Identification of Industrial Wastes Suitable for Application of the Accelerated Carbonation Technology in India – An Approach

Presentation at the Indo-UK Scientific Seminar

Accelerated Carbonation Technology: A Promising Tool for Waste Valorisation and Carbon Dioxide Sequestration

Hill Top Palace, Udaipur, (January 28-30, 2015)

by

Dr R S Mahwar, Environmental Consultant &Former Additional Director, Central Pollution Control Board (Ministry of Environment &

Forests), Govt. of India, Delhi

Wastes Types/Characteristics Requirements for Application of Accelerated Carbonation Technology (ACT)

Solid Waste

Inorganic in Nature

Containing Calcium and/or

Silicon Salts

Review of the Regulation on Classification of the Hazardous Wastes Generation in India

(Objective- Where does the ACT fit ?)

Hazardous Wastes – Rule 3 (l) of the Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules 2008

Any waste which by reason of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristics causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or substances, and shall include-

(i) Wastes specified under column (3) of Schedule-I,

(ii) Wastes having constituents specified in Schedule-II if their concentration is equal to or more than the limit indicated in the said Schedule, and

(iii) Wastes specified in Part A or Part B of the Schedule-III in respect of import or export of such wastes in accordance with rules 12, 13 and 14 or the wastes other than those specified in Part A or Part B if they possess any of the hazardous characteristics specified in Part C of that Schedule

Schedule –I (HW Rules 2008)

The Schedule I* specifies a total of 115 types of hazardous wastes generated from 36 processes.

The wastes contained in Schedule- I does not preclude the use of Schedule – II** to demonstrate that the waste is not hazardous***and in case of dispute, the matter would be referred to the Technical Review Committee constituted by Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India

* Schedule-I is based on the types of waste generating processes

** Schedule- II is based on the composition of the wastes

*** This is the most important amendment introduced in 2008

36-Processes* Generating Hazardous Wastes as per Schedule- I

(* Expected to meet the requirements of ACT ?)

1. Petrochemical processes and pyrolytic operations.2. Drilling operation for oil and gas production.3. Cleaning, emptying and maintenance of petroleum oil

storage tanks including ships.4. Petroleum refining/re-processing of used oil/recycling

of waste oil5. Industrial operations using mineral/synthetic oil as

lubricant in hydraulic systems or other applications6. Secondary production and/or industrial use of zinc.*7. Primary production of zinc/lead/copper and other non-

ferrous metals except aluminum.*8. Secondary production of copper.*9. Secondary production of lead.*

Processes Generating Hazardous Wastes as per Schedule- I (Contd.)

10. Production and/or industrial use of cadmium and arsenic and their compounds.*

11. Production of primary and secondary aluminum. *12. Metal surface treatment, such as etching, staining,

polishing, galvanizing, cleaning, degreasing, plating, etc.13. Production of iron and steel including other ferrous alloys

(electric furnaces; steel rolling and finishing mills, Coke oven and by product plant) *

14. Hardening of steel*15. Production of asbestos or asbestos-containing materials16. Production of caustic soda and chlorine*17. Production of mineral acids18. Production of nitrogenous and complex fertilizers*19. Production of phenol

Processes Generating Hazardous Wastes as per Schedule- I (Contd.)

20. Production and/or industrial use of solvents21. Production and/or industrial use of paints, pigments,

Lacquers, varnishes, plastics and inks22. Production of plastic raw materials23. Production and/or industrial use of glues, cements,

adhesive and resins24. Production of canvas and textiles25. Industrial production and formulation of wood

preservatives26. Production or industrial use of synthetic dyes, dye-

intermediates and pigments27. Production of organo -silicone compounds28. Production/formulation of drugs/ pharmaceuticals

and health care product29. Production, and formulation of pesticides including

stock-piles

Processes Generating Hazardous Wastes as per Schedule- I (Contd.)

30. Leather Tanneries*31. Electronic Industry32. Pulp and Paper Industry33. Disposal of barrels / containers used for handling of

hazardous wastes/ chemicals34. Purification and treatment of exhaust air, water and

waste water from the processes in this schedule and common industrial effluent treatment plants (CETP’S) *

35. Purification process for organic compounds/ solvents36. Hazardous waste treatment processes, e.g;

incineration, distillation, separation and concentration techniques. *

Classification of Wastes as per Schedule-II*(* Which ones do we expect to meet the requirements of ACT ?)

Schedule-II has five classes namely, Class A, B, C, D and E.

