Environmental Pollution

Environmental PollutionProf. Vaghela NayanSDJ International college

Different Types of Pollutions:Air PollutionWater PollutionLand PollutionNoise PollutionRadiation PollutionThermal Pollution, etc

AIR POLLUTIONMEANING: Air pollution occurs due to the presence of undesirable solid or gaseous particles in the air, in quantities that are harmful to human health and the environment.Air may get polluted by natural causes such as volcanoes, forest fires, which releases ash, dust, sulphur and other gases.Pollution by natural causes do not remain for a long time in the atmosphere and do not lead to permanent atmospheric change like man made pollution.

Air Pollutants:

Primary pollutants:Floating particles: ash, smoke, fog, mist, sprayInorganic gases: sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen fluride, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons.Others: Radioactive elements.Secondary pollutants: The pollutants that are produced in the atmosphere when certain chemical reactions take place among the primary pollutants are called secondary pollutants. E.g; sulfur trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, Peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN), etc.Pollutants in the form of solid particles: dust, smokes and floating ash and particles.

Liquid Particles: Mist, SprayOrganic Gaseous pollutants:Hydro carbons: Hexane, benzene, ethylene, methane, butane and butadiene.Aldehydes and Ketones: Formaldehyde, acetoneOthers: chorinated hydrocarbons and alchohol.Inorganic gaseous pollutants:Oxides of carbons: Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxideOxides of Sulphue: Sulphur dioxide and Sulphur trioxide.Oxides of nitrogen: Nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen trioxide.

Sources of Air Pollutants:Pollen of flowers, mould and salt particles.Due to wild fire (forest fires)Due to explosion of volcanoes.Emission of carbon monoxide due to decomposition of methane.Emission of hydrocarbons due to decomposition of vegetations.Emission of hydrogen sulphide due to decomposition of organic matters.Due to ignition of fuels.Due to transportation by automobiles.Due to industrialization.Due to ignition of solid wastes from cities and industries.

Effects of Air PollutionIf the proportion of pollutants in the air is more then it may affect human, animals, birds and vegetations adversely.It is harmful to movable and immovable properties of men.Adverse effect on human health:Asthma or respiration problem due to presence of sulphur dioxide.Lead particles leads to problem of enzyme processing in children.Cadmium leads to the problem of circulatory systemZinc and copper leads to digestion problemNickel particles may create the possibility of lung cancerMercury may lead to problems of sensory, nerves and kidneyCarbon monoxide may result into giddiness and speech disorder on temporary basis.Nitrogen dioxide may create burning sensation in eyes.

Effects of Air pollution on Vegetations:A layer of pollution on leaves will reduce the process of photosynthesis.Sulphur dioxide ruins the chlorophyll.Nitrogen dioxide reduces the production of citrus fruits and tomatoes.Peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN) ruins the peak of the leaves and creates adverse effect on grapes.Effects of Air pollution on materials:Sulphur dioxide will rust steel.It also affects leather and cloths.Sulphuric acid will make marble and lime stones rusty.Ozone affects rubber, fibers of cotton and nylon.Because of humidity and nitrate metals like nickel and brass may rust in excess.

Control of Air PollutionPhysical- chemical observation: by taking regular samples of air and to note the proportion of the constituent components and to analyze them.Recording the effect on human, animals and vegetations using biological observations: a record of human and animal health in a particular region will be kept and the reasons for the same will be identified. This will help to know that which type of pollutants causes a specific type of disease.Establishing mutual relationship among physical, chemical and biological observation: with respect to the observations, charts can be prepared and proper planning can be done. Policies can be made to control specific pollutants in some specified regions.

Green House Effect

Impact of Green House Effect:Continuous increase in the atmospheric temperature will increase the temperature of the earth by 1.5C to 4.5 C by year 2030.Due to this the ice in the polar zones will melt and due to this melting of ice the coastal regions or cities sink or drown in the additional water.The land near the banks will become salty and this will variably result in land pollution.This will create adverse effect on wild life and may result in change of forest region.High temperature will decrease the moisture level and which may also reduce production of some crops.

