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National Workshop on " Blueprint Water Accounting in India"
15 February 2017, New Delhi
Blueprint for a Water Accounting System in India
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
Main elements to be considered for the development of the Blueprint
Alignment with International Standards: Handling clear and agreed concepts and taking advantage of worldwide experience
Ease of Implementation: Availability of the required datasets in India, either from direct sources as metering or from surrogate data able to feed a robust assessment
Fit and Complementarity: Fitting in general IWRM strategy and complementarity with other tools already in use or under development
Transparency and Involvement of States and Stakeholders: Provision of data, participation in discussions and acceptance of results
Short and Long Term Objectives: Selection of indicators and general framework to respond to both the immediate key issues as well as the medium and long term challenges for water governance in India
PQ-1 Increasing conflicts on water use and/or consumption between key economic sectors (urban, energy, agriculture, industry) and administrative areas (States, Districts) about sharing water resources and the benefits from their use
PQ-2 Deteriorating environment due to increased pressures (quality, quantity), providing less ecosystem services to people
PQ-3 Climate change effects on water use, and long-term development of economy, society and the environment
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
What are the overarching policy questions?
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
• Which area (state, district…) is consuming how much (of the available) water (by which sectors) What are the trends?
• Which would be a sustainable and equitable use? Which are the areas that are driving over-exploitation and conflicts?
• What are the expected consumption trends for the future (in sectors/areas)?
• How can future water consumption trends be influenced? Which policy options (governance, investments) shall be promoted (in which area/sector)?
• Which are the economic and social benefits and trade-offs of the current water use (area, sector)? How can benefits be increased/optimized?
PQ-1. Sharing water resourcesWhich policy decisions must be informed? [1]
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
• How are areas/sectors benefitting from access to water in comparison to their role in contributing to the costs of water management adequately (e.g. by proportion of water use, benefits associated to water use, area, number of people, etc.)?
• How does water quality affect economic activity (agriculture and energy production) and society (health, well-being)?
PQ-1. Sharing water resourcesWhich policy decisions must be informed? [2]
Indicators Other toolsWater Consumption IndexConsumption ratios (per capita, per hectare, per kw-h)Further Indicators can be developed in a second stage, on the basis of the Water Accounting SystemWater Productivity IndexCost recovery ratioWater Quality Index
Studies for defining sustainability thresholdsPhysical Water Supply and Use Tables from SEEA-WaterCase studies to evaluate impacts and potential responsesDSS modelling (to be developed under IWRM - RBMP)Hydrological modelling to feed DSS and SEEAWSEEAW Hybrid AccountsVirtual Water TradeSEEAW Water Emissions Accounts
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
PQ-1. Sharing water resourcesIndicator - Water Consumption Index
WCI=Abstraction ( Irrigation + Human Supply + Manufacturing + Energy + Others ) − ReturnsTARWR ( Total Actual Renewable Water Resources )
Scale of application
Key data requirements
Formulation
Basin - State
Water abstraction by sectorEfficiency estimates by sectorWater resources assessment
Rationale Information on the level of pressures exerted by the different sectors on water resources.
European Union RBs. WEI+ Autumn 2005 (Use of freshwater resources)
Adimensional [hm3] / [hm3]
Policy relevance / use Focus on RB with higher values. Solutions for sustainable water quantity management. Establishment, implementation and monitoring of e-flows.