The classes A to class D are based on the type of the constituents present and their concentrations.

The class E is for flammable, explosive, corrosive, toxic and carcinogenic wastes

Constituents conc. limits (equal to or more than) : Class A- 50 mg/kg; Class B- 5,000 mg/kg; Class C- 20,000 mg/kg and Class D- 50,000 mg/kg

Classification as per Schedule-II (Contd.) If a component of the waste appears in one of the five risk

classes listed above (A, B, C, D or E) and the concentration of the component is equal to or more than the limit for the relevant risk class, the material is then classified as hazardous waste.

If multiple hazardous constituents from the same class are present in the waste, the concentrations are added together.

If multiple hazardous constituents from different classes are present in the waste, the lowest concentration limit corresponding to the constituent(s) applies.

Class AConcentration limit : 50 mg/kg (A1 to A10 to be seen w.r.t. the application of ACT)

A1 Antimony and antimony compoundsA2 Arsenic and arsenic compoundsA3 Beryllium and beryllium compoundsA4 Cadmium and cadmium compoundsA5 Chromium (VI) compoundsA6 Mercury and mercury compoundsA7 Selenium and selenium compoundsA8 Tellurium and tellurium compoundsA9 Thallium and thallium compoundsA10 Inorganic cyanide compoundsA11 Metal carbonylsA12 NapthaleneA13 AnthraceneA14 PhenanthreneA15 Chrysene, benzo (a) anthracene, fluoranthene, benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (K) fluoranthene, indeno (1, 2,

3- cd) pyrene and benzo (ghi) peryleneA16 halogenated compounds of aromatic rings, e.g. polychloroted biphenyls, polychloroterphenyls and their

derivativesA17 Halogenated aromatic compoundsA18 BenzeneA19 Organo-chlorine pesticidesA20 Organo-tin Compounds

Class BConcentration limit: 5, 000 mg/kg (B1 to B10 ,B16,B27, B28 & B29 to be seen w.r.t. to the application of ACT)

B1 Chromium (III) compoundsB2 Cobalt compoundsB3 Copper compoundsB4 Lead and lead compoundsB5 Molybdenum compoundsB6 Nickel compoundsB7 Inorganic Tin compoundsB8 Vanadium compoundsB9 Tungsten compoundsB10 Silver compoundsB11 Halogenated aliphatic compoundsB12 Organo phosphorus compoundsB13 Organic peroxidesB14 Organic nitro-and nitroso-compoundsB15 Organic azo-and azooxy compoundsB16 NitritesB17 AminesB18 (Iso-and thio-) cyanatesB19 Phenol and phenolic compoundsB20 MercaptansB21 AsbestosB22 Halogen-silanesB23 Hydrazine (s)B24 FlourineB25 ChlorineB26 BromineB27 White and red phosphorusB28 Ferro-silicate and alloysB29 Manganese-silicateB30 Halogen-containing compounds which produce acidic vapours on contact with humid air or water, e.g. silicon tetrachloride, aluminium

chloride, titanium tetrachloride

Class CConcentration limit : 20,000 mg/kg (C1 to C7 and C11 to C15 to be seen w.r.t. to the application of ACT)

C1 Ammonia and ammonium compoundsC2 Inorganic peroxidesC3 Barium compounds except barium sulphateC4 Fluorine compoundsC5 Phosphate compounds except phosphates of aluminium, calcium and ironC6 Bromates, (hypo-bromites)C7 Chlorates, (hypo-chlorites)C8 Aromatic compounds other than those listed under Al2 to A18C9 Organic silicone compoundsC10 Organic sulphur compoundsC11 IodatesC12 Nitrates, nitritesC13 SulphidesC14 Zinc compoundsC15 Salts of per-acidsC16 Acid amidesC17 Acid anhydrides

Class DConcentration limit: 50,000 mg/kg (D1, D3, D8 and D9 to be seen w.r.t. to the application of ACT)

D1 Total SulphurD2 Inorganic acidsD3 Metal hydrogen sulphatesD4 Oxides and hydroxides except those of hydrogen, carbon,

silicon, iron, aluminum, titanium, manganese, magnesium, calciumD5 Total hydrocarbons other than those listed under Al2 to A18D6 Organic oxygen compoundsD7 Organic nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogenD8 NitridesD9 Hydrides

Class ERegardless of concentration limit, classified as hazardous wastes if the waste exhibits any of the following Characteristics : (Application of the ACT ?)

E1 FlammableFlammable wastes with flash point 65.6°c or below.