Green House Effect may disturb the water cycleIt may increase insects and worms.Change in temperature and water cycle may lead to adverse effect on vegetation and living organisms, there may be possibility of some diseases.There is also a possibility of unexpected change in atmosphere and change in season schedule.

Global WarmingDefinition:An increase in the average temperature of the earths atmosphere.An overall increase in world temperature which may be caused by additional heat being trapped by green house gases.Progressive gradual rise of the temperature of the earths surface which is caused by the greenhouse effect and responsible for changes in global climate patern.

Causes of Global Warming:Emission of Carbon Dioxide from Power Plants.Building of commercial and residential structures.Emission of methane by decomposition of organic matters.Emission of CFCs from old AC and refrigerators.Emission of other carbonic gases from the use of fossil fuels.Effects of Global Warming:Melting of polar iceIncrease in sea levelImbalance in global ecosystemProblem of survival for aquatic species due to change in water temperature.

Acid RainWhen the Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water, it will be converted in to carbonic acid (H2CO3)When the solubility of this acid in rain water becomes less than 5.6 PH then the rain is called ACID RAIN.

Effects of Acid Rain:It dissolves or washes away the nutrients of the soil.It may create water pollution.By decreasing the nutrients of the soil, the growth of plants and crops may decline.The flow of acidic water may make river water and underground water acidic too.

Adverse effect of acid rain on one specie may create disturbance in entire food chain and ultimately endangering entire ecosystem.Acid rain may affect adversely building and structures made of marbles and metals.Acidic reaction air may produce urban smog, which may causes respiratory problems.Fish caught from the water polluted by the acid rain may be harmful for human consumption.

Precautionary Measures to avoid Acid Rain:Reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.Minimize the use of fossil fuels in power plants, vehicles and industries.Use of natural gases should be encouraged.Sprinkling a mixture of water and limestone over pollutants.Use of catalytic converters should be increased to the harmfulness of the chemicals in the industries.To neutralize the effect of acidity on soil, powdered limestone can be added to the soil.

Depletion of Ozone LayerThe stratosphere of the atmosphere lies around the earth within the layer belt of 13 to 25 k.m height and it contains mainly ozone.This ozone is formed by the action of sunlight on oxygen and it is a highly poisonous gas with stringent odour.It is considered as pollutant at the ground level and constitutes health hazard by causing respiratory problems like asthma and bronchitis.It also causes harm to vegetation and leads to a deterioration of certain materials like plastic and rubber.Ozone is the upper atmosphere, however is vital to all forms of life as it protects the earth from the suns harmful ultra-violate radiation, preventing it from approaching the earths surface.

In 1985, it was announced that there has been depletion in the ozone layer surrounding the south pole.After this announcement it has been taken on hand the research about this ozone matter.It has been noted that the ozone protection which was 50% in the atmosphere in 1987 has now come down to 40% after the continuous decrease.The reduction is mainly due to CFCs which are mainly used as refrigerants and aerosol spray propellants.These CFCs distruct ozone by photolytic process.The ozone layer protects biotic lives by stopping UV rays coming from the sun, due to which the temperature of the earth is kept in control.

Effects of Ozone layer depletion:Effects on human and animals: The destruction of ozone layer causes increased incidents of skin cancer and cataracts.Effects on plants and vegetation: it damages to certain crops. It creates adverse effect on leaves which can reduce the growth and development of plants and hence it results into less production of the crops.Effects on aquatic organisms: due to increase in temperature the planktons are damaged or destructed. This will also destruct the biotic organism which depended on them.

Steps to be taken for prevention of ozone depletion:Finding out all the possible causes for ozone depletion at global level.The main cause for ozone layer depletion is CFCs which should be banned.Chemicals and industrial compounds such as bromine, halocarbon and nitrous oxides from fertilizers continues to attack the ozone layer, so their use should be minimized.Better alternatives should be found for CFCs and other green house gases.