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
PQ-1. Sharing water resourcesIndicator - Consumption ratios
CR=Sectoral consumption ( abstraction − returns )Magnitude of the driver ( inhabitants , hectares , kw−h…¿
.¿
Basin – State – Irrigation District – Municipality – Energy production facility
Water abstractionEfficiency estimatesStatistics on drivers
Comparable information on consumption values for a specific sector (or even crop) in a State, basin or geographical unit
Ebro RBMP 2010-2015 (Spain). Irrigation water consumption (m3/ha)
m3 / inhabitant, m3 / ha, m3 / kwh
Reference to national and / or international benchmarks. Identification of inefficient use patterns and taking action
Scale of application
Key data requirements
Formulation
Rationale
Policy relevance / use
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
PQ-1. Sharing water resourcesIndicator - Water Productivity Index
WPI=Economic OutputWater Consumption / Water abstraction
Basin – State – Sector – Crop - Irrigation District
Water abstraction (Efficiency estimates)Economic output
Information on how much economic output is produced per cubic meter of fresh water (either consumed or abstracted)
Economic water productivity (EWP) of crop production in the Ganga RB in the period 2008-2011 (IWMI Research Report 167)
Rupee / m3
Scale of application
Key data requirements
Formulation
Rationale
Policy relevance / use Comparison of relative economic efficiency across sectors and territories, supporting objectives for economic performance and water use. Also to inform potential water re-allocation schemes
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
PQ-1. Sharing water resourcesIndicator – Cost Recovery Ratio
(%)
State – Sector
Taxes and TariffsCosts of water services
Part of the investment for proper water management recovered by prices, direct taxes and tariffs. Differences suggest trade-offs and cross subsidies
Summary of cost recovery index based on SEEAW. Guadalquivir RB (Spain), 2012
Cost-recovery levels for water and sanitation services in the domestic sector (EEA, 2013)
Scale of application
Key data requirements
Formulation
Rationale
Policy relevance / use Setting appropriate incentives for better water use. Differences across sectors and territories suggest trade-offs and/ or cross subsidies
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
PQ-1. Sharing water resourcesIndicator - Water Quality Index
Quality classification based on multiple criteria (see Table)
State – Basin
Coliforms, pH, dissolved Oxygen, BOD,Free Ammonia, Conductivity, SAR
Classification of water quality to determine potential use, informing on boundaries for the utilization of specific sources for certain economic activities and/or human supply and the level of treatment needed
Central Pollution Control Board
Scale of application
Key data requirements
Formulation
Rationale
Policy relevance / use Evaluation of the adequacy of water quality to actual and / or intended use. Triggering action to recover status if values deviate from required standards
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
How much water shall be set aside (not used/consumed) for maintaining freshwater ecosystems?
How does water quality affect the environment and freshwater ecosystems?
PQ-2. Ecosystem ServicesWhich policy decisions must be informed? Indicators Other tools
No specific indicator suggested
Assessment of e-flows (rivers and deltas) and wetland water needs.Assessment of hydrological alterationDetermination of environmental objectives and adequate responses following DPSIRPossible implementation of SEEA- Ecosystem Accounting
WCI is an indicator of water stress but no international agreed threshold has been set so far: EEA suggests WEI+ > 20 % implies water resource is under
stress, while WEI+ > 40 % indicates unsustainability. Hoekstra et al. estimate blue water availability by reducing
total natural runoff by 80% to account for presumed e-flows
Water resources in Europe in the context of vulnerability — European Environment Agency
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
How will climate change trends affect water availability and consumption?
Which policy options (governance, investments) shall be promoted (in which area/sector) for climate change resilience?
PQ-3. Climate changeWhich policy decisions must be informed? Indicators Other tools
No specific indicator suggested
WCI, SEEAW and DSS reflecting impacts in NWR and their availabilityHydrological modelling to translate climate scenarios into water availability.Integrated analysis of cost and benefits of water policy
Examples of current vulnerabilities of freshwater resources and their management; in the background, a water stress map based on Alcamo et al
Reports from both the International Panel on Climate Change and the UN World Water Assessment Programme use indicators on water stress to illustrate current status of water quantity problems and to monitor the observed hydrological changes due to climate and analyzing the drivers of change for freshwater resources (climatic and non-climatic)
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
The SEEAW is a UN Standard developed to provide a conceptual framework for organizing economic and hydrological information, enabling a consistent analysis of the contribution of water to the economy and of the impact of the economy on water resources, thus helping to promote IWRM.
Framework: System of Environmental Economic Accounts for Water [SEEAW]
In combination with the RB Decision Support Systems, will help the GoI for:
Making informed decisions on the efficient allocation of water among users
Understanding the impacts of drivers on all users, including climate change
Helping to get the most value for money from investing in infrastructure
Getting stakeholders involved in decision-making
The SEEAW provides an information system to feed knowledge into the decision-making process, facilitating a more coordinated development of water resources. I is also a consistent framework to monitor indicators and to improve their quality.
Water Exploitation Index, Godavari River Basin
Highest WEI: 43.84 in 2002—03, a low rainfall yearLowest WEI: 10.33 in 1990-91, a high rainfall year
WEI Range Inference as per EU standards
No of years of occurrence
Less than 10%
Non-stressed
0
10-20% Low stress 6
20%-40% Water stressed
11
More than 40%
Severe water stress
3
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
Water Consumption Index, Godavari River Basin
Highest WCI: 28.8 in 2002—03, a low rainfall yearLowest WCI: 6.45 in 1990-91, a high rainfall year
WCI Range
Inference as per literature Review
No of years of occurrence
<6% No stress 0
6-12% Low water stress
4
12-24% Water stressed
13
Above 24%
Severe water stress
3
Average WCI for European rivers is around 3%
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
Water Exploitation Index, Brahmani-Baitarani River Basin
Highest WEI: 32.3 in 2004—05, a low rainfall yearLowest WEI: 6.45 in 1994-95, a high rainfall year
WEI Range Inference as per EU standards
No of years of occurrence
Less than 10%
Non-stressed
15
10-20% Low stress 4
20%-40% Water stressed
1
More than 40%
Severe water stress
0
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
Water Consumption Index, Brahmani-Baitarani River Basin
Highest WCI: 19.44 in 2004—05, a low rainfall year
Lowest WCI: 1.93 in 1991-92, a high rainfall year
WCI Range
Inference as per literature Review
No of years of occurrence
<6% No stress 16
6-12% Low water stress
3
12-24% Water stressed
1
Above 24%
Severe water stress
0
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
Relationship between Rainfall and WCI
73% of variation in WCI in Godavari and 84% of the variation in WCI in Brahmani-Baitarani is explained by the annual rainfall.
