ICARDA Research and Decentralization Strategies

ICARDA Research & Decentralization Strategies and Impact Focusing on MENA Region

Presented to IFAD/ICARDA Coordination Meeting

Amman, Jordan, 21 October 2014

Mahmoud El-SolhDirector General

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

Outline The challenges facing sustainable

agriculture with focus on NENA Region

ICARDA’s Research for Development Strategy and Its Mandate

The New CGIAR & ICARDA Decentralization Strategy

Examples on technologies and approaches ready for scaling up to enhance food security and improve livelihoods in dry areas with focus on MENA Region

Beyond Research for sustainble impact

Conclusion

ICARDA’s Research for Development Strategy and Its Mandate

The Challenges Facing Sustainable Agricultural Development in NENA Region

MENA Region: Fragile Dry Eco-Systems

Physical water scarcity

Rapid natural resource degradation and desertification

Groundwater depletion

Drought Salinity Climate change

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006

m

Decrease of the Souss aquifer level in Morocco

Relative change of mean annual precipitation 1980/1999 to 2080/2099, scenario A1b, average of 21 GCMs (compiled by GIS Unit ICARDA, based on partial maps in Christensen et al., 2007)

Climate Change: Relative change in mean annual precipitation 1980/1999 to 2080/2099

Climate Change: Relative change in mean annual precipitation 1980/1999 to 2080/2099

Challenges to Food Security: Biotic Stresses

SalinityInsect PestsFungi Diseases

Weeds/Parasitic Weeds

Further Challenges to the Drylands: Inadequate Policies and Insufficient Institutions

Inadequate agricultural policies for sustainable agricultural development

Insufficient investment in agricultural research and development

Inputs and Socio-Economic Constraints

Seed availability/quality; Availability of Fertilizer; Timely control and availability pesticides for

weed and pest control; Mechanization/ access to suitable machinery Availability of credit to farmers Grain price/ marketing

9

Politically volatile region: Importance of economic and political stability

Pove

rty

Environm

ent al &

Natural R

esource

Degradation

Environm

ent al &

Natural R

esource

Degradation

Pove

rty

Environm

ental &

Natural R

esource

Degradation

Environm

ental &

Natural R

esource

Degradation

The Vicious Circle in Dry Areas/NENA Region

Algeria Egypt Jordan Lebanon Morocco Syria Tunisia Yemen

% of population below 24 years of age 48% 53% 62% 45% 49% 58% 40% 67%

Youth (18-29 yrs) unemployment rate 22% 24% 28% 23% 18% 48% 30% 53%

Youth unemployed as % total unemployed 70% 90% 60% 70% 36% 62% 40% 50%

Youth Unemployment in some Arab Countries

“Youth bulge” in MENA = large proportion of young people in the population and high demands for jobs by the young.

Unemployment of a large young population has been identified as potential fuel for conflicts.

Source: IFAD

The New CGIAR ICARDA’s Strategy and Mandate

The CGIAR Consortium of Centers

The CGIAR’s Vision

To reduce poverty and hunger, improve human health and nutrition, and enhance ecosystem resilience through high-quality

international agricultural research, partnership and leadership.

CGIAR’s Strategic Level Outputs

Reducing rural poverty; Improving food security; Improving nutrition and

health; and Sustainable management of

natural resources

RESEARCH AREA CRP NAME

Production systems

CRP 1.1 Dryland Systems; Integrated Agricultural Production Systems to improve Food Security and Livelihoods

CRP 1.2 Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics

CRP 1.3 Harnessing the Development Potential of Aquatic Agricultural Systems for the Poor and Vulnerable

Policies and markets CRP 2 Policies, Institutions, and Markets to Strengthen Food Security and Incomes for the Rural Poor

“Commodities”

CRP 3.1 WHEAT-Global Alliance for Improving Food Security and the Livelihoods of the Resource-poor in the Developing World

CRP 3.2 MAIZE - Global Alliance for Improving Food Security and the Livelihoods of the Resource-poor in the Developing World

CRP 3.3 A Global Rice Science Partnership Milestones

CRP 3.4 Roots, Tubers and Bananas for Food Security and Income

CRP 3.5 Grain Legumes; enhanced food and feed security, nutritional balance, economic growth and soil health for smallholder farmers

CRP 3.6 Dryland Cereals: Food Security and Growth for the World's Most Vulnerable Poor

CRP 3.7 More Meat, Milk and Fish by and for the Poor

Nutrition and health CRP 4 Agriculture for Improved Nutrition and Health

Natural Resource Management and Climate Change

CRP 5 Water, Land and Ecosystems

CRP 6 Forests Trees and Agroforestry: Livelihoods, Landscapes and Governance

CRP 7 Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security

15 CGIAR Research Programs (CRPs)

To overcome these challenges

and enhance food security &Improve livelihoods

in achanging world

in dry areas ….

