sur Falveng" housing for elderly people

Architect Dietrich Schwarz

Location Switzerland

Date 2009

Type/ style Contemporary

Nanomaterials used 148m2 GlassXcrystal glazing

(Fig 2:75) From transparent to tinted with

the flip of a switch [5]

(Fig 2:76) All flats have large expanses of south-facing glazing [6]

(Fig 2:77) Interior

view [6]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 82 -

frozen. The material's change of state is therefore immediately reflected in the building's

appearance - function and aesthetics are inseparably connected. The buffer function of the

latent heat store enables the indoor temperature to be regulated mostly passively,

resulting in significant energy savings for heating (and cooling) [6]

. [Fig 2.76, 77]

2.5.1. I. ii. Drywall

The average new American home contains more

than 7 metric tons of gypsum, making gypsum one of the

most prevalent materials in construction today. North

America alone produces 40 billion square feet of

gypsum board (drywall) per year. But drywall raises

many environmental issues. Panels must be dried at

260° C (500º F), making their processing energy

consumption a concern. Drywall also consumes 100

million metric tons of calcium sulphate, a non-

renewable resource, per year.

Nano-gypsum could reduce environmental

impacts and improve performance.

Nanotechnology shows promise in the manufacture of lighter yet stronger drywall.

ICBM, Innovative Construction and Building Materials, has developed a gypsum-

polymer replacement for gypsum that they say significantly improves strength-to weight

ratio and mold resistance. Laboratory experiments elsewhere on man-sized gypsum show

significant improvement in mechanical properties, including an up to three times higher

hardness of nano-gypsum as compared to conventional micron-sized gypsum [4]

. [Fig 2.78]

Environmental Impact of Buildings

The advent of the Nano era in building could not have come at a better time, as the

building industry moves aggressively toward sustainability. Green building is one of the

most urgent environmental issues of our time. The energy services required by residential,

commercial, and industrial buildings are responsible for approximately 43 % of U.S.

carbon dioxide emissions. Worldwide, buildings consume between 30 and 40 % of the

world’s electricity. Waste from building construction accounts for 40 % of all landfill

material in the U.S., and sick building syndrome costs an estimated $60 billion in

healthcare costs annually. Deforestation, soil erosion, environmental pollution,

acidification, ozone depletion, fossil fuel depletion, global climate change, and human

(Fig 2:78) micrograph of nano-

gypsum, while (lower right) shows

a pressed nano-gypsum pill [4]

(Fig 2:76) All flats have large expanses of south-facing glazing [6]

2.6. The Future of Architecture with Nanotechnology.

:

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 83 -

health risks are all attributable in

some measure to building

construction and operation. Clearly,

buildings play a leading role in our

current environmental predicament. [4]

. [Fig 2.79]

2.6.1. Nanotechnology effect:

Globally, nanotechnologies

are expected to reduce carbon emissions in three main

areas: [4]

. [Fig 2.80]

1. Transportation.

2. Improved insulation in residential and commercial

buildings

3. Generation of renewable photovoltaic energy.

It is worth noting that the last two of these

three areas are centered in the building industry,

suggesting that building could in fact lead the

nanotechnology revolution.

Many nano-enhanced products and processes

now on the market can help create more sustainable,

energy-conserving buildings, providing materials

that reduce waste and toxic outputs as well as

dependence on non-renewable resources. Other

products still in development offer even more promise

for dramatically improving the environmental and

energy performance of buildings. Nano-enabled

advances for energy conservation in architecture

include new materials like carbon nanotubes and

insulating nanocoatings, as well as new processes

including photocatalysis. Nanomaterials can

improve the strength, durability, and versatility of structural and non-structural

materials, reduce material toxicity, and improve building insulation…. [4].

2.6.2. Forces Accelerating Nanotechnology Adoption at the Future in Architecture:

1. Increasing green building requirements

2. $4 billion per year in nanotechnology research and development worldwide

3. Proliferation of nanotechnology products and materials

(Fig 2:80) Ranking of environm-

entally friendly nanotechnologies [4]

(Fig 2:79) Buildings figure prominently in world energy

consumption, carbon emissions, and waste [4]

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 84 -

4. Demonstrated environmental benefits of nanotechnology products and materials

5. Declining costs of nanotechnology products and materials [4]

.

2.6.3. Forces with Potential to Slow Adoption at the Future in Architecture:

1. Public rejection of nanotechnology

2. Construction industry resistance to innovation

3. Prolonged high cost of nanomaterials and nano-products [4]

.

2.6.4. Future Trends and Needs

The fulfillment of nanotechnology’s promise for building will require effort on the

part of both the nanotech community and the building industry. As it is in so many aspects

of life, communication will be the key. Further research is needed to bridge the gap

between nanotech potential and current construction practice. Research focusing on the

following areas will help overcome construction industry resistance to innovation and

public fears about nanotechnology [4]

.

2.6.4. A. Life cycle considerations:

1. Where did this material come from?

2. Is it renewable?

3. How much energy was used in mining/harvesting?

4. What effect on habitat?

5. How was it processed or fabricated?

6. How much energy was used in manufacture?

7. What were the environmental impacts of manufacture?

8. How did it arrive on-site?

9. How can it minimize construction waste?

2.6.4. B. Regulation:

Like any new technology, nanotechnology raises concerns. By virtue of their size,

for example, nanoparticles are more readily absorbed into the body than larger particles. In

addition, little is known about how they accumulate in the body or the environment.

Because of the large number of people employed in the construction industry,

workplace regulation of nanotech-based materials and processes could also become a

concern. The harmful side effects of carbon nanotube manufacturing, for example, have

been described in a new study. Researchers found cancer-causing compounds, air

pollutants, toxic hydrocarbons, and other substances of concern. They are now working

with four major U.S. nanotube producers to help develop strategies for more

environmentally friendly production. At present, however, the National Institute for

Occupational Safety and Health only offers guidelines for workplace safety for workers in

contact with nanomaterials [4]

.

PART TWO NanoArchitecture

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 85 -

1. Nanotechnology promises to make insulation more efficient, less reliant on

nonrenewable resources and less toxic. Manufacturers estimate that insulating materials

derived from nanotechnology are roughly 30 % more efficient than conventional

materials.

Insulation can also be painted or sprayed on in the form of a coating. Like

fiberglass, cellulose, and polystyrene boards. The Nanogel makes up a translucent panel

75%, which achieves a remarkable level of energy savings while providing indoor spaces

with natural light [64]

.

2. OLED lighting is at least 5 times more efficient than conventional incandescent

lighting. Widespread adoption of OLED lighting could actually result in a decrease in

greenhouse gas emissions. Combined with sensors and ICT to implement 'smart-lighting',

OLED lighting can further reduce energy consumption and deliver the highest quality of

light [85]

.