Multiple-regression model can also be developed.
Useful for predicting WCI with respect to known magnitude of a rainfall.
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
Key questions
Level of Granularity Proposed (e.g. river basin, sub basin, State, irrigation district etc.)
Timeframe: Actions to be implemented phase-wise
Governance: Alignment between Central Government and the States
Data Availability: Center vs state; other agencies
Additional suggestions?
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
Institutional set-up. Data management in the EU
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
• River basin boundaries• Region (cross-check with measures, e.g. Rural development Plans)• Supply systems: quantitative water management• Water bodies - DPSIR
Institutional set-up. Granularity of the assessment
Annual irrigation water needs in Guadalquivir RBD (m3/ha)
m3/ha
Supply Systems in Guadalquivir RBD Status of Surface WBs in Guadalquivir RB (2015)
m3/ha
HighGood
ModeratePoor
Bad
1. Set-up of a shared governance system for water data between the GoI and States, and likely other institutions• Datasets shall be provided by different competent authorities, with quality check• Openness to incorporate data from additional sources, like Districts, municipalities or NGOs2. Strengthening of the Analytical capacity of available datasets• Increase policy dialogue with WRIS, increase internal analytical capacity for developing relevant policy messages,
and/or subcontracting of a support team for the analysis (e.g. EEA ETCs)• Set-up of an Advisory Board with (remunerated) experts to participate in the formulation of the assessments3. Need for a better communication, accessibility and transparency of datasets available• Exchange and pre-validation of data and results with (concerned) States and other institutions, before the launch of
public communications• Recognize uncertainties and data gaps, develop a working platform with concerned States and other institutions to
agree on technical and political aspects of data management• Improve relevance of currently displayed information and messages• Improve access to full datasets
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
Institutional set-up: Recommendations for India
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
Next steps 1: Possible timeline1 Feb 2017 Scoping exercise for identifying needs, approach, strategy and possible partners2 Mar 2017 Set-up of institutional arrangements & ToR 3 Jun 2017 Set-up of the WRIS for SEEA-W water accounting framework
4 Sep 2017 “Trust building” training and agreement with (GoI, State and other) authorities. Check of first results. Technical guidance?
5 Sep-Dec 2017 Refining of first results: “Manual” reception and incorporation of data
6 Dec 2017 – Feb 2018 On-site validation of reported data with inspections and metering
7 Mar 2018 First edition of the water use/consumption map/indicator (output) – Publication and presentation
8 Apr 2018 Follow-up “trust building” feedback workshop with authorities 9 Next reporting and data validation cycle
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
Next steps 2: Organisation
Key messages co-definition
ConsultantsData gathering & management
Data analysis
MoWR, RD & GRAdvisory Group
States & other authoritiesCoordination
Data provision & validation
Project Management UnitStrategy and analysis
Data gathering & managementStakeholders involvement
Strategy and analysisData gathering & management
Stakeholders involvement
Support 2030WRG & IEWPsupportcoordinate
advise
supe
rvis
e
repo
rt
supe
rvis
e
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
Establish Project Management Unit within CWC Defining ToR for support and consultancies Revisiting ambition and scope with Advisory Group and consultants
3 river basins (Krishna, Godavari and Mahanadi) State-related data, further granularity tbd Sector-based (agriculture, livestock, urban, industrial, energy) data , further
granularity tbd Yearly data, further granularity tbd SEEA-W Accounting tool Indicators. WCI, further indicators tbd
Next steps 3: What to do now?
Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
ANNEX. Structure of the Draft Report
1. Introduction and Framework2. Executive Summary3. Existing Water Databases, Indicators, and Approaches for Water Accounting In India4. Water Accounting5. Water Management Indicators6. Blueprint for Water Accounting System in India
6.1. Targets and Key Messages6.2. Water Management Indicators6.3. Water Accounts6.4. Other Water Management Tools6.5. Stepwise Approach for a Water Information System in India
7. Recommendations and Learned Lessons for the Implementation of the Blueprint