Besides conservation of biodiversity and crop genetic improvement, ICARDA is emphasizing: Risk management, drought mitigation, and adaptive capacity of

agriculture to climate change Integrated water and land management Socio-economic research to strengthen community and institutional

frameworks Diversification and marketing research for income generation and

improving nutrition Shifting to market-oriented production Greater global coverage of dry areas (Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia

and China)

Research for Development Strategy Emphasis

ICARDA’s Vision & Mission

through research and partnerships to achieve sustainable increases in agricultural productivity and income, while ensuring the Efficient and more equitable use and conservation of natural resources.

Mission: To contribute to the improvement of livelihoods of the resource poor in dry areas by enhancing food security and reducing poverty

Vision: Improved livelihoods of the resource-poor in dry areas

Research mandate: Cereal improvement

Global Mandate

Bread Wheat Durum Wheat

Regional Mandate

Research mandate: Food legume improvement

Global MandateLentil

Kabuli Chickpea Grass pea

Faba bean

Research mandate Natural resource management in non-tropical dry areas

Range improvement

Forage Legumes

Water use efficiency Combating land degradation

Small ruminant nutrition

ICARDA’s Research Programs

Biodiversity and Crop Genetic Improvement

Integrated Water and Land Management

Sustainable Intensification & Diversification of Production Systems

Social, Economic and Policy Research

Maximizing Impact through Integration of Research Output for Sustainable Agricultural Development

Socio-economic & policy, and institutional support

Sustainable Natural resource management and inputs

Crop & livestock genetic improvement

Integration at farm and field levels

Research for development to increase food production in dry areas

ICARDA Innovative Research is targeting two major agro-ecologies in dry areas:

A.High potential areas: relatively high-rainfall areas & irrigated agriculture

B. Low potential areas: marginal lands & desert ecosystems

CRP on Drylands Systems: Integrated Agricultural Production Systems for Improving Food Security and Improving Livelihoods in Dry Areas

Objectives:

Sustainable productivity growth and intensified production systems at the farm and landscape levels

More resilient dryland agro-ecosystems that can cope with climate variation and change

Less vulnerable and improved rural livelihoods

Agricultural innovations systems that improve the impact of research and development investments.

CRP on Dryland Systems (cont’d)

Two main target agro-ecosystems:

Most vulnerable systems & low potential areas

Systems with the greatest potential for impact & Potential

Geographical Regions:West African Sahel & Dry SavannaEast & Southern AfricaNorth Africa & West Asia Central AsiaSouth Asia

Action locations of the CRP on Dryland Systems

CRP1.1 Dryland Systems Action Sites

ICARDA’s geographic mandate

Why decentralization? The Rationale

Why decentralize? The Rationale

1. One consequence of ICARDA’s development over the last 35 years: research staff increasingly centralized at headquarters although we had 6 Regional Programs

2. The current situation in ICARDA’s Host Country Syria has exposed the vulnerability of such a centralized organization and provided an opportunity for ICARDA to re-assess its structure and organization

3. In two retreats with Board support, the Center has looked at ways to rationalize its operations through further decentralization, and irrespective of the security situation in our Host Country. The plans for decentralization would be implemented even after ICARDA returns to its headquarters at Tel Hadya in Syria

Rationale for Decentralization

4. Better alignment with the target areas in the CRPs and bilateral projects including the Dryland Systems CRP, which is organized around five target research regions: West Africa Sahel & Dry Savannah, East & Southern Africa, North Africa & West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia;

5. Strengthening existing partnerships and filling gaps in the Center’s capacity through new opportunities for partnerships for complementarities;

6. Better targeting of investment to fund growth of CRPs and special projects

7. Risk management and reducing the vulnerability of the Center.

The New CGIAR ICARDA’s Strategy and Mandate

The CGIAR Consortium of Centers

The CGIAR’s Vision

To reduce poverty and hunger, improve human health and nutrition, and enhance ecosystem resilience through high-quality

international agricultural research, partnership and leadership.