Water PollutionWater possesses a wonderful dissolving capacity and hence so many pollutants are dissolved in water.If there is huge quantity of water and the quantity of pollutant is too much less as compared to the quantity of water then the dissolved pollutant does not create any effect on water.Main pollutants of Water:1. Various chemical compounds2.Chemical elements3. Oil4. Aluminum5. Organic matter6. Gaseous pollutants7. Insecticides 8. Fertilizers9. Industrial Liquid waste10. Urban filthy water11. Hot water from thermal plants12. Inorganic materials13. Radio active substances14. Oxygen demanding waste

Sources of Water pollution:Floating pollutantsDissolved pollutantsWhen people near water resources, uses water for washing, drinking, cleaning, bathing, they creates water pollution as the impurities are dissolved.These impurities could be dirt, rubbish, clay, sodium carbonate, detergent soap and other substances.In case if the water flow is less, the substances gets accumulated in water and when the storage if these waste materials overcome the limitation, the water becomes polluted.

In cities, the filthy matters are dumped into the river or any nearby water source which makes water polluted.This is also because of the higher amount of population depending on few water bodies.Further the factories like, dying- bleaching, tiles manufacturing, chemical producing units, pharmaceuticals, insecticides and fertilizer manufacturing companies, etc. are also throwing the wastage in the near by water bodies and makes water polluted.Dumping of solid wastes, flowers at temple, garbage dumping from the bridges and discharge of filthy water from big cities also creates water pollution in great amount.

Effects of Pollutants on Water:Floating Pollutants:Bacteria: responsible for some water borne diseases.Mould and moss may create odour and turbidity in water.Protozoa may create diseases.Viruses can be the cause of Frightful diseases.Alluvium, clay and colloid makes water turbidly.Dissolved Pollutants:Positively charged chemical elements may change the colour of water, it may also make water hard. (calcium, iron, magnesium, etc.)Negative charged chemical elements make water alkaline and make it non drinkable. (carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride, nitrate, etc.)Organic matters changes the taste of the water and makes it poisonous.Gases makes water unhealthy. (CO2, H2S, N, NH3-ammonia)

Effects of Water pollution:River and surface water resources may become useless.Under ground water may also become useless.Increase in the cases of water borne diseases.Reduction in Fish production.Adverse effect on aquatic ecosystem.Aquatic species may reach to the door of extinction.

Measures to prevent Water Pollution:Using proper method of discharging the drainage water. Not to dump it into rivers and can be used in gardens as organic fertilizer.Setting restrictions on throwing of industrial wastes in rivers or water resources.Precautions to be taken as oil should not mix with river or water resource.Keeping nuclear waste and chemical wastes away from water resources and sea.Setting up of vigilantes to keep an eye on the acts of industries.

Land (soil) PollutionCauses of Land Pollution:Population growthUrbanizationIndustrializationExcessive use of insecticidesExcessive use of chemical fertilizersDumping of filthy wasteMore than necessary use of irrigation projects

Effects of Soil Pollution:Industrial pollutants may render soil toxic.Destruction of micro organisms due to presence of heavy metals.Soluble salt makes soil infertile.Infliction of several diseases due to presence of pathogenic substances into the soil.Agricultural land becomes useless.More use of fertilizers on land may create hazards by entering into the food chain.

Control of soil pollution:Wastage and rubbish should be disposed off by using natural or scientific method.Before dumping Suez or drainage water, it should be treated and should be converted in to fertilizer.Using proper method of disposing industrial waste. any kind of waste or scraps or cement concrete should not be thrown onto the agricultural land.Precautions to be taken to reduce Air and water pollution.Using less of chemical fertilizers and pesticides/insecticides.

Noise PollutionDefinition: Odum states the definition of noise as, unnecessary sound which has no effect on environment, still then it is called noise.Harnel states that, Noise is unwanted, unpleasant or disagreeable sound that cause discomfort and under industrial situation noise invites deafness.In the words of Blum Noise is a disturbance maker in our concentration and it is an interference maker in our efficiency.