3. In silicon solar cells today, 40% of the cost is materials, and the best studies I’ve seen

say that in 5 years that will be reduced to 30%. When you’re looking at thin-film solar

using nanotechnology, the cost of goods might be 1% or 1.5% [4]

.

4. Nanotechnology is contributing to indoor air quality on all of these fronts nanofilter

killed 99.7 % of influenza viruses. Up to 98 % of odors were eliminated, and another

nanofilter eliminated all noxious VOC fumes from paint, varnishes and adhesives [4]

.

5. A carbon nanotube 10 times lighter than steel but 250 times stronger, but Graphene

Outperforms Nanotubes for Stronger, Crack-Resistant Materials a super-thin nanotube sheet

serve as both skin and structure [82]

.

6. New materials and processes brought about by nanotechnology, for example, offer

tremendous potential for fighting global climate change. According to the report,

“Nanotechnologies for Sustainable Energy,” by Research and Markets, “Current

applications of nanotechnologies resulted in a global annual saving of 8,000 tons of

carbon dioxide in 2007, rising to over 1 million tons by 2014.” [61]

.

2.7. CONCLUSION

NanoArchitecture and

Sustainability

PART THREE

. Green Nanotechnology

. Green NanoArchitecture

. Sustainable NanoArchitecture

. Eco NanoArchitecture

. Bio NanoArchitecture

. Smart NanoArchitecture

. ZeroCarbon NanoArchitecture

S N A

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

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“It is not as though nanotechnology will be an option; it is going to be essential for

coming up with sustainable technologies.” advises Paul Anastas, director of the American

Chemical Society Green Chemistry Institute. The nanotech community appears ready to

meet Anatsas’ challenge, and the market for nano-based products and processes for

sustainability is expected to grow from $12 billion in 2006 to $37 billion by 2015.

The demand for greener buildings will not only be born out of the increasingly

desire to do the right thing for the environment, it will also be required by law and

corporate policy. Because the ability to meet accepted environmental performance

criteria like LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) offers a definable

measure of sustainability.

Most importantly, nanotechnology for green building can help to achieve goals

for reducing carbon emissions and the effects of global climate change. Building is a

logical point of focus in those efforts.

This Part combined with suggests that nanotechnology for green building will be

in great demand not only to meet municipal and corporate sustainability requirements

(LEED), but to increase national and international pressures to reduce carbon emissions

as well [4]

.

3.2.1. Definition:

Green nanotechnology is the development of clean technologies, to minimize

potential environmental and human health risks associated with the manufacture and use of

nanotechnology products, and to encourage replacement of existing products with new

nano-products that are more environmentally friendly throughout their lifecycle [56]

.

3.2.2. Goals:

1. Producing nanomaterials and products without harming the environment or human

health

Green Nanotechnology also means using nanotechnology to make current

manufacturing processes for non-nanomaterials and products more environmentally

friendly.

For example, Nanoscale catalysts can make chemical reactions more efficient and less

wasteful and start using alternative energy systems which are made possible by

nanotechnology [56]

.

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Green Nanotechnology (GNT)

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2. Producing nano-products that provide solutions to environmental problems

Nanomaterials or products directly can clean hazardous waste sites, desalinate water,

treat pollutants

Lightweight nanocomposites for transportation could save fuel and reduce materials

used for production

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) could reduce pollution from energy generation

Self-cleaning nanoscale surface coatings could reduce or eliminate many cleaning

chemicals

Enhanced battery life could lead to less material use and less waste [56]

.

GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY + ARCHITECTURE = GREEN NANOARCHITECTURE

Green nanotechnology refers to the use of nanotechnology to enhance the

environmental, sustainability of processes currently producing negative externalities. It

also refers to the use of the products of nanotechnology to enhance sustainability. It is

about doing things right in the first place--about making green nano-products and using

nano-products in support of sustainability [4]

.

Nanotechnology combines -ecology and economy- (sustainability Dimensions).

The use of nanotechnology offers ecological and

economic advantages for energy efficiency and the

conservation of resources. Technologies that help reduce

climate change are in demand more than ever before. In

future, ecology and the economy will become inseparably

connected, as preventive measures will be cheaper on the

long term than remedying the damage caused. Ecology

pays off and climate protection pays off - provided one is

open to technological possibilities and the conditions of

use they involve. [Fig 3.1]

Environmentally friendly production methods, energy efficiency, reduced

environmental pollution and the conservation of resources are chances which

nanotechnology offers. Ideally emphasis should be given to the overall eco-balance across

the entire life cycle of a product or building rather than one individual aspect [6]

.

(Fig3.1) Ecology and economics

will become inseparably connected,

as preventative measures will prove

to be cheaper in the long term than

remedying the damage caused [6]

3.3. Green NanoArchitecture (GNA)

3.4. Sustainable NanoArchitecture (SNA)

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Sustainability is essential. Buildings are often planned with 20-30 year cycles,

which can make it difficult to incorporate coatings with 2-3 years durability. There are,

however, some firms that provide a 10-year guarantee for their nanotechnology-based

products. Production processes can also be made more efficient and more cost-effective

with the help of nanotechnology, by reducing the amount of energy and raw materials

required to a minimum - either directly or indirectly [6]

.

3.4.1. Sustainability and Nanoarchitecture:

Nanotechnology revolution is bringing dramatic improvements in building

performance, energy efficiency, environmental sensing, and sustainability, leading the

way to greener buildings.

The nanotech and building sector have to get to know each other a lot better in

order to realize the dramatic benefits awaiting each of them. The nanotech community

needs to be explored. It should explain the enormous economic opportunities in Green

Building Design, Construction and Operation and demonstrate to Architects, Building

Owners, Contractors, Engineers and others in the $1 trillion per year global building

industry that nanotech is at this moment beginning to fulfill its promise of healthful

benefits for people and the environment [6]

.

3.4.1. A. Adaptability to Existing Buildings [4]

1. The market for nanomaterials in insulation for all industries is projected to reach

$590 million by 2014. We believe that the application of insulating nanocoatings to

existing buildings will be one of the greatest contributions of nanotechnology to the

reduction of carbon emissions worldwide in the 21st century.

ECOFYS estimates that adding thermal insulation to existing European buildings

could cut current building energy costs and carbon emissions by 42 % or 350 million

metric tons. But while insulation is the single most cost effective strategy for reducing

carbon emissions, existing buildings can be difficult to insulate with conventional materials

like rigid boards and fiberglass bats because wall cavities where the insulation needs to go

are inaccessible without partial demolition. Insulating nanocoatings could exceed the

insulating values of conventional materials through the much simpler application of an

invisible coating to the building envelope. Aerogels could also play a major role in

insulating existing structures. Further study is needed to determine the exact insulating

value of nanocoating products, but considering that half of the buildings that will be

standing at mid-century have already been built, the prospect of easily improving their

energy conservation capabilities is urgent [4]

.