CGIAR’s Strategic Level Outputs

Reducing rural poverty; Improving food security; Improving nutrition and

health; and Sustainable management of

natural resources

RESEARCH AREA CRP NAME

Production systems

CRP 1.1 Dryland Systems; Integrated Agricultural Production Systems to improve Food Security and Livelihoods

CRP 1.2 Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics

CRP 1.3 Harnessing the Development Potential of Aquatic Agricultural Systems for the Poor and Vulnerable

Policies and markets CRP 2 Policies, Institutions, and Markets to Strengthen Food Security and Incomes for the Rural Poor

“Commodities”

CRP 3.1 WHEAT-Global Alliance for Improving Food Security and the Livelihoods of the Resource-poor in the Developing World

CRP 3.2 MAIZE - Global Alliance for Improving Food Security and the Livelihoods of the Resource-poor in the Developing World

CRP 3.3 A Global Rice Science Partnership Milestones

CRP 3.4 Roots, Tubers and Bananas for Food Security and Income

CRP 3.5 Grain Legumes; enhanced food and feed security, nutritional balance, economic growth and soil health for smallholder farmers

CRP 3.6 Dryland Cereals: Food Security and Growth for the World's Most Vulnerable Poor

CRP 3.7 More Meat, Milk and Fish by and for the Poor

Nutrition and health CRP 4 Agriculture for Improved Nutrition and Health

Natural Resource Management and Climate Change

CRP 5 Water, Land and Ecosystems

CRP 6 Forests Trees and Agroforestry: Livelihoods, Landscapes and Governance

CRP 7 Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security

15 CGIAR Research Programs (CRPs)

Decentralization Strategy

HighlandsIran

Location of Platforms and Thematic Research sites

Alignment of Platforms with the CRPs

Alignment with the CRPs

Current Location of ICARDA Staff

Jordan 62IRS 42

Lebanon 77IRS 16

Turkey 9IRS 4

Egypt 25IRS 7

Ethiopia 13 IRS 7

Morocco 52IRS 27

Tunisia 5IRS 2

India 11IRS 1

Uzbekistan 44IRS 4

Platform

Specific Thematic Research Location

Scenario 2: HQ and sub-stations

No. of on-going Projects being

implemented: 170

Sudan

RabatRabatTunisTunis

AnkaraAnkara

AleppoAleppoBeirutBeirut

AmmanAmmanTehranTehran

TashkentTashkent

KabulKabul

IslamabadIslamabad

New DelhiNew DelhiDubaiDubaiBarkaBarka

OmanOman

CairoCairo

ShambatShambat

DhamarDhamar

Addis AbabaAddis Ababa

Decentralizing ICARDA Research ActivitiesDecentralizing ICARDA Research Activities

Regional/Country Offices

ICARDA HQ

Rainfed Cereal-based Systems

Mixed Integrated Crop-Livestock System

Food Legume Systems

MoroccoMorocco

IndiaIndia

EthiopiaEthiopia

Platforms


ICARDA HQ


Specific Thematic Research Locations

EgyptEgypt

TurkeyTurkey

IranIran

Central AsiaCentral Asia



Food Legume Systems

Platforms

ICARDA HQ



CRP Policy, Institutions and MarketsCRP Policy, Institutions and MarketsCRP WheatCRP WheatCRP Grain LegumesCRP Grain LegumesCRP Dryland CerealsCRP Dryland CerealsCRP Livestock and Fish CRP Livestock and Fish CRP Water, Land and EcosystemsCRP Water, Land and EcosystemsCRP Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security CRP Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security CRP Gene BankCRP Gene Bank

CRP Dryland Systems (and Action sites) CRP Dryland Systems (and Action sites)

ICARDA Led and ICARDA Led and Partnership CRPsPartnership CRPs

Thematic Research Locations



Food Legume Systems

Platforms

ICARDA HQ


Decentralizing ICARDA research activities Decentralizing ICARDA research activities to serve better CRPs to serve better CRPs

Decentralization strategy vs investment

In communications with other Center DGs and the Fund, ICARDA clearly distinguishes between two dimensions of the Decentralization and Investment Plan:

1.Decentralization = enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the Center's operations in implementing the CRPs in which ICARDA is involved

→ Decentralization strategy

2.Infrastructure loss recovery = to mitigate the Force Majeure that ICARDA faced because of events in Syria, in order to replace equipment and infrastructure that ICARDA has lost in its headquarters that are needed to meet its commitments in implementing the CRPs. → Investment Plan

3.On-going infrastructure development is being made in the three Research Platforms (Morocco, Ethiopia and India) and the Thematic Research Locations (Turkey, Egypt, Sudan and Central Asia).

