Building a Network of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

Kathy Harris and Willett KemptonCenter for Carbon-Free Power Integration

University of Delaware

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Grant Partners

3Source: Electric Drive Transportation Association

Introduction• Electric Vehicles are entering the market

– Almost 100,000 Plug-In Vehicles sold in as of November 2014

• Partially due to more affordable vehicles entering the market– But cheaper prices= lower ranges

• En-route charging– Extend travel cheaply– Reduce range anxiety

• Only 9 charging stations in Delaware – Most are not accessible to all electric

vehicles– Low power, slow recharge– Only one at each location– Not located to extend trips

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Project Goals

• To install a network of high power Level 2 charging stations throughout Delaware to ensure that no EV driver is more than 50 miles from a charging station at any point in the state.

• To promote en-route charging to help extend trips taken in Electric Vehicles

• To encourage drivers to purchase Electric Vehicles by enabling longer trips by expanding infrastructure

• To make infrastructure known to the public

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Determining Parameters• Nissan Leaf used as baseline

– Lowest range on market (Average of 73 miles/ charge)

– But can’t count on 73 miles, lowered by: • Air-conditioning/ Heating • Cold battery

• 50 miles used by us as a “worst-case scenario”

• Major “long routes” were determined – Examples:

• Wilmington - Bethany Beach

• Laurel - Wilmington 6

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Determining Parameters

• 50 mile radii circles were drawn around each major city • Ensures “worst-case scenario” is

accounted for.

• Circles were clipped to fit major roads

• The routes were overlaid • This created a “Critical Recharge Zone”

(CRZ) for the state.

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Criteria for Sites• Pick a location with these attributes:

– Easy on/Easy off access from through route– Something to do during charge (food, recreation, shop)– Site owner agrees to host charging station– Agrees to continue availability after year initial period– Commercial entities may be asked to pay for station/install

• Charging station– Durable, outdoor equipment– No cost to user for initial year period, to encourage use– Max power for standard J1772 charger (16-19 kW)– A few IEC chargers (low cost, high power), 66 kW– Two stations per location– High power charging station adds little cost, allows for and

encourages faster recharge EV models

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Criteria for Sites

• Signage and communication– Signs on road and leading to station– Sign gives connector type and kW rating– Enter in data bases, such as US DOE, Recargo– Other information/education possible

• Possible synergistic programs– Charging at popular destinations

• Beaches• Shopping

– Work with neighboring states for I95, state 301, state 202 and other throughways

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Locations of Sites

• Northern Delaware :– I-95 Welcome Center

• Critical Recharge Zone– Dover

• Western Delaware– Bridgeville or Seaford

• Beaches– Rehoboth Beach – Cape May-Lewes Ferry Terminal, Lewes DE

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Example Site: I-95 Welcome Center

• The Delaware Welcome Center in Newark

• Allows for in-route charging

• Travel to Dover (and therefore beaches)

• Travel to Maryland (and therefore Baltimore and D.C)

• Draft parking lot designs and signage have been created for this location

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Developed Signage

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Feed-Back• Add operational sites to EV charging Apps, such as Plug-Share

– Drivers are able to leave comments about the stations

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Feedback

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Rehoboth Beach

• Henlopen Hotel – Installation within a few months

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Cape-May Lewes Ferry Terminal

• Mid-December Installation

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Questions?

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Our Charging Stations

• Millbank PowerPort– First Source Electronics has taken over production– Approximately $1,500

• J1772 Charger– Able to be used by all Electric Vehicles

• Up to 19 kW of power – 75 Amps– Most public charging stations are 3-6 kW

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Type of Charger kW Cost

Average time to full charge Examples

Level 1-”A.C” 1.6 $10 11-20 hours Standard Wall Outlet

Level 2-”A.C” 6-19 $1,5001 hour-8

hours (dependent on Amps)

UD Charging Stations

Level 3- “D.C” 50-62.5 $35,000 40 minutes Tesla

Superchargers

3-Phase charging –

“A.C”43-52 $5,000 30-45

minutesThe Renault

Zoe