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

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2. The other great carbon emission reducer will likely be thin-film organic solar

technology enabled by nanotechnology. Thin-film solar cells can be produced on plastic

rolls, bringing dramatic price reductions over traditional glass plate technology. In

addition, flexible plastic solar cells are much more adaptable to building facades than rigid

glass plates, making building integrating photovoltaic more affordable and adaptable.

Nanosolar’s construction of a plant that will triple U.S. solar cell production shows that it

is nano-enabled solar energy’s time to shine now.

3. Energy savings from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and organic light-emitting

diodes (OLEDs) will also be substantial, given their dramatically superior efficiency as

compared to conventional lighting. Wal–Mart’s projected $2.6 million energy cost

savings and 35 million pound carbon emission reductions by using LED refrigerated

display lighting show that these are also technologies whose time has come [4]

.

3.4.1. B. Reduced Processing Energy [4]

.

Because buildings typically use five times as much energy in their operation as in

all other phases of their life cycle. Energy saving strategies focus primarily on reducing

operating energy costs. However, nanotechnology is demonstrating considerable savings

during the manufacturing of building-related products as well. DuPont, for instance, has

licensed nanoparticle paint from Ecology Coatings that will reduce the energy used in

coating application by 25 % and materials costs by 75 %. The savings come because the

paint is cured using ultraviolet (UV) light at room temperature, rather than in the 204ºC

(400ºF) ovens required for conventional auto paint. The same technology could be applied

to factory-coated facade panels and surfaces for the building industry [4]

.

3.4.1. C. Nanosensors and Smart Environments [4]

.

While nanotechnology will bring dramatic

performance improvements to building materials,

its most dramatic impact may come in the area of

nanosensors. Nanosensors embedded in building

materials will gather data on the environment,

building users, and material performance, even

interacting with users and other sensors until

buildings become networks of intelligent,

interacting components.

Initially, building components will become

smarter, gathering data on temperature,

humidity, vibration, stress, decay and a host of

other factors. This information will be invaluable

in monitoring and improving building

(Fig3.2) Smart environments integrate

nanosensors gather information from

their environment and users [4]

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

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maintenance and safety. Dramatic improvements in energy conservation can be expected

as well, as, for instance, environmental control systems recognize patterns of building

occupancy and adjust heating and cooling accordingly. Similarly, windows are self-

adjusted to reflect or let pass solar radiation. Eventually, networks of embedded sensors

will interact with those worn or implanted in building users, resulting in “smart

environments” that self-adjust to individual needs and preferences. Everything from room

temperature to wall color could be determined based on invisible, passive correspondence

between sensors.

Work on smart environments is already underway. Leeds Nano-Manufacturing

Institute (NMI), for example, is part of a €9.5 million European Union-funded project to

develop a house with special walls that will contain wireless, battery-less sensors and radio

frequency identity tags to collect data on stresses, vibrations, temperature, humidity and

gas levels.

"If there are any problems, the intelligent sensor network will alert residents

straightaway so they have time to escape," said NMI chief executive Professor Terry

Wilkins.

The self-healing house walls will be built from novel load bearing steel frames and

high-strength gypsum board, and will contain nanopolymer particles that will turn into a

liquid when squeezed under pressure, flow into the cracks to harden and form a solid

material. [Fig 3.2]

According to a study in the International Journal of Materials and Structural

Integrity, inexpensive wireless sensors based on nanotech could be used to alert engineers

to problematic cracks and damage to buildings, bridges, and other structures.

“If designed properly, wireless MEMS and

nanotechnology-based sensors could be used as

embedded components to form self-sensing

concrete structures,” the team explains. Such

devices would gather and transmit information

about the health of a structure by detecting the

early formation of tiny cracks and measuring the

rate of key parameters, such as temperature,

moisture, chloride, acidity and carbon dioxide

levels each of which might reflect a decrease in

structural integrity [4]

. [Fig 3.3]

(Fig3.3) self-sensing concrete structures [4]

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

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EX Space-scraper (Innovative photovoltaic elevators) [87]

.

Architect Richard Porter, Chris Allen, Cam Helland, Stephen Phillips

Location United States

Date Proposal 2011

Type / style Proposal skyscraper / NanoArchitecture

Nanomaterial used Carbon nanotube fiber structures - Nanosensors

Co2 Emissions Strategy is saving energy/ reducing emission by Use nanocarbon instead

Steel / environmental controls instead heat and air-conditioning

achievement sustainability

(LEED points) Energy (save)- Air (clean)- Materials

The spacescraper

creatively invents a new

skyscraper typology using

advanced NASA technology.

Innovative Electromangnetic

Vertical Mass Transportation,

carbon-fiber structural skins

and advanced environmental

control systems (nanosensors)

support new spacescraper

technology.

Design:

A NASA researched

space elevator cable extends

from our planet's surface

into space to a center of mass

at geostationary orbit (GEO)

35,786 km in altitude. Tethers

are derived using digital

morphogenetic space scrapers

made of carbon nanotube

fibers that extend from several

locations along the equator

where they are least susceptible

to high winds. Spacescrapers

extend in orbit to create a vast

network of redundant arteries

and nodal support conditions as

new spatial infrastructure for

innovative topological exo-

urban conditions.

(Fig3.5) cable extends from our planet's surface into space to a

center of mass at geostationary orbit (GEO) [87]

(Fig3.4) extend from several locations along the equator where they are

least susceptible to high winds [87]

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

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Multiple morphologies are possible with

complex sectional opportunities. Cities

innervate outer space as prosthesis to an

inevitable post-human condition. [Fig 3.4, 5]

Materials and Technologies:

Spacescraper creatively invents a new

speculative world structure with advanced

NASA technology that expands urbanity into

outer space. Innovative photovoltaic elevators,

powered by lasers, carbon nanotube fiber

structures, and advanced environmental

control systems, support an extensive universal

cable system that houses societal needs on mass

scale. Space for individuals, corporations, and

entire cities grow to organize within

Spacescraper’s continuous exoskeletal form.

Derived through a series of digital scripting

explorations initiated alongside study of carbon

molecular structures, Spacescraper performs as

a habitable bio-mimetic network tethering the

Earth’s atmosphere.

As skyscrapers are historically governed

by vertical transport systems (elevators),

structural materials (steel) and environmental

controls (heat and air-conditioning),

Spacescraper proposes to exploit Director

Bradley C. Edwards’ study at the Institute of

Scientific Research for an innovative “space

elevator” system. Edwards supposed

scientifically that a structural tether could be

extended in tension from a satellite (or a

meteor) set with a center of mass at

geostationary orbit (GEO), 35, 786 km–high

above the Earth’s surface. Positioned at GEO,

gravity does not affect the satellite supporting

the tether, and as the tether extends from the

equator, it is least susceptible to high winds.