Looking Ahead in Decentralization As the funding from the CGIAR Fund is confirmed, we will:

Ensure that Platforms & Thematic Research Locations will have all the modern facilities and advanced equipment needed by ICARDA scientists to conduct state of the art science for ICARDA to contribute for better livelihoods in dry areas

Ensure Research Programs coherence across Platforms and Thematic Research Locations and making sure that this is done by changing the mind set in the Center, both in management and technical staff, to focus much more on CRPsEnsure the success of the Dryland Systems considering the great challenge ICARDA has as Lead Center and the fact it is the new innovation in the new CGIAR Actively continue the resource mobilization campaign with traditional and non-traditional CGIAR donors to support fully the costs of decentralization and to recover the cost of the implementation of ICARDA’s Contingency Plan Establish a group of influential individuals in the international community -- the Friends of ICARDA – to further ICARDA’s cause

Examples on Technologies Ready for Large Scale ImpactA. Water Management Technologies

Water Research: Enhancing water productivity and water use efficiency

At the basin level: Competition among uses (environmental,

agriculture, domestic) Conflicts between countries Equity issues

At the national level: Enhancing food security Reducing imports Socio-politic implication

At the farm level: Maximizing economic return Transferring subsistence farming to

market oriented economy

At the field level: Maximizing WUE, productivity & income

Benchmark Sites for Integrated Water & Land Management

Supported by AFESD, IFAD and OFID

Implementation in three Agro-Ecologies

Rainfed Areas

Marginal Lands

Irrigated Areas

Research outputs & technologies for sustainable water management & water productivity

Enhancing water productivity through:

Modernization of irrigation systems and improving the efficiency of surface irrigation

Modifying cropping patterns to enhance water productivity and income

Supplemental irrigation (Systems and management)

Macro- and micro-water catchments (Vallerani and other types)

Deficit Irrigation as a water management strategy for the water scarce areas

Watershed management

Tradeoffs between water and land productivity: Deficit Irrigation

y = -0.4278x2 + 4.7328x - 0.543

R2 = 0.7611

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Land productivtiy (t/ha)

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Yield

Water productivity can be increased substantiallyWater, not land, is the limiting resource

Land productivity (t/ha)

Wa

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pro

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kg/m

3 x

10

)

Potential of Water Use Efficiency: Supplemental Irrigation (SI), Rainfed and Fully Irrigated (FI) Areas

WUE: Water Use Efficiency

Examples on Technologies Ready for Large Scale ImpactB. Conservation Agriculture

Conservation Agriculture (CA)

Major Practice Worldwide• minimum soil disturbance/zero tillage • stubble retention• many rotations (legumes, oilseeds)

Benefits• savings in time, fuel, machinery wear• better soil structure• better soil moisture conservation• improved traffic ability – timely sowing• higher yield potential• less soil erosion

Local fabrication of zero-tillage seed drills in Iraq and Syria

Syria-Kamishley - local

Syria-El Bab - local

Qabbasin - local

Amazon – imported

Local seeders (Iraq & Syria)

- Price ≈ $1400 – 5,000

- Performance excellent

Iraq-Mosul Co

Imported seedersPrice: $ 30,000 – 70,000

Adoption of Conservation Agriculture in WA:

CA is spreading rapidly. Adoption has grown from zero to more

than 45,000 ha in seven years

Expansion of Conservation Agriculture in West Asia (WA)

Driving Forces for Adoption Soil-moisture conservation, thus improving WUE & reducing the likelihood of crop failure

Cost savings (fuel, labor, seeds)

Availability of suitable ZT seeders.

Better understanding of the impact pathway

Effectively linking R to D (PP partnership)

Active participation of farmers

Enabling policy environment AusAID/ACIAR supported project on conservation agriculture in Iraq and Syria

15801600

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Planting Methods

Grain Yield Kg/ha.

Control Cham/3 Durum Wheat Chisel Cham/3 Durum Wheat Z.T Cham/3 Durum Wheat

15501600

1850

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Planting Methods

Grain Yield Kg/ha.

Control Tell -Affer/3 Bread WheatChisel Tell -Affer/3 Bread WheatZ.T Tell -Affer/3 Bread Wheat

Iraq: ‘Best bet’ demonstrations in Ninevah in Iraq 2006 to 2008

Grain yieldZero-till ≥ Conv tillage consistently

Example: Durum and bread wheat under Al-Namroud , 2007-08

For straw and grain yield

ZT > CT

Early > late planting

Long-term ZT vs CT Trials at ICARDAExample: lentil on wheat stubble 2007-08

Farmer practice: CT, late sowing

670kg/ha

Improved practice: ZT, early sowing

1285kg/ha

Zero Tillage (ZT)

Conventional Tillage (CC)

Examples on Technologies Ready for Large Scale ImpactC. Protective Agriculture and Increasing Water Productivity

Soilless Culture

Increased yield per unit of water, space and energy

Protected Agriculture

AFESD & IFAD Project

Research on Integrated Production & Protection Management (IPPM) techniques for protected agriculture resulted in:

80% reduction in agrochemical use in protected agriculture (greenhouses) in Yemen

61% increase in yield in Oman

45% increase in grower’s income in Yemen

More than 50% water saving

Comparison of Cucumber Production and income (US$) in Open field and Greenhouse in Yemen

