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At the 2014 IUFRO World Congress, CIFOR scientists shed light on the role of women in forest value chains in the face of forest loss and a range of uncertainties generated by ever‐increasing demands for food, timber, and ecosystem services in a globalized world.
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Gender, Value Added Chains and Certification
in Furniture Industry
IUFRO WORLD CONGRESS 6-11 October 2014, Salt Lake City USA
Herry Purnomo, Endang Suhendang, and Bayuni Shantiko
I. INTRODUCTION
• Green Economy: advocated after Rio+20 summit in June 2012.
• ‘The Future We Want’ (UN 2012) to further mainstream sustainable development
• Poverty eradication
• Promoting sustainable patterns of consumption and production
• Protecting and managing natural resource development
UNEP 2011
Furniture in Indonesia
Annual export $1.4 billion
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) account for 95% of production.
Livelihoods of ≈ 5 million people in Java, depend on furniture industry and its chains
Furniture industry in Jepara
11,981 businesses
0.9 million m3 wood processed yearly
26 % of Jepara’s economy.
Annual export $110 million
Women are paid less than men
In many consumer’ countries, including Japan, European countries and Indonesia, women make decisions about selecting which furniture to buy.
Furniture business unit types in Jepara
Type of business Number
Independent enterprisesLog pond 726Sawmill 101Dry kiln 20Workshop 8080Ironmongery 168Warehouse 528Showroom 1974Subtotal 11,597
Integrated enterprisesLog pond and sawmill 137Workshop and showroom 78Workshop and dry kiln 71Workshop and log pond 37Workshop and warehouse 15Other integrated business unit 46Subtotal 2 384
Total 11 ,981
Wood traders
Furniture producers
Furniture retailers
Road network
The Stakeholders
Correspondence Analysis of Stakeholders and their role (78%)
Research Question
What are the effects of different scenarios including green certification for upgrading small-scale furniture producers to women?
Gender is a social construct of the differences between women and men, not a matter of sex (Kabeer 1999).
II. METHODS
Participatory Action Research (PAR)
On the Reflection phase we implemented Value Chain Analysis (VCA)
Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
Reflec-tion
Plan-
ning
Action
Moni-
toring
a) Market-based, indicated by many customers and many suppliers
b) Balanced network, indicated by supplier having various customers; commitment to solve problems through negotiation;
c) Directed network, indicated by main customer takes at least 50% of output; customer defines the product and provides technical assistance; and imbalance of information
d) Hierarchy, indicated by vertical integration;
III. RESULT
Jepara Furniture Value Chain
Role of women in value chains
Both men and women are involved in all nodes.
However, women are more concentrated in warehouses than anywhere else along the value chain.
Men make more decisions and work in better paying jobs. Women are perceived to lack furniture-making skills
Type
Most frequent score
Very
weak
Weak Medium Strong Very
strong
Most
frequent
score
Market based 0 1 0 9 0 strong
Balanced network 0 0 5 5 0 medium
to strong
Directed network 0 0 3 6 1 strong
Hierarchical 0 0 5 2 3 medium
Strength of women’s roles in value chain types
Scenarios based planning to upgrade small-scale furniture producers
1. Moving Up
• Small-scale producers move up to the higher stages in the value chain
2. Green product
Buyer Perspective for certified furniture
Urban buyers (Wulandari et al. 2011)
Conventional 41%
Green23%
Greener20%
Greenest16%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 5 10 15 20 25
Willingness to pay more (% )
Consumers (%)
Putro, 2010
3. Small-Scale Association (collective action)
• Organize themselves locally
4. Collaborating Down
• Small-scale producers collaborate with wood traders and tree growers
Examples of Actions -- PAR
Scenario Action
SME association
Establishment of Jepara Small-
scale Producers Association
(APKJ)
Management training
Moving up Participation in trade exhibitions in
Jakarta and Jepara
Internet marketing portal:
javamebel.com
Workshops e.g. CHAFTA (China-
ASEAN free trade area), structure
of furniture industry
Training - marketing, quality
control and finance
Collaborating down
Negotiation with farmers to plant
trees
Participation in tree planting
Green products
Chain of custody training (CoC)
MAIN IMPACTS Improved incomes
(statistically significant)
They produced certified furniture
Better furniture governance: the association involved in decision making process and its implementation
The existing impacts of (non gender sensitive) actions in each
scenario on women
Scenario Favourable impact
Very
low
Low Medium Strong Very
strong
Score
Mode
Moving up 0 1 2 6 1 strong
SME
association
0 1 7 2 0 medium
Collaborating
down
0 1 7 2 0 medium
Green product 0 1 6 3 0 medium
Potential impacts of actions in each scenario on women’s roles
Scenario Potential impact
Very
low
Low Medium Strong Very
strong
Score
Mode
Moving up 0 0 2 6 2 Strong
SME
association
0 0 3 7 0 Strong
Collaborating
down
1 0 1 8 0 Strong
Green product 1 0 3 4 1 Strong
HOW TO: Actions need to be designed specifically for women
IV. DISCUSSION
Women preferred a market-based value chain because in it they earn more money.
Green certification results medium impacts, but projected stronger impact in the future
Men dominate the furniture industry and people perceived this dominance as natural.
There is a 'social acceptance' of women as flexible workers because of their ties to the household, carrying the burden of multiple roles e.g. caring or children and preparing family meals.
Jepara reflects the socially derived gender division of labour and is situated at the intersection between productive (paid) and reproductive (unpaid) work (Elson 1999).
V. CONCLUSION
Women actively involved in value added creation in furniture industry
There was no verification of women workers’ preference to be secured in value chain governance, in fact, they prefer a market-based relationship
Green certification is also a way to improve value added obtained by women.
Publications
Fauzan AU, Purnomo H. 2012. Uncovering the complexity: An essay on the benefits of the value chain approach to global crisis studies – a case study from Jepara, Indonesia. In: Suter, C. and Herkenrath, M. (eds). World Society in the Global Economic Crisis, 149–169. Lit Verlag, Munster, Germany.
Purnomo H, Achdiawan R, Melati, Irawati RH, Sulthon, Shantiko B. Value-chain dynamics: strengthening the institution of small-scale furniture producers to improve their value addition. Will be published in October 2013, at Forests, Trees and Livelihoods Journal.
Thank You