[Fig 3.6]

At geostationary orbit, gravity no

longer affects the structure, allowing it to grow

(Fig3.6) a center of mass at geostationary

orbit (GEO), 35, 786 km–high above the

Earth’s surface [87]

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(Fig3.8) Initial Unit Derivations [87]

(Fig3.9) Carbon Nanotube Material [87]

Carbon nanotube fiber structures

In consultation with Astro-physicists at Caltech, Spacescraper elaborates Edwards’

vision to propose a complex tethering system that uses lightweight carbon nanotube

fibers weaved together with structural truss patterns similar to those formed by porifera

(sponges). Pre-tensioning the carbon nanotube tethers against the rotation of the Earth

increases cable strength, and by adding a series of smaller tethers held-up in tension to

numerous satellites positioned at GEO, Spacescraper’s extraterrestrial infrastructure

achieves equilibrium [87]. [Fig 3.8,9]

outward encircling earth like

Saturn's gaseous ring. A global

network form to support multiple

exo-urban metropolises with a vital

pulmonary transport action network

capable of serving humanity.

Surface Skin Manipulation

By synthesizing the

chemical components and

structural compounds of carbon

nanotubes, a series of surface skins

were derived though similar growth patterns to describe a continuous, uninterrupted

membrane. This occupied threshold maintains structural integrity through repetition and

complex multiplication of material layering. [Fig 3.7]

(Fig3.7) Vertical Mass Transportation, carbon-fiber

structural skins [87]

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

Keywords: NanoArchitecture, Sustainable Building at Nanotechnology age - 95 -

VMT (Vertical Mass Transit)

Daily commutes and errands, no longer primarily limited

to the x y plane, shift in this stratified environment, requiring

new forms of vertical cal transportation. Bevators fulfill the

requirements for local transportation, while vertical mass

transit (VMT) fulfills the greater needs for mass commuters

throughout the spacescraper [87]. [Fig 3.11, 12]

Cross Sections

(Fig3.10) the floor plan diagrams show the rapidly morphing cross section,

programmatic divisions, and voluminous special voids [87]. [Fig 3.10]

(Fig3.11) (vmt) fulfills the greater needs for mass commuters throughout

the Spacescraper [87]

(Fig3.12) VMT (vertical

mass transit) [87]

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

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3.4.2. Biological Nanoarchitecture

"Using nano-manufacturing with

bioengineered organisms as a production

method, NVS merges different kinds of

micro organisms that work together to

absorb and transform natural energy

from the environment. What comes out of

this merging of living organisms is a skin

that transforms two of the most abundant

sources of green energy on earth: Sunlight

and Wind. There is another advantage of

using living organisms: the absorption of

CO2 from the air." [4]

. [Fig 2.13, 14]

Scale Model :

A scale model was developed in order

to test the wind turbines and do changes that

might improve the design. Each wind turbine

is 25mm long by 10.8mm wide. [Fig 2.16]

Storage and supply Units

Each panel has four round supply

units (one on each corner). These units are in

charge of:

- Monitoring that all the turbines are

Nano Vent-Skin, the ultimate green wall.

Architect designer Agustin Otegui

Location Mexico City

Date 2010

Type / style nano-bioengineering / NanoArchitecture

Nanomaterial used Photovoltaic skin, nano-fibers and Nano solar technology.

Co2 Emissions Strategy is to reach zero emission.

Achievements Sus.

(LEED points)

Energy (solar- wind- storage units) – Atmosphere (absorption of co2) –

Material (nano-bio-organisms - z emissions co2) – indoor ( natural light)

(Fig3:13) Nano Vent-Skin (NVS) [78]

.

(Fig3:15) NVS Structure panel [78]

.

(Fig3:14) NVS Nano scale [78]

.

(Fig3:16) View from the interior [78]

.

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working.

- Delivering material to regenerate broken or

malfunctioning turbines.

- Receiving and storing the energy produced by

the turbines [78]

. [Fig 2.15, 17]

Nano Engineered details

How does NVS work? [4]

.

The outer skin of the structure absorbs

sunlight through an organic photovoltaic skin

and transfers it to the nano-fibers inside the

nano-wires which then are sent to storage units at

the end of each panel. [Fig 2.18]

Each turbine on the panel generates

energy by chemical reactions on each end where

it makes contact with the structure. Polarized

organisms are responsible for this process on

every turbine’s turn.

The inner skin of each turbine works as

a filter absorbing CO2 from the environment

as wind passes through it. [Fig 2.20]

The fact of using nano-bioengineering

and nano-manufacturing as means of

production is to achieve an efficient zero

emission material which uses the right kind and

amount of material where needed.

These micro organisms have not been

genetically altered; they work as a trained colony

where each member has a specific task in this

symbiotic process. For example, in the ant or the

bee colony, the queen knows what has to be done

and distributes the tasks between the members.

Imagine NVS as the human skin. When

we suffer a cut, our brain sends signals and

resources to this specific region to get it restored

as soon as possible [78]

. [Fig 2.19]

(Fig3:20) Zoom in showing the scale of nano engineered structures

[78].

(Fig3:17) Detail side view [78]

.

(Fig3:18) NVS Structure panel [78]

.

(Fig3:19) Nano-structure components [78]

.

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

Keywords: NanoArchitecture, Sustainable Building at Nanotechnology age - 98 -

NVS works in the same way. Every

panel has a sensor on each corner with a

material reservoir. When one of the turbines

has a failure or breaks, a signal is sent through

the nano-wires to the central system and building

material (microorganisms) is sent through the

central tube in order to regenerate this area with

a self assembly process.

As researchers have stated, nano-

manufacturing will be a common way to produce

everyday products [78]

.

Wind Contact Study [Fig 2.21, 22]

In order to achieve the best outcome of

energy, the blades of each turbine are

symmetrically designed. With this feature, even

if the wind's direction changes, each turbine

adapts itself by rotating clockwise or anti-

clockwise, depending on the situation [78]

.

(Fig3:22) NVS interacting with

Sunlight, Wind and CO2 [78]

(Fig3:21) Nano Vent-Skin wind contact

analysis [78]

.

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

Keywords: NanoArchitecture, Sustainable Building at Nanotechnology age - 99 -

Design:

This tower takes an active stance and attacks

the problem of dirty air by aiming to help purify the

air of our cities. The tower pulls dirt, grease, and

bacteria out of the air, producing only oxidation and

water as a result. The reaction is triggered by the use

of a Nano-coating of titanium dioxide on the outer

skin of the project. The reaction is naturally powered

by sunlight acting on the titanium dioxide during the

day and supplemented by ultra violet light at night.