Sources of Noise Pollution:Outdoor noise pollution: Noise emanating from factories, vehicles and playing of loudspeakers during various festivals can contribute to noise pollution.Indoor noise pollution: Noise from local vehicles: the voice created by machine, emitting smoke in the environment, the voice of horn, voice of doors of vehicles, noice from train, buses, etc.

Noise from machines: the machineries used in industries may create too much amount of noise pollution. The weaving machines in some localities of Surat, can be coated as the best example of noise pollution.Noise at construction site: the voice created by labourers and mixer machineries at the construction of bridges, roads, buildings etc. or their renovations are having intensities with tremendous dbs. These are the unbearable noises and hence create noise pollution.

Effects of Noise Pollution:Effect on mental health: noise can cause emotional and psychological effects such as irritability, anxiety and stress. Lack of concentration and fatigue are significant health problems due to noise.Effects on Ear: Extreme noise may cause temporary or permanent hearing problem known as temporary threshold shift (TTS).Other Effects: excessive sound level can effect the circulatory system by increasing the blood pressure and altering pulse rates.Noise pollution may also change the nature of a person as he can acquire a quarreling nature.

Possibility of mental retardation or madness.Increase in the discomfort of a patient.Loss of working efficiency due to constant noisy environment.Hurdle to sound sleep.Hampers the decision making ability of a person.Experiencing permanent deafness in the children because of the loud music.

Control of Noise pollution and Remedy:Reduce noise at source: By the proper management of machineries, space and maintenance, the amount of noise can be reduced at source itself.Block the path of Noise: Planting trees around houses can act as effective noise barrier. In industries, different types of absorptive materials can be used to control the level of noise. Highly absorptive furniture can be planned.Increase the path length: increasing the path length between the source and the recipient offers a passive means to control noise pollution.Protect the recipient: lowering the volume of Radios and TV, putting wheels to furniture for easy transfer, keeping residential societies away from industries, etc.

Nuclear Hazard and Radiation PollutionSources of Radio-Activity:Natural sources of Radio Activity:In this class of natural sources of radio-activity, we can include cosmic rays which are fast moving , highly energetic radiations approaching the earth from the outer space. The intensity of cosmic rays in the biosphere is low and they are not creating any health hazard.Man-made sources of Radio-Activity:Man-made radiation pollution is more dangerous. The sources are:

Radiation substances used for diagnosis and remedy for diseases.Nuclear testsAtomic reactors and atomic power plants.Radio active fall out from nuclear weaponsAny type of radio active wasteUses of Radio-Activity:To create an Atom Bomb.As atomic reactor in power stations for obtaining electricity.Creation of radio active isotopes for the field like agriculture, industries and medicine.To treat the cancer of thyroid gland radio active iodine can be used.

For the diagnosis of brain tumor and finding the spot of tumor a radio active particle is entered into the body through injection.It is also helpful in testing the existence of impurities in the metals.Atomic energy is used in atomic reactors.Use of atomic energy in industrial fields.

Adverse Effects of Radiation:Energy of the tissues and body decreases.There can be possibility of cancer.Effects of reproduction-lump and future generation may be affected.Radiation affects growth and development of embryo.Disorder in digestive system and blood deterioration.It destroys body cells if it is more than 6000 rem.Effect to nervous system and death in few hours in case of radiation more than 10000 rem.Adverse effects of radiation on trees and animals.

Urbanization and its ProblemsUrban Area means an area where the most of the population reside, the congestion or denseness of the population is more, and most of the population is maintained on non- agricultural employment or profession.Rural area means an area where the population resides in less proportion, the denseness of the population is too less and most of the population is maintained on agriculture and agricultural based employments or professions.

An area which fulfills the following conditions whether having a municipality or not, will be considered as an urban area.Denseness of population is more than 400 per sq. km.Total population of the area is more than 500075% of the population is engaged with non- agricultural activity.Causes of Urbanization:Lack of employment opportunities in rural areas.Lack of materialistic facilities in rural areas.Due to abolition of the system of land ownership people are migrating to urban areas.