993640 63

148

72

162

337

247

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Tomato Cucumber Peppers

Soilless Drip Surface

Water Requirements (liter) to ProduceWater Requirements (liter) to Produce 1 kg of Fresh Products1 kg of Fresh Products

Examples on Technologies Ready for Large Scale ImpactD. Improved Varieties of Major Food Crops

1977 - 2013 Recent years

Crop DevelopingCountries

IndustrializedCountries

AllCountries

Barley 186 31 11

Durum Wheat 111 14 9

Bread Wheat 230 6 6

Chickpea 110 31 2

Faba Bean 54 6 3

Lentil 101 16 5

Forages 31 2 1

Peas 9 0 0

Sub-Total 814 106 37

Total 920 37

Estimated Net Benefit = about US $850 m / year

Improved Varieties Released by NARS Partners Using ICARDA Germplasm

376

Traits of varieties Released

High yield potential Agronomic traits: e.g. earliness, canopy architecture Tolerance to abiotic stresses:• Drought• Heat• Cold• Salinity Resistance/tolerance to biotic stresses• Diseases• Insect pests• Parasitic weeds

Parent Variety Yield t/ha% recurrent

parent

Cham 6*2/SW2 1.6 147

Cham 6*2/SW2 1.5 138

Cham-6 1.10 100

Attila-7 1.3 -

Wheat crossed with wild relatives: Synthetic wheat, tolerance to excessive drought

Yield of “synthetic derivatives” compared to parents under drought stress. (Tel Hadya 2008 -- 211 mm)

Yields (kg/ha) of promising durum wheat genotypes under rainfed (RF) and supplemental irrigation (SI)

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Rf (321 mm) Rf+SI (321+70 mm) Fvrbl+SI (524+70 mm)

Mean (kg/ha)

Max(kg/ha)11 t/ha

6/t/ha

3.7t/ha

RF (321 mm) RF+SI (321+70 mm) RF+SI (524+70 mm)

Yield potential of newly developed durum genotypes

at ICARDA durum breeding program

0 2000 4000 6000 8000

10000 12000 14000 16000

Miki1 Ouaserl Ouasloukos Ouaserl Aghrass2 Amedakul1 Haurani (Landrace) Korifla (Impr)

Kg/ha

Yield Potential of recently developed Durum Wheat genotypes at ICARDA

Irrigated heat-tolerant wheat in Sudan

Barley, the Climate Change Crop

Faba bean: the major source of daily protein requirement

Winter vs. spring chickpea in West Asia & North Africa

Mature winter crop Spring sown crop

Drought Tolerant Chickpea Variety Survived 2007 Excessive Drought in Turkey

The Kabuli chickpea, ‘Gokce’, developed by ICARDA and Turkish national scientists, has withstood severe drought in Turkey and

produced when most other crops failed in 2007.

Gokce is used on about 85% of the chickpea

production areas (over 550,000 ha). With a yield advantage of 300 kg/ha over other varieties, and world prices over USD 1000/t, this represents an additional USD 165

million for Turkish farmers, in 2007 alone..

Lentil cultivars with high concentration of Fe & Zn are in ‘fast-tracking’ seed dissemination

Ethiopia: Alemaya Bangladesh: Barimasur-

4, Barimasur-5 and Barimasur-6, Barimasur-7, Binamasur-7

India: Pusa Vaibhav Nepal: Sisir, Shital,

Shekhar, Khajurah-1, Khajurah-2

Turkey: Myveci-2001 Portugal: Beleza Syria: Idlib-2, Idlib-3 and Idlib-4

Bangladesh: Barimasur-4 (Fe 86 ppm; Zn-59 ppm)

Ethiopia: Alemaya (Fe-98, Zn-64 ppm)

India: Pusa Vaibhav (Fe 102 ppm)

Nepal: Shekhar (Fe-78 ppm; Zn-68 ppm)

Resistance/Tolerance to Hessian Fly in Wheat

Hessian Fly Resistant Variety

Hessian fly causes serious economic damage in North Africa and North Kazakhstan

Resistant lines

Resistance to Stripe/Yellow Rust in Wheat in West Asia

Examples on Technologies Ready for Large Scale ImpactE. Seed Production Technologies and Approaches Delivery Systems

1.Formal Seed Sector2.Informal Seed Sector: Village-based Seed System3.“Seed for Grain” System to cope with drought

Formal & Informal Seed Production Sectors

Favorable areas

Less favorable areas

National Seed SectorDevelop-ment Framework

Policy and regulatory reforms and harmonization

Liberalization/commercialization of seed sector

Mobilizing farmers and/or communities

Encouraging local seed production and marketing

Formal Sector Public Private

Formal Sector Public Private

Informal Sector VBSEs NGOs

Informal Sector VBSEs NGOs

FARMRERS

IMPACTS

Informal Seed Sector: Village-Based Seed Enterprises (VBSE)