These UV lights are powered by energy collected

through PV panels during the day. The tower will be

a glowing indigo object at night varying in intensity

according to the amount of solar energy collected

during the day. The indigo glow

will become symbolic of the

cleansing, counteracting the yellow

haze that dominates the daytime

hours [80]

. [Fig 2.22]

The formal design moves of

the tower are shaped by basic

passive solar ideas that are

amplified in magnitude, by a

focused analysis of wind and light.

Every twist and pull in the massing

is set off by a series of interrelated

environmental considerations. The

passive solar attributes are

enhanced by the additional layer of

technological innovation provided

by the titanium dioxide. Keeping

the technology as simple as

possible, we avoid the inherent

traps of technological problems by

EX5 Indigo Bio-Purification Tower with Titanium Dioxide Facade

Architect Ted Givens, Benny Chow, Mohamed Ghamlouch

Location Qingdao, China

Date proposal

Type / style Proposal skyscraper / Biological NanoArchitecture

Nanomaterial used nano-coating of titanium dioxide skin - Nanotechnology application

Co2 Emissions Strategy is to reach zero emission.

Achievements Sus.

(LEED points)

Site (impact on bio-system)- Water (collect the rain water- recycle gray

water)- Energy (wind- solar) – Material ( nano-coating)

(Fig3:24) The skin design [80]

(Fig3:23) Ultra violet light at night [80]

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

Keywords: NanoArchitecture, Sustainable Building at Nanotechnology age - 100 -

piling on more technological solutions.

We realize that the liberating aspects of

the technological solution are often tied

to the imprisoning traits that follow as a

result of the solution [80] [81]

.

The Tower is Split into Three Bars to

1) Increase the amount of surface area,

2) Provide southern light to the south

face of each bar

3) Focus and increase wind speed. The

added surface area allows for

maximizing the amount of titanium

dioxide that can be placed on the

building—enhancing the amount of air

being cleaned. [Fig 2.56]

The focused and increased wind

speed not only power a series of

vertical wind turbines, but also pushes

the air across the titanium dioxide

panels and provides cross ventilation

for every room of each unit in the

towers [80]

. [Fig 2.24, 26]

The Skin Design

inspired by the pocketed and

cellular texture of the titanium dioxide

molecule (TiO2). A series of organic

cells cover the building and are tapered

to naturally collect the water, a

byproduct of the skins chemical

reaction, and to collect and slowly

release rain water. [Fig 3.23]

-The skin pulls off of the building on

the south facades to provide natural

shading

-pushes into the inner skin of the north

(Fig3:25) The tower is split into three bars [80]

(Fig3:26) Analysis of wind and light with skin [80]

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

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façade to maximize daylight

-provide 50% coverage to reduce heat

loss during the winter months [80] [81]

.

[Fig 2.27]

-The skin also floats off the building to

conceal the UV lights which can be

harmful to humans who are directly

exposed to it, and further maximizes

the building’s envelope [80]

.

A Series of Gardens

The gardens are located at regular intervals all

the way up the tower. They become public gathering

spaces as well as marsh lands to collect the water from

the chemical reactions of the skin and to filter and

process grey water from the towers. The plants also turn

the carbon dioxide, created in the chemical reaction of

the skin, back into oxygen.

propose use of self-cleaning windows and

bathroom tiles, which are available in the market for

more than a decade. Scientists have been working on a

solution on developing a “smart coating material” which can wash away dirt and keep the

surface clean [80] [81].

The density of our

large cities brings the

additional complication of

transmittable disease. In an

age of globalization with more

potent infectious diseases, the

nano-material we propose can

also be used on internal

hallways, trash rooms, and

elevators to remove or reduce

bacterial agents [80] [81]

.

(Fig 3:29) a series of chemical reactions TiO2 with sunlight or

ultraviolet (UV) light [81]

(Fig3:28) Purification Tower [81]

(Fig3:27) Wind speed study [80]

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

Keywords: NanoArchitecture, Sustainable Building at Nanotechnology age - 102 -

Nanotechnology

With the advancement on today’s nanotechnology, scientists can now modify and

enhance the coating technology on building facade panels for incorporating the light

activated nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2). The TiO2 based photo-catalysts can trigger a

series of chemical reactions to generate hydroxyl radicals when exposed to sunlight or

ultraviolet (UV) light. The artificial near-UV light source will give the maximum power

on the photo-catalyst reaction. These radicals will oxidize and degrade most of the airborne

urban pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or nitrogen oxides. They can

even assist in deactivation of bio-contamination. This technology can make any surface

anti-bacterial and mold-free. It can purify our ambient air and protect our buildings from

bio-aerosol contamination [80] [81]

. [Fig 2.28]

3.4.3. Smart Nanoarchitecture: [9]

3.4.3. A. Buildings that exist in Symbiotic Harmony with Nature

As we anticipate the future, with

buildings created from nanoarchitecture - of

phenomenal strength, lightness, integral

structure, seamless continuity of surface,

transparency, and in evolving, growing

forms - these buildings will reshape the

man-made environment. Created from the

subatomic level without the use of natural

resources, waste-producing factories or

laborious physical labor, these masterfully-

programmed buildings will not outdo the

modesty of the natural world. They will

exist in symbiotic harmony with the natural

environment, adjusting their forms to the needs of people and the seasonal changes of light,

temperature and humidity [9]

. [Fig 3.29]

3.4.3. B Proposal (John M Johansen FAIA)

For these radically new characteristics will be the basis of our designs for a New

Architectural Species. As other members of these species, I now propose three more

projects: the "morphable house," the "self-erecting bridge," and the "self-erecting tower."

(Fig3.30) Exist in symbiotic harmony with the

natural environment [9]

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

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Study Community Center 2200

Architect John M. Johansen – Patrick Ford

Date Proposal 2200

Type / style Bio and Smart NanoArchitecture

Nanomaterial used NanoSensors - Molecular Nanotechnology (MNT)

Co2 Emissions Zero carbon emissions

Molecular Building Process

From the outset, it should be understood that molecular-engineered

buildings are still theoretical in nature.

Molecular Nanotechnology (MNT) represents a new phase in the evolution

of manmade structures.

Advanced studies link the processes of DNA with molecular growth.