E2 ExplosiveWastes which may explode under the effect of flame, heat or photochemical conditions. Any other waste of explosive materials included in the Indian Explosive Act.

E3 CorrosiveWastes which may be corrosive, by chemical action, will cause severe damage when in contact with living tissue.

E4 ToxicWastes containing or contaminated with established toxic and or eco- toxic constituents.

E5 Carcinogenicity, Mutagenecity and Endocrine disruptivity Wastes contaminated or containing established carcinogens, mutagens and endocrine disruptors.

Non-Hazardous Wastes

The high volume low effect wastes such as fly ash, phosphogypsum, red mud, slags from pyrometallurgical operations, mine tailings and ore beneficiation rejects are excluded from the category of hazardous wastes and separate guidelines on the management of these wastes shall be issued by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

Wastes having concentrations of constituents less than the limits specified in schedule-II

Hazardous Wastes Generation and Management in India*

36,165 nos. of hazardous waste generating industries, Generating 62,32,507 Metric Tonnes of hazardous wastes every year.

• Land Fillable HW** – 27, 28,326 MTA (Metric Tonnes/Annum)

• Incinerable HW - 4, 15,794 MTA

• Recyclable HW - 30, 88,387 MTA

* Source- CPCB Publication 2009

** wastes suitable for use of ACT currently going to landfills can be converted into useful materials

Hazardous Wastes Generation and Management in India (Contd.)

(States to be considered first ?)

80.29 % of country’s total ( 6.23 Million MTA) HW generated in seven States

Gujarat-28.76 %, Maharshtra-25.16 % , Andhra Pradesh -8.93 %, Chhattisgarh-4.74 %, Rajasthan-4.38 %, West Bengal-4.17 % and Tamil Nadu-4.15 %

90% (of the total land fillable viz 2.7 Million MTA) of the land disposal is in eight States

Gujarat -40.58 %, Maharashtra -20.83 %, Andhra Pradesh -7.75 %, Rajasthan (6.05 %), Tamil Nadu (5.79 %), West Bengal (4.42 %), Orissa (2.73 %) and Kerala (2.18 %).

Identification of Wastes for Application of ACT(Suggested Criteria based on the HWM status in India)

Non Hazardous Wastes (NHW) which can be converted into of into useful products

Hazardous Wastes (HW) which can be converted into products/ materials which do not require land fill disposal

Encapsulation of toxic metals such as Hg, As, Cd, Pb etc

Wastes generated from the processes mentioned at S.No. 6 to 11, 13,14,16, 18,30, 34 and 36 of schedule- I and wastes falling under Class A, B and C of Schedule- II

Wastes management in areas with cluster of small scale industries

Solid wastes suitable for Application of ACT

Fly ash (except the part used for blending with cement)

Phosphogypsum, generated from the phosphoric acid, ammonium phosphate and hydrofluoric acid plants

Red mud generated in non-ferrous metal extraction industries like aluminum and copper

Slags from pyrometallurgical operations, including the Blast Furnace (BF) and Steel Melting Shop (SMS) slags in integrated iron and steel plants

Solid wastes suitable for Application of ACT (Contd.)

Mine tailings and ore beneficiation rejects

Cement Kiln dust

Wastes from treatment of salt slags and black drosses from production of primary and secondary aluminum

Brine sludge generated in Chlor-Alkali Plants (including the mercury bearing sludge generated in the past)

Acid neutralization sludge generated in Chlor-Alkali Plants

Solid Wastes Suitable for Application of ACT (Contd.)

Lime sludge generated in the Sugar, paper, fertilizer, tanneries, soda ash, calcium Carbide industries

Sludge and other wastes generated in clay and ceramic industries.

Residues generated in the mining and beneficiation of beach sand for ilmenite.

Solid Wastes Suitable for Application of ACT (Contd.)

Gypsum sludge generated from water and waste water treatment plants including CETPs

Marble processing waste

Construction and Demolition (C & D) Waste

Lime stone wastes from Lime stone quarry

(The list is not exhaustive and further additions can be made)

General Remarks The use of ACT (where applicable) is expected to be of more interest for

industries/areas having the burden/pressure of disposing large quantities of solid wastes.

The scope of ACT application is more in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh

The ACT applications in waste valorization should be prioritized as per the country’s international commitments in regard to Climate Change i.e control of GHGs emissions.

An exhaustive study (dry survey) is needed to identify specific wastes at specific industries/locations for feasible applications of the ACT.

Thank You