Problems of Urbanization:Economic Problems:To provide inter-levelled structural facility.Construction of roads, railways, providing bus service, electricity, residence and public utilities.To provide all these facilities, government will require huge amount of money which might not be available in the desired amount.Social Problems:Due to increases burden on the earning member of the family, addiction of intoxicating materials increases.Possibility of mental diseases, suicides, social restlessness, etc.Unemployment leads to increased cases of robbery, hijacking, murder, gambling, etc.

Physical problems:Problem of providing urban facilities:Water supplyDrainage systemProblem of dwelling and huts. (problem of resident)Increased number of slum areas.Slums leads to problem of water pollution and problem of sanitation.Increased chances of epidemics due to improper disposal of wastage.More loss of lives and properties in case of natural or man made disasters.

Solid waste managementDust/Dirt/Rubbish: Papers, card board, textiles, wood items, rubber, plastic containers, etc.Garbage/food waste: vegetables and fruit peels, left overs, meat, bones, spoiled food items, excretion of animals, etc.Scraps: Broken plastic bucket, rusted broken iron tins, rusted and termite spoiled books, iron pins, etc.Agricultural waste: jute, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee, coconut, sugarcane waste, cattle shade waste, etc.Industrial Waste: Fly ash, sewage, chemicals, sludge, paints, toxic metals, etc.Hazardous Wastage: radio-active wastage, toxic chemicals, flammable waste, explosives, biological wastes, etc.Pathological waste: carcass of animals, slaughter house waste, etc.Construction wastes: stones, bricks, concrete, dust, plaster, etc.

All these solid wastes should be disposed off in such a manner that it should not create any adverse effect on environment. The organization which looks after this work is known as solid waste management.If the wastes remains undisposed, it may create water pollution, land and air pollution.It is necessary to have such solid waste management for the disposal of such wastes.Generally this task is being performed by Gram panchayat, Taluka panchayat and municipalities at various levels.

Effects of industrializationThe dirty water disposed by the industries containing various types of chemical materials and heavy metals, gets mix with water sources and makes it useless.The chimney of the factories are emitting gaseous pollutants and creates Air pollution.The emission of particles by the use of fossil fuels may be harmful for human health and may create health hazards.Emission of carbon dioxide, ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, fluorine and sulphides from different factories may harm all living organisms and affects adversely to the colour, cloth and rubber.Radio active pollutions creates an adverse effect on human health.Radio active fission due to atomic bombardment affects, biotic species and vegetation.

DisasterMeaning:Disaster is a sudden or great unfortunate event that causes death and injury to number of people and its impacts are so vigorous that it is beyond the government of the country and the people to cope with it.Definition:A disaster is defined as serious disruption of the functioning of a society causing widespread human, material or environmental loss, which exceeds the ability of the affected society to cope up, using only its own resources. It requires help from other countries to help victims to settle in life.

Characteristics of Disaster:

It can be natural or man made event.It has very unpleasant consequences like large scale death and destruction.It causes economic loss of great magnitudes.Huge loss of human lives and properties due to disaster.Countless people become homeless and jobless.The state or country requires international help to cope up with the effects of the disaster.Natural disasters are out of the control of human beings.

Causes of Disaster:Poverty: Poor section of the society will suffer the most in the time disaster as they are not having savings and they are living in slums which will not allow them to cope up the effects of disaster in short period.Rapid Urbanization: Some disasters are there because of rapid urbanization and industrialization. E.g. Factory explosions, fires, mining tragedies, transport accidents and shortage of dwelling houses.Environmental Degradation: The unplanned development leads to environmental degradation. It causes permanent damage to the environment. This also effects the ecological balance in the environment.

Population growth: Rapid increase in population is one of the cause for disaster. The greenery has to be destroyed for providing accommodation to the increased population. It disturbs the environmental balance. Green forests are being converted in to concrete forests.War and civil strife: Terrorism and civil riots can also be the cause of disaster as they also having the characteristic of mass destruction of human lives and properties.Lack of public awareness and information: Due to the lack of information regarding what to do at the time of disaster make it more adverse. Because of lack of awareness, small tragedies may sometime leads to great loss.