James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA governs the

continuity and growth of all living things [9]

. [Fig 3.30]

The molecular building process is not

biological, but mechanical; living cells are

replicated by dividing, assemblers replicate

mechanically, by building others. As Drexler has

written "The great difference is that nanotech does

not use living ribosome's but robotic assemblers,

not veins but conveyor belts, not muscles but

motors, not genes but computers, not dividing cells

but small factories producing products and

additional factories." [9]

Coding [Fig 3.31, 32]

Artificial DNA, or coding, is essential to the

process of molecular nanotechnology. If molecular

structures are to reproduce and build products, they

must be given directions as to what to build, how,

when and where. "It is important to know that

molecular assemblers cannot build anything by

themselves," writes Bill Spence. "All products

familiar today and inventions of future products

built by MNT must be re-designed, engineered,

molecularly modeled ...and translated into

functional software." [88]

(Fig3.31) Artificial

DNA double helix [9]

(Fig3.33) growth out of vat [9]

(Fig3.32) assemblers replicate mechanically,

by building others [9]

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

Keywords: NanoArchitecture, Sustainable Building at Nanotechnology age - 104 -

Growth at the Building Site

Vat growth may be

described through the

process of "accretion," with

atoms adhering to a base-as

rock candy is the

crystallization of liquid

sugar adhering to a stick or

string. For growth out of

vat, at the scale of a

building, there must be a

linear or directional growth

pattern: root, stem, rib,

lattice or branches,

nourished by a "fibro-

vascular" distribution [88]

[Fig 3.33]

Feasibility (Economy Dimension)

Another consideration is cost. Markel states, "Common elements like hydrogen,

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, aluminum, and silicone are best sources for constituting the

bulk of most structures, and because these elements can be taken in abundance from earth,

water, and air, raw materials will be dirt cheap." The cost of molecular engineering -

minus licensing fees, insurance, and business expenses - is comparable to the cost of

creating plastic or industrial chemicals. Labor constitutes a minor factor within MNT;

excepting costs for the development of computer software, MNT is labor-free [9]

.

Environmental Considerations (Environmental Dimension)

The "seed," of coding device, will replace conventional blueprints, specifications,

and construction procedures. In regard to ecological relationships, the seed contains

instructions with feedback allowing the new building to respond to its immediate

surroundings. So far, the most extraordinary proposal put forth is that of coordinating the

artificial coding of a building with the DNA of a living environment. That is to say, the

building would be programmed to monitor its environment and adjust or alter its

design so as to be in harmony, or symbiotic relationship, with nature [Fig 3.34]

(Fig3.34) growth pattern: root, stem, rib, lattice or branches, nourished [88]

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

Keywords: NanoArchitecture, Sustainable Building at Nanotechnology age - 105 -

3.4.3. C. Designing Cities of the Future

First of all ...the scale of urban design is too large for one architect to conceive or to

design, as a totally determinate form. Secondly, per mutational or open-ended

programming will force a new concept, that of indeterminacy: changeable structures,

changing to accommodate changing requirements. Therefore, buildings may not look the

same from year to year.

The future city may look like one building; it will most certainly be a continuous

construction. The building, as a fragment, may look like many. The city in its total

interconnectedness may appear to be one building. Except for scale, the governing

principles would be the same. [88]

(Fig3.35) seed contains instructions with feedback allowing new building to respond to its immediate surroundings [88]

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

Keywords: NanoArchitecture, Sustainable Building at Nanotechnology age - 106 -

3.4.4. Ecological Nanoarchitecture

EX Off the Grid. Sustainable Habitat 2020 [86]

.

Architect Philips’s Design Probes

Location China

Date Proposal 2020

Type / style Proposal skyscraper/ eco and smart NanoArchitecture

Nanomaterial used NanoSensors – nanoskin (alive skin)

Co2 Emissions Zero carbon emissions

Sustainability

(LEED points)

Site (impact on ecosystem)- Water (collect the rain water- catching

moisture) Atmosphere (absorb co2)- Energy (wind - solar -biogases) –

Materials ( nanoskin) Waste recycle (gray water- human and organic

waste- no waste energy sensors) Indoor (daylight – clean air-)

Design:

Today, our habitat is very

dependent on the international grid of

energy & water. Energy crisis, clean

water shortage, global warming and

environmental pollution are worldwide

problems. Understanding cities as

dynamic and ever-evolving eco-systems

can help us to formulate strategies for a

sustainable urban future with

Nanotechnology. The whole project is

based on the brief to develop sustainable

housing for urban megalopolis in China in

2020 [86]

. [Fig 3.35]

Nanosensors Sustainable Features:

This is exploring the integration of

electronics and bio chemical

functionalities into the inert material of

the built environment (Nanosensors). The

design of the concept fundamentally

changes the current approach to buildings

and habitat. This future habitat shifts from

the current state where the building

surfaces are benign inert ‘dumb’

materials only used for construction and

shielding purposes to sensitive functional skins that are ‘alive’ and act as membranes to

harness energy. A membrane creates a strong link between the exterior and interior of

the habitat and is used as a transporter collecting and channeling the elements of air

water and light - from the outside feeding into the inside space. The membrane supplies

the habitat with all necessary sources to be able to live off the grid [86]

. [Fig 3.36]

(Fig3.36) Off the Grid: Sustainable Habitat 2020 [86]

.

(Fig3.37) the skin interaction strategy [86]

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

Keywords: NanoArchitecture, Sustainable Building at Nanotechnology age - 107 -

Water: The active skin of the building reacts to the rain [fig.3.37] and collects and channels

rainwater into the habitat [fig.3.38]. By catching moisture from the air the facade collects

water even in dry periods [fig.3.39]. Through purification, filtration and reuse, water will be

used in a closed loop and fresh water consumption will be optimized. [fig.3.40]

(Fig3.38) The active skin of the building reacts to the rain [86]

(Fig3.39) collects and channels rainwater into the habitat [86]

(Fig3.40) collects water even in dry periods [86]

(Fig3.41) water will be used in a closed loop [86]

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

Keywords: NanoArchitecture, Sustainable Building at Nanotechnology age - 108 -

Air:

The active skin of the building reacts to the wind [fig.3.41]. By channeling air and

wind through the skin [fig.3.42] of the building, energy will be generated and the air will be

filtered to provide clean air inside the building [fig.3.43]. Compressed and dissipated

through funnels, the air will also be cooled for natural air-conditioning [fig.3.44]. Thus,

Outside air is cleaned and stripped of CO2 before being inhaled by the building [86]

.