Afghanistan (36), Egypt (2), Eritrea (1), Pakistan (4) Yemen (4)

Farmer seed (75%)

CertifiedSeed25%

National seed requirements

• Improved practices• Crop inspection and roguing• Seed testing• Known varietal identity, seed

quality (purity, germination health)

“Grain-for-Seed” Concept to Cope with Climate ChangeGood season with no seed shortage

“Grain-for-Seed” task force: research, seed suppliers, extension, NGO’s and farmers unions, to adjust the bar position when needed

Farmer seed (75%)

CertifiedSeed25%

National seed requirements

Fields selected for grain for seed to cope with seed shortageSubstandard grain fields

“Grain-for-Seed” & Coping with Climate Change:Very Dry Seasons with Severe Seed Shortage

• Improved practices• Crop inspection and roguing• Seed testing• Known varietal identity, seed

quality (purity, germination health)

“Grain-for-Seed” task force: research, seed suppliers,

extension, NGO’s and farmers unions, to adjust the bar

position when needed

ICARDA implemented regional and bilateral projects with focus to promote the development and dissemination of wheat varieties resistant to Stripe and Black Stem (Ug99) Rusts developed by national programs in collaboration with CIMMYT and ICARDA:

•USAID Famine Fund (Egypt, Ethiopia, Pakistan)

•Three bilateral projects in Ethiopia (USAID), Iraq (USAID) and Pakistan (USDA)

Farmers

Fast Track Variety Release and Accelerated Seed Multiplication and Delivery of Rust Resistant Varieties

Both formal and informal approaches used in accelerated seed production and distribution of rust resistant varieties developed by NARS in collaboration both CIMMYT and ICARDA with public-private partnership:

• Public and private sector distributed a combined 85,943 MT seed of rust resistant varieties sufficient to plant 572,956 ha of wheat area in 2012/13.

Rapid Deployment of Rust Resistant Varieties in Ethiopia: USAID-supported Project

Field Inspection

Farmers Field Day

Stripe rust outcomes: 2010 & 2013

2010 2013

Stripe Rust Hotspots - From Survey Data

Total Survey n = 1084 fields Total Survey n = 1292 fields

Source: Hudson, D.P. et. al.

Examples on Technologies Ready for Large Scale ImpactF. Plant Protection & Integrated Pest Management

Effects > 15 million ha in West and Central Asia & Eastern Europe;

Sunn pest injects enzyme that decomposes grain gluten, vital for bread baking;

If 2-3% of a grain lot is infested, entire wheat lot is ruined with respect to baking quality

IPM: Sunn Pest in wheat

•Hand collection of Sunn pest in overwintering sites

•Use of insect-killing fungi in overwinteringsites

•Enhancement and conservation of egg parasitoids/predators

•Genetic resistance at early vegetative stage

Sunn Pest IPM Options in Wheat

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2005

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2006

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2007 2008 2009

87

Evolution of area sprayed against Sunn Pest in Syria

IPM of Dubas bug on Date Palm in Iraq

The Ministry of Agriculture has adopted control campaign called (Clean Control Campaign) against Dubas bug by using Neem as a botanical insecticide

Examples on Technologies Ready for Large Scale ImpactG. Bridging Yield Gaps to Enhance Food Security

Yield Gap Analysis in Morocco & Tunisia

Wheat yield gaps in Morocco and Syria: Mean yields for 1995-2004

Efficiency of Technology Transfer

Use of recommended: Sowing date, seed rate, fertilizer amount, rotation, use of proper farm machinery, disease and pest management practices

Proper targeting of Varieties / Production zones

Timely Availability of Inputs

Quality Seed

Water

Fertilizers

Pesticides

Machinery

Government intervention and Policies: (Inputs availability & access and Marketing issues)

Major Yield Gap IssuesMajor Yield Gap Issues

Bridging wheat yield gap in Syria

Gaps between national average yields and progressive farmers yields

Impact of Bridging the Wheat Yield Gap in Syria

Formerly a wheat importer, the country became self-sufficient – and an exporter.

Between 1991 and 2004 wheat production rose from 2.1 million to 4.5 million tons, with a combination of new high-yielding varieties, fertilization, supplemental irrigation technology and supportive Government policies.