Effects of Disaster:Reduces the level of economic development of the country.Increase in the level of poverty and unemployment.It causes death of the people and damage to the property.It affects social structure of the society.It disturbs the routine life of the people for a ling time.It may create political disturbances.It reduces the progress of investment sector.It deteriorates the standard of living of the people.It affects adversely agricultural production and manufacturing activities.It affects public utility services like tele-communication and electricity.Financial loss due to programmes of rehabilitation and reconstruction.Loss of tamed animals and cattle production, scarcity of milk and milk products.

Earthquake:There are mainly two types of earthquake:Non-techtonic earthquake; created by explosions of volcanoe.Techtonic earthquake; due to elasticity of the interior parts of the soil, pressure on the internal rock and lava burst-out.Earthquake is the most frightening and destructive disaster amongst all. An earthquake with higher intensity on Richter scale can create a dangerous destruction to the affected area.

Sr. No.Intensity of the EarthquakeType of EarthquakePossible Effcets1.Less than 3Very low Risk-No damage, measured by seismograph only, too less effect.2.3 to 4.9Low Risk-tremor, vessels of houses tremble, bells in temples ring, no possibility of damage to human lives.3.5 to 6Moderate riskFurniture slide, cracks in old structures, damage to poorly constructed buildings.4.6 to 6.5Medium riskWeak house collapses, tremble during driving, cracks in well built up houses.5.6.5 to 7Medium riskHeavy furniture slides, destruction up to 100 k.m. to Epicenter.6.7 to 7.5High riskBreak of pipelines, cracks in grouds, great destruction up to 100 k.m. to Epicenter.7.7.5 to 8High riskRails bend, fall of constructions, disturbance to public life, destruction of properties and lives.8.More than 8Very high riskBridges collapses, damage to each and every construction, damage up to thousands of miles from Epicenter.

Disaster management for EarthquakePre- disaster steps:Constant mapping of seismic zones.Keeping plans ready to avoid damages.Advising people to have insurance for lives and properties.Earthquake resistant constructions should be made.No use of land for residential purpose in seismic zones.Keep mobile hospitals ready.Economic assistance programs.National public awareness program.Distribution of relief manuals amongst the people.

Post- disaster steps:First Stage:Setting up of Disaster Control Room, establishing constant touch with affected area.Taking the help of military, medical team, fire brigades and rescue teams for rescuing people.To extricate dead bodies of human and animals and to dispose them off.Injured must be moved to hospitals and saved must be migrated to safe areas.Rescuing human beings from the debris of buildings.Arrangements for maintaining law and order.Precautions to eliminate the chances of epidemics.Provisions to provide daily necessities to the people.Prompt maintenance of electricity, telephone and transportation facility.

Relief work should be started immediately.Assistance in the form of cloths, food grains, medicines, fuel, etc. must be collected and distributed.Providing proper information to public regarding relief camp.

Second Stage:Repairing and reconstruction of roads, bridges, railway lines, private and public buildings should be started.Developing necessary infrastructure.Shifting of residence from danger area to safe place.Undertaking the work for normalizing agriculture, industries and business units.To accept the relief contribution to maintain proper accounts and to publish them.

Third Stage:Starting of long term plans fro the purpose of Reconstruction.To co-ordinate and control the relief and rehabilitation programmes under the control of state and central government agencies.

FloodsDue to heavy rain in the area or heavy rain in the near by area when leads to increased level of rivers and water flows in to the residential area, then it is known as Flood.The disaster due to these big floods creates great destruction and harm to human lives and properties.In India more damage during the floods is caused by Bramhaputra, Tapti and Maha rivers.Effects of these floods can be horrifying as it may disrupt the railway transportation and road transport services.Many efforts are made by the government to reduce the damages and risk that arises due to floods and International assistance is also taken during major disasters.

Disaster management for FloodsPre-disaster management:Keeping watch over weather forecast and dam authoritys announcements.To prepare a list of staff and volunteers for providing services.To arrange for boats before flood.Having a proper plan for coping up with the transportation requirements.Selection of suitably safe buildings for the use of emergency shelters including private buildings.Preparing for the supply of food, clothing and other required things like medicines.Determining need for resettlement of hazardous area.Arrangement for migration of people to safe area.Arranging funds for rehabilitation purpose.To take precautionary steps to eliminate the chances of epidemics.