(Fig3.42) The active skin of the building reacts to the wind [86]

(Fig3.43) channeling air and wind through the skin [86]

(Fig3.44) generating the energy and filtering the air to provide clean air inside the building [86]

(Fig3.45) air will also be cooled for natural air-conditioning [86]

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

Keywords: NanoArchitecture, Sustainable Building at Nanotechnology age - 109 -

Light:

The active skin of a building [fig.3.45] reacts to sunlight and automatically moves

into the most efficient position to channel light and generates energy [fig.3.46]. By

collecting and channeling the natural light, no electricity will be needed during the day for

lighting [fig.3.47]. Bringing natural light into our homes will not only save energy but also

provide all the advantages for health and well being [86]

. [fig.3.48]

(Fig3.46) The active skin of a building [86]

(Fig3.47) The active skin moves to channel light and generate energy [86]

(Fig3.48) collecting the natural light for lighting with no electricity [86]

(Fig3.49) Bringing natural light inside [86]

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

Keywords: NanoArchitecture, Sustainable Building at Nanotechnology age - 110 -

Waste:

The human and organic waste will be entirely recycled and will be converted into

bio-gas energy that will be used for heating and cooking, and will produce hot water for

washing [86]

. [fig.3.49, 50]

(Fig3.50) the biogas used for heating and cooking [86]

(Fig3.51) the biogas providing hot water for washing [86]

These EcoHomes will be built in urban megalopolis and they combine electronics

with bio-chemical functionalities which lead to a new material that acts like a sensitive

functional skin that is “alive” and it harnesses energy.

The new skin acts like a membrane which absorbs air, water and light from the

outside and it brings it into the interior. This means that there is possible to forget about

our dependence on the grid because the new skin provides us with every necessary

source. The membrane will move around in order to get into the best position to harness

as much energy as possible [86].

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

Keywords: NanoArchitecture, Sustainable Building at Nanotechnology age - 111 -

1. Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that is opening a new world of materials

functionalities, and performances. But it is also opening new possibilities in construction

sustainability [4]

.

2. Nanosensors building components will become smarter, gathering data on

temperature, humidity, vibration, stress, decay, and a host of other factors. This

information will be invaluable in monitoring and improving building maintenance and

safety. Thus, dramatic improvements in energy conservation can be expected [4]

.

3. Space-scraper (Innovative photovoltaic elevators): The new skyscraper typology was

creatively invented using advanced NASA technology; Innovative Electromagnetic

Vertical Mass Transportation, carbon-fiber structural skins and advanced

environmental control systems (nanosensors) support new spacescraper technology [87]

.

4. Community Center 2200: Molecular Nanotechnology (MNT) represents a new phase

in the evolution of manmade structures. The cost of molecular engineering - minus

licensing fees, insurance, and business expenses - is comparable to the cost of creating

plastic or industrial chemicals. The building would be programmed to monitor its

environment and adjust or alter its design so as to be in harmony, or symbiotic

relationship, with nature [88]

.

5. Off the Grid. Sustainable Habitat 2020: eco-systems can help us to formulate

strategies for a sustainable urban future with Nanotechnology. The new skin acts like a

membrane which absorbs air, water and light from the outside and brings them into the

interior. This means that it is possible to forget about our dependence on the grid because

the new skin provides us with every necessary source. The membrane will move around

in order to get into the best position to make use of as much energy as possible [86]

.

3.6. CONCLUSION

PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

Keywords: NanoArchitecture, Sustainable Building at Nanotechnology age - 112 -

6. Nanotechnology achieves LEED Points: three studies

LEED Points Nano Vent-Skin (NVS) Indigo Bio-Purification

Tower Off the Grid. Habitat 2020

Sustainable

Site

development

(SS):

minimize a building's

impact on bioengineered

organisms

minimize a building's

impact on Biosystems

dynamic cities and

ever-evolving eco-

systems

Water

Efficiency

(WE)

collect the rain water collect the rain water-

recycle gray water

collects rainwater, even

in dry periods, and

used in a closed loop

Energy and

Atmosphere

(EA)

generates energy by

chemical reactions&

wind turbine & organic

nano-photovoltaic skin&

storing at Storage and

supply Units

power from a series of

vertical wind turbines&

provide 50% coverage

to reduce heat loss

during the winter

months

generate energy

from Sun& Wind

biogas used for heating

and cooking

Materials and

Resources

(MR)

"Smart materials"

nanosensors to use

optimize energy…&

nano-fibers inside the

nano-wires (transform)

"Smart materials" a

Nano-coating of

titanium dioxide on the

outer skin of the

project

Human and organic

waste entirely recycled

& the new skin

provides us with every

necessary source&

smart materials

(Nanosensors)

Indoor

Environmenta

l Quality (EQ)

The inner skin of each

turbine works as a filter

absorbing CO2 from the

environment & natural

light.

air across the TiO2

panels and provides

cross purify ventilation

for every unit& conceal

the UV lights which can

be harmful to humans

Filtering to provide

clean air inside &

cooled for natural air-

conditioning & natural

light no electricity

needed& Outside air is

cleaned and stripped of

CO2

Innovation in

Design (ID)

Using nano-

bioengineering with

bioengineered organisms

as a production method

to achieve an efficient

zero emission material

Basic passive solar

ideas &design focused

to Provide southern

light to the south face

and increase wind

speed.

Active Nanoskin combines

electronics with bio-

chemical functionalities.

Strategy is to reach zero

emission.

General Conclusion

113

The analysis of global climate change and the global-scale plans affirm the

importance of building as our primary opportunity to heal the planet. Studies suggest that

40 percent of the energy savings required to achieve necessary carbon reductions could

come from the building sector, Better building envelope designs, using day lighting which

is more efficient than artificial lighting, and better efficiency standards for building

components and appliances are all opportunities to make the building industry the leader in

fighting global climate change and advancing sustainable development and energy

conservation.

Sustainable building practitioners seek to implement sustainable development,

“development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of

future generations to meet their own needs,” in the design, construction and operation of

buildings. They strive to minimize the use of non-renewable resources like coal, petroleum,

natural gas and minerals, and minimize waste and pollutants. Energy conservation is

critical to green building because it both conserves resources and reduces wastes and

pollutants. But for the building industry to achieve its potential as the leader in sustainable

development, new materials are urgently needed.

The demands of public and private building owners for greener materials, are

being increasingly enforced as regulations in many instances. Such regulations will soon

force architects and engineers to specify greener materials in buildings. This demand,

combined with the environmentally friendly character of most nano-products for

architecture, will create a synergy that we expect will result in a boom in demand for

nanotechnology for green building.

Most importantly, Sustainable NanoArchitecture can help us achieve goals for

reducing carbon emissions, the effects of global climate change, supply the world by

(environmental, economic, social) great benefits and Building is a logical point of focus

in those efforts.

Encouraging manufacturing of green nanomaterials and products for building like

nanocoating, nanosolar cells, nanofilters, nano-OLED, insulation nanomaterials…. And

make them available for consumers and architects. So should be declining their costs and

Proliferate them in markets as a sustainable products.

Encourage research and applications of green nanotechnologies in many fields and

encourage its integration in the architecture. And increase awareness of developers and

engineers about nanomaterials benefits in energy, environment, economy and it can

helping to achieve sustainability principles, which help to save our planet (GW).

General Conclusion

Recommendation

References

114

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(37) Bahrain World Trade Center http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_World_Trade_Center 2008.