Impact of the Integrated Approach on Wheat Production in Syria

Enhancing Food Security in Arab Countries Project

Countries involved:

Egypt, Morocco, Jordan*, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Yemen*Algeria** and Iraq**

Project Support: Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD) (Two million US dollars)Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED) (Two million US dollars)Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) (One million US dollars)OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) (US$ 150,000 for capacity development in four Arab countries) Phases & Duration:

Three Phases: Phase I for 3 years: 2011- 2013

Enhancing Food Security in Arab Countries Project

Integration among different disciplines and partners

Scientists/Researchers

Farmers’ participation (planning, field days, farmers field schools)

Extensions Staff

Policy Makers

I R II II RR II RR II

Participating Participating FarmersFarmers 8.18.1 2.42.4 4.94.9 3.73.7 2.62.6 6.36.3 6.06.0 2.72.7

Non Non Participating Participating FarmersFarmers

6.36.3 1.91.9 4.44.4 2.42.4 2.22.2 5.65.6 4.64.6 2.12.1

Ave. increase (%)Ave. increase (%) 22 21 11 58 20 13 30 23

Max yieldMax yield 9.1 3.2 6.5 5.6 4.2 8.2 8.8 3.7

Average Yield Increase= 25 %Average Yield Increase= 25 %

Maximum Yield Increase= 75 %Maximum Yield Increase= 75 %

Egypt Yemen Morocco Sudan Syria Tunisia

Raised-bed Planting

FP: furrows irrigation FlP: flat bed irrigation RBP: raised bed irrigation

Raised-bed wheat improvement package –Egypt

Promoted through Food Security in Arab Countries Project

Reduce applied water by 30% Increased yields by 25% Reduced seed rate by 50% Increased WUE by 72% 70,000 feddan in Egypt in two years

Spillover of the project model and additional funding provided by the countries for up scaling

Egypt: National Campaign for improvement of wheat followed the

Food Security Project Approach for the dissemination of technologies: more than 1000 demonstration fields on improved wheat production technologies were planted during 2011-2012 in 22 Governorates in addition to the Governorate of Sharkia used a pilot project site in Egypt. This expansion effort was supported by national funds amounting to 3.7 million EGP (about 600,000USD).

Tunisia: The Project approach will be replicated in other wheat

producing provinces based on the efficient extension methodology developed by the project in the country.

Number Number of Participating of Participating

FarmersFarmersTotalTotal

2010-20112010-2011 1000 197 235 152 511 - 20952095

2011-20122011-2012 2500 172 840 300 1252 300 53645364

TotalTotal 3500 369 1175 536 1763 300 7459

Technology Transfer to Farmers through Field days Farmers Field Schools Framers Traveling workshops

Technology Transfer to Farmers through Field days Farmers Field Schools Framers Traveling workshops

Egypt Morocco Sudan Syria Tunis Yemen

Promote farmer to farmer extension. Making leader farmers ‘Local Experts’

Irrigation Warning System Using Cell Phone Network (Case of Tunisia)

Honoring the outstanding farmers in the cultivation of wheat (Egypt, Sudan, Syria)

Examples on Technologies for Large Scale ImpactH. Salinity Management for Food Security

Salinity Management in Arab countries: the integrated approaches

Photo: Richard Soppe - ICARDA

Integrated Approaches to Cope with Salinity

We define regional development objectives in salinity affected areas, then continue with research support towards the development objectives

“Salinity” refers to water salinity as well as to soil salinity

We use two approaches:– Controlling salinity (leaching salts added with

irrigation water by drainage and other means)

– Living with salinity (planting halophytes and salt tolerant plants)

• We manage salinity at different scales– Field scale– Irrigation district– Basin scale

Photo: Richard Soppe - ICARDA

The Integrated Approaches to Cope with Salinity

MANAGING SALINITY LIVING WITH SALINITY

REGIONAL and WATERSHED SCALE

IRRIGATION DISTRICT

FIELD SCALE

$$$ $

Reclamation

Drainage

Salt extraction

Salinity preventionShifting agricultural

systems

* Grazing

* Biosaline agriculture

* Agro-forestry

Regional Irrigation

and Drainage

Management Marginalized Basin

Focus on non-

agricultural sectors

Salinity management in Iraq

Selection of high producing wheat under saline soil conditions

Communicating to farmers and public about the issues and solutions

Photo: Iraq team – Ministry of Agriculture

Photo: Iraq team – Ministry of Agriculture

Satellite ImageLandsat April 1984

Dujaila, Iraq

Pre-salinityreclamation period

Impact of Investment in Salinity Reclamation

ICARDA GU©2014

Saline or AbandonedCroplands

Active or HealthyFarmlands

Dujaila, Iraq


Post-salinityreclamation period

Impact of Investment in Salinity Reclamation

ICARDA GU©2014




Post salinityreclamation period-at present

Dujaila, IraqImpact of Investment in Salinity Reclamation

ICARDA GU©2014



Salinity management in Egypt

Support towards the development of a salinity management framework for regional decision makers

Improving farmers irrigation efficiency to reduce leaching to shallow groundwater and subsequent salinization of root zone.