Post-disaster management:First Stage:Setting up of Disaster Control Room, establishing constant touch with affected area.Taking the help of military, medical team, fire brigades and rescue teams for rescuing people.To extricate dead bodies of human and animals and to dispose them off.Injured must be moved to hospitals and saved must be migrated to safe areas.Rescuing human beings from the debris of buildings.Arrangements for maintaining law and order.Precautions to eliminate the chances of epidemics.Provisions to provide daily necessities to the people.Prompt maintenance of electricity, telephone and transportation facility.

Relief work should be started immediately.Assistance in the form of cloths, food grains, medicines, fuel, etc. must be collected and distributed.Providing proper information to public regarding relief camp.

Second Stage:Repairing and reconstruction of roads, bridges, railway lines, private and public buildings should be started.Developing necessary infrastructure.Shifting of residence from danger area to safe place.Undertaking the work for normalizing agriculture, industries and business units.To accept the relief contribution to maintain proper accounts and to publish them.

CyclonesGenerally a cyclone is a kind of natural disaster which affects the people living near the coastal region. It cannot be controlled or prevented but proper planning and management can help us to reduce its impact.Due to cyclone there can be damage to the properties and lives in huge amount. It has some other effects like winds, floods and high tidal waves in the ocean.It can harm the residential houses, natural resources and other infrastructural facilities.Many institutions are keeping watch over the natural changes in the ocean and are trying to predict the occurrence of cyclone with precision.India is having 250 such centers as states like Gujarat, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, etc are having higher chances of facing Cyclones.

Reason for Cyclone:Because of the increased temperature of the earths surface and ocean, water gets evaporated.As water vapour being lighter, it rotates in anticlockwise sense in air, and it revolves in circular motion.Due to the differences in the atmospheric pressures this the circulating water vapour moves to low pressure area from the high pressure area with great speed.It is being categorized on the basis of its speed of circulation.Cyclone is nothing but the motion of the moist air from higher pressure belt to lower pressure belt in the atmosphere.

Types of Cyclone:Common Cyclone: having a wind speed of 62 to 88 kmph.Serious Cyclone: wind speed of 89 to 117 kmph.More serious Cyclone: wind speed of 118 to 220 kmph.Super Cyclone: wind speed exceeding 220 kmph.

Disaster management for CycloneHaving a future plan for the cyclone prove zone by collecting the past records regarding no. of deaths, causalities, damage to properties and relief requirements.By the use of science and technology, continuously forecasting the probable speed and duration of cyclones.Preparing a plan for rescue and rehabilitation beforehand.Formation of committees for taking necessary actions immediately.Programmes for public awareness and education should be undertaken.Arranging for transportation of people.Restarting telephone and electricity services.Arranging for reconstruction of roads.Arranging for medical other public utilities.To raise financial resources for reconstruction and rehabilitation.

FireCauses of Fire in Urban areas;Slum-hut areasHigher population densityInsufficient safety measuresIrresponsible managementUnplanned constructionNatural disasters (lighting, earthquakes, volcanoes)Man-made disasters. (accidents, terrorism, war, riots)

Disaster management for FirePre-disaster management:Taking responsibility and checking the possibilities of such disasters.Development of safe codes for people.Drafting of rules and regulations regarding construction of buildings, schools, hotels, etc.Trained staff in the fire fighting team should be ready for rescue purpose.Everyone should be aware about the telephone number of fire station.Post-disaster management:Quick rescue operationUse of fire extinguisher and should call fire station immediately.Hospitalization of injured people.Investigating the cause of fire.

Some important case studiesKUTCH-BHUJ EARTHQUAKEAN ATOMIC EXPLOSION IN JAPAN DURING II WORLD WARTHE BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY.Kashmir Flood (2014)UTTARAKHAND FLASH FLOODS (2013) GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE (2001)

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