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(94) BioArchitecture http://www.bioarchitecture.ie/about-bioarchitecture 2010

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ملخص الرسالة

117

وهي التي تلبي احتياجات الحاضر دون المساس بتلبية " ستدامةالتنمية المهذه الرسالة تلقي الضوء على

البعد " تحقيق مبادئ وأبعاد االستدامةأمكانية عمارة النانو والمواد النانونية في ومدى "احتياجات األجيال القادمة

ليس فقط أصبحت مألوفةلوجيا النانو والمواد النانونية، تكنوحيث أن ."البعد االجتماعي -البعد االقتصادي -البيئي

ومن المتوقع أن يكون للمواد . للعلماء والمهندسين والمهندسين المعماريين ومصمي المنتجات ولكن أيًضا لعامة الناس

.فهى أصغر حجًما وأخف وزنًا وأكثر صالبة نية تأثير هائل على البناء فتعمل على نحو أفضل من المواد التقليديةالنانو

االرض في القرن الحادي كوكبعلى مستوى البيئة كما يمكنها أيًضا المساهمة في حل المشاكل الخطيرة التي تواجه

.أثر سلبيًا على األرض مثل ظاهرة األحتباس الحراري التي تسببت في حدوث تغير مناخي والعشرون

تم تقسيم الرسالة إلى ثالثة أجزاء يتم من خاللها عرض الموضوع بطريقة متسلسلة بدًءا من تعريف االستدامة

في تحقيق االستدامة لتصبح عمارة وقياس قدرة عمارة النانو . وأبعادها، وصوال للعمارة المستدامة والمباني الخضراء

:ونلخصها فيما يلي النانو عمارة مستدامة

:األستدامة.1

أزمة الطاقة الغير متجددة تجد األستدامة في تحقيق أبعادها تحديات كبيرة خصوًصا البعد البيئي لما له من مشكالت مثل

ولذلك فإن ". بناء هو مسئول رئيسي عن انبعاثهوقطاع الCO2 من اسبابه الغازات الدفينة مثل "األحتباس الحراري و

العمارة المستدامة والعمارة الخضراء تقدم محاوالت لتقليل االنبعاثات وتوفير الطاقة مثل إعادة تدوير المواد وكفاءة

خالل والتي تقيسس أداء المبنى من LEEDتحتاج المباني المستدامة برامج لقياس أدائها مثل . إلخ... استخدام الطاقة

".جودة البيئة الداخلية -المواد المستخدمة –الطاقة –كفاءة الماء – الموقع" العناصر التالية

:عمارة النانو.2

والمواد النانونية تقدم . تأتي عمارة النانو من أندماج تكنولوجيا النانو مع العمارة أي استخدام المواد النانونية في العمارة

أو انتاجها أو تخزينها معظمها يتركز على الحفاظ على الطاقة مثل استخدام حلوال ألزمة الطاقة من خالل الحفاظ عليها

وكذلك نجد %. 03والتى بدورها أكفأ من المواد التقليدية بنسبة Nanocoatingالو Nanogelالمواد العازلة مثل

في األضاءة أكفأ خمس مرات من المواد التقليدية ويقلل انبعاثات الغازات الدفينة ويقلل استهالك OLEDاستخدام

. انتاج للطاقةبخالف طالءات النانو والتى تقدم المزيد من توفير و Thin-film solarوأيًضا . الطاقة

:عمارة النانو المستدامة.0

LEEDوهنا نجد عمارة النانو تحقق وتنجز األهداف المرجوة من االستدامة ويمكن قياسها بالمقايس السابق ذكرها مثل

حيث نجدها في بعض التطبيقات تقلل انبعاثات الكربون وتكاد أن تصل النعدام االنبعاث وبالتالي تؤثر على تحسين "

كما تحقق أيضا أهداف أقتصادية في المستقبل بسبب رخص الطاقة المنتجة من ناحية وطول فترة دورة . تغير المناخ

ها التعامل مع المباني القائمة وليس بالضرورة الجديدة فقط فقد يكفى كما أنها يمكن. حياة المباني لكفاءة المواد المستخدمة

وهي تستطيع إدارة المبنى والتحكم فيه بحيث ال يوجد أي فاقد طاقة باستخدام . استخدام طالء نانو على النوافذ كعزل

Nanosensors "

مجاالت انتاج الطاقة والحفاظ عليها الهدف األساسي من هذه الرسالة هو توضيح أهمية تكنولوجيا النانو خصوصا في

فبذلك نجد عمارة النانو تندمج مع فكر االستدامة وتقاس أداءها باالدوات الفعلية . في العمارة... وتنقية الماء والهواء

. الموجودة نتمكن من التوصل إلى عمارة النانو المستدامة

ملخص الرسالة

قةمواف : الرسالة على الحكم و المناقشة لجنة

(رئيسيا مشرفا ) إبراهيم العال عبد محمد/ توركد أستاذ

---------------------------- المعمارية الهندسة قسم ، المتفرغ العمارة أستاذ األسكندرية جامعة ، الهندسة يةكل

ا) اصم حنفيع محمد/ دكتور أستاذ (عضو

---------------------------- المعمارية الهندسة قسم ، العمارة أستاذ األسكندرية جامعة ، الهندسة كلية

ا) طيواألرناؤ محمود ذكي سحر / دكتور أستاذ (عضو

---------------------------- ة العمار قسم ، العمارة أستاذ األسكندرية جامعة ،و وكيل كلية الفنون الجميلة

هبه وائل لهيطه/ رتودك أستاذ

--------------------------- وكيل الكلية للدراسات العليا والبحوث جامعة االسكندرية –كلية الهندسة

النانو واألستدامة عمارة

من مقدمة

فاتن فارس فؤاد

درجة علی للحصول

المعمارية الهندسة فی العلومماجيستير

موافقة : الرسالة على االشراف لجنة

(رئيسيا مشرفا ) إبراهيم العال عبد محمد/ دكتور أستاذ

---------------------------- المعمارية الهندسة قسم ، المتفرغ العمارة أستاذ األسكندرية جامعة ، الهندسة كلية

(مشرفا ) زياد طارق الصياد / دكتور

--------------------------- المعمارية الهندسة قسم ، العمارة ُمدرس األسكندرية جامعة ، الهندسة كلية

جامعة األسكندرية

كلية الهندسة قسم الهندسة المعمارية

ستدامةالالنانو وا عمارة

رسالة علمية

اإلسكندرية جامعة – الهندسة كلية – المعمارية الهندسة قسملى إمقدمة

درجة على لحصوللاستيفاء للدراسات المقررة

المعمارية الهندسة فى ماجستيرالعلوم

من مقدمة

فاتن فارس فؤاد

2102 يونيو