Photo: Debra Turner – ICARDA

Salinity management in Egypt

Saline groundwater use for integrated food production systems at household and farm scale

Raised-bed technology for better soil preparation under saline conditions

Photo: FAO

Examples on Technologies for Large Scale Impact

I. Integrated Livestock/Rangeland/Crops Production System for Marginal Lands

Integrated Livestock/Rangeland/Crops Production System

Integrated Research Approach for Crop/Rangelands/Livestock Production Systems

Markets

Livestock Production

System

Natural ResourceBase

Cropland

Rangeland

Animal Genetic Resources

Policy environment

Socioeconomic environment

• Feed production and use from arable land

• Ecology and productivity of rangelands

• Characterization and sustainable use of genetic resources

• Effects of climate change

• System productivity and resilience

• Efficient management, breeding and health

• Efficiency of feeding system

• Product quality (food safety)

• Value addition

• Function and products

•

Gender aspects

• Market opportunities

• Consumer demands

• Value chain analysis

• Market integration

• Collective actions

• Policies & regulations

• Organization of farmers

Integration of Crop, Rangeland and Livestock Production Systems (IFAD/AFESD)

Barley productionCactus & fodder shrubs

By-products - feed blocksOn-farm feed production

Flock management

Natural pastures & rangeland management

SuccessfulTechnologies

Indigenous breeds of small ruminants are highly adaptable to

changes in the environment

Community Approach & Community Action Plans

CommunityCommunity

TechnologiesTechnologiesPolicy & Policy &

Property right Property right studiesstudies

AgroAgro -- Ecological Ecological CharacterizationCharacterization

ScenariiScenarii

ModelingModeling

Validation with community representativesValidation with community representatives

Presentation to decision makersPresentation to decision makers

Private sector Other communities

Public institutions

CommunityCommunity

TechnologiesTechnologiesPolicy & Policy &

Property right Property right studiesstudies

AgroAgro -- Ecological Ecological CharacterizationCharacterization

Community Action Plan & Scenarios

ModelingModeling

NGOs

Validation with community representativesValidation with community representatives

Presentation to decision makersPresentation to decision makers

Private sector Other communities

Public institutions

M&M Phase1

Dropped

Chosen technologies

Local

Institutions

Adopted Rejected

Offered technologies

M&M Phase2 participatory approach

Successful Technologies in Farmers Fields

Feed blocks using crop residues and agro-industrial by-products

Improved rams

Early weaning

Improved barley cultivars

Rotations of barley with forage legumes

Beyond Research for Sustainable Impact

Capacity Development of Human Resources 1978-2013 and Year 2014

Type of Training 1978-2013 2014(Jan.-August)

Post Graduate (PhD & MSc)

720 36

Individual Non-Degree

2,231 14

Internship 123 4

Courses 17,034 876

Total 20,108 930

Grand Total 1978 till August 2014 21,038

13204/10/23

Capacity Development at ICARDA1978-2014

Type of Training 1978-2013 2014(Jan.-Apr.)

Post Graduate (PhD & MSc)

720 22

Individual Non-Degree 2,231 8

Internship 123 2

Courses 17,034 565

Total 20,108 597

DR for D

Linking Research with Development to enhance impact

Linking Research with Development

System

Site

Integration

• Problem analysis

• System analysis

• Site selection

• Solution development (options)

• Extrapolation and adaptation ICARDA

Integrated Research Site: IRS

Using GIS for Finding of Similarity with Research Benchmark Sites for up scaling and diffusion of Technology

Transfer and AdaptationUp-scaling and Extrapolation

GIS + Bio-economic ModelingGIS

Integrated Research Site

Similar environment Different environment

ICARDA

Linking Research with Development

Poverty mapping & livelihoods analysis to target research

Integrated research sites as platforms for technology transfer and development

Technology transfer through researcher-extension agent-farmer linkages

Studies adoption of technologies and impact assessment

Technology transfer through community approach

Farmer participatory approach

These are not mutually exclusive .. ..

Approaches to Technology Transfer:Research for Development Continuum

National Agricultural Research Systems

CGIAR Centers

Regional and International Organizations

Advanced Research Institutes (ARIs)

IFAD, FAO and Other UN Organizations

Civil Society Organization, e.g. NGOs

Private Sector

Donors

Partnerships and Institutional Linkages

Conclusion: What can make the difference? Enabling policy environment and political support

for more investment to enhance food security as a national priority

Investment in science & technology and agricultural research

Greater priority to enhance water productivity

Investment in agricultural development

Sustainable intensification of production systems in high potential areas

Enhancing production systems resilience in marginal lands or low potential areas

Extension and effective technology transfer mechanisms

Capacity development and institutional support Innovative partnership & networking

THANK YOU

Environment

ICARDA Research and Decentralization Strategies