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GOVERNMENT OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
FRONTIER HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY
PESHAWAR
UPGRADATION / REHABILITATION OF ROAD
FROM CHAKDARA TO MADYAN ON THE RIGHT BANK
OF RIVER SWAT
EMERGENCY ROADS RECOVERY PROJECT (ERRP)
FOR KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT (EIA) REPORT
JUNE 2011
ASSOCIATED CONSULTING ENGINEERS – ACE (PVT.) LTD.Transportation Engineering Services Division
45–L, MODEL TOWN EXTENSION, LAHORE–54700, PAKISTAN.Phones : (92–42) 35171081 – 3 Fax : (92–42) 35171084Email : (i) [email protected] (ii) [email protected]
(iii) [email protected] Web : www.acepakistan.com
GOVERNMENT OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
FRONTIER HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY
PESHAWAR
UPGRADATION / REHABILITATION OF ROAD
FROM CHAKDARA TO MADYAN ON THE RIGHT
BANK OF RIVER SWAT
EMERGENCY ROADS RECOVERY PROJECT (ERRP)
FOR KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
(EIA) REPORT
JUNE 2011
ASSOCIATED CONSULTING ENGINEERS – ACE (PVT.) LTD.
Transportation Engineering Services Division
45–L, MODEL TOWN EXTENSION, LAHORE–54700, PAKISTAN.Phones : (92–42) 35171081 – 3 Fax : (92–42) 35171084Email : (i) [email protected] (ii) [email protected]
(iii) [email protected] Web : www.acepakistan.com
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
ContentsList of Acronyme.....................................................................................................xi
Executive Summary..............................................................................................xiii
1.0 Introduction................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Project Overview.........................................................................................1-1
1.2 Implementation............................................................................................1-1
1.3 Basic Features of the Proposed Project...................................................1-1
1.4 Study Methodology.....................................................................................1-2
1.4.1 Environmental Assessment Process..............................................1-2
1.4.2 Field Surveys..................................................................................1-6
1.4.3 Women Consultations.....................................................................1-6
1.5 The Study Objectives..................................................................................1-6
1.6 Project Classification..................................................................................1-7
1.7 The Report Structure..................................................................................1-7
2.0 Policy, Law and Protocols........................................................................2-1
2.1 The World Bank Safeguard Policies..........................................................2-1
2.1.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)............................................2-1
2.1.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)................................................2-1
2.1.3 Forestry (OP 4.36)..........................................................................2-2
2.1.4 Natural Habitat (OP 4.04)...............................................................2-2
2.1.5 Pest Management (OP 4.09)..........................................................2-3
2.1.6 Safety of Dams (OP 4.37)...............................................................2-3
2.1.7 Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50)..............................2-3
2.1.8 Cultural Property (OP 4.11)............................................................2-3
2.1.9 Indigenous People (OP 4.10)..........................................................2-4
2.1.10 Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60) ............................................. 2-5
2.2 National Policy Framework........................................................................2-5
2.3 The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997...................................2-6
2.4 Regulations for Environmental Assessment............................................2-6
2.5 Guidelines for Environmental Assessment..............................................2-7
2.6 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS).................................2-7
2.7 Interaction with Other Agencies................................................................2-8
2.8 Other Environment Related Statutes and Laws.......................................2-9
2.9 Conventions, Protocols, Agreements and Understandings at International Level.....................................................................................2-11
2.10 International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) Clauses......2-11
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
3.0 Description of The Project........................................................................3-1
3.1 Location.......................................................................................................3-1
3.2 Road Length................................................................................................3-1
3.3 Existing Road Dimensions.........................................................................3-1
3.4 Drainage Structures....................................................................................3-1
3.5 Link Roads...................................................................................................3-2
3.6 Scope of Work.............................................................................................3-2
3.7 Length–wise Description of the Project....................................................3-3
3.8 Existing Road Condition.............................................................................3-4
3.9 Design Criteria.............................................................................................3-6
3.10 Work and Material.......................................................................................3-6
3.10.1 Estimated Work / Major Work Items ............................................... 3-6
3.11 Raw Material Availability..........................................................................3-10
3.12 Machinery to be Used...............................................................................3-10
3.13 Equipment and Installations....................................................................3-11
3.14 Construction Schedule.............................................................................3-11
3.15 Construction Logistics.............................................................................3-12
3.15.1 Work Base....................................................................................3-12
3.15.2 Labor Supply.................................................................................3-12
3.15.3 Labor Camps................................................................................3-12
3.15.4 Machinery Maintenance and Equipment Yards............................3-12
3.15.5 Material Depots.............................................................................3-13
3.15.6 Machinery Repair Workshops.......................................................3-13
3.15.7 Approach to Work Bases..............................................................3-13
3.15.8 Petrol Pump and CNG Pump........................................................3-13
3.15.9 Camp Offices................................................................................3-13
3.15.10 Security Arrangements.................................................................3-13
3.15.11 Healthcare....................................................................................3-13
3.15.12 Labor Reporting Office..................................................................3-14
3.15.13 Labor Transport............................................................................3-14
3.15.14 Work Uniform and Health Safety Equipment................................3-14
3.15.15 Signage........................................................................................3-14
3.15.16 Lighting and Illumination ............................................................... 3-14
3.16 Safe Design Criteria..................................................................................3-15
3.17 Estimated Project Cost.............................................................................3-15
4.0 Baseline Study of Project Area.................................................................4-1
4.1 The Project Area of Impact.........................................................................4-1
4.2 Physical Environment.................................................................................4-1
4.2.1 Geography......................................................................................4-1
4.2.2 Geology..........................................................................................4-3
4.2.3 Seismicity........................................................................................4-3
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4.2.4 Land Use........................................................................................4-3
4.2.5 Water Resources............................................................................4-4
4.2.6 Climate...........................................................................................4-5
4.2.7 Ambient Air Quality.........................................................................4-7
4.2.8 Noise Level.....................................................................................4-7
4.2.9 Minerals..........................................................................................4-8
4.2.10 Natural Event History......................................................................4-8
4.2.11 Physical Cultural Heritage .............................................................. 4-9
4.3 Biological Environment..............................................................................4-9
4.3.1 Fauna.............................................................................................4-9
4.3.2 Flora...............................................................................................4-9
4.3.3 Fish...............................................................................................4-10
4.3.4 Rangelands...................................................................................4-10
4.3.5 Protected Areas............................................................................4-10
4.3.6 Endangered Species....................................................................4-10
4.3.7 Forest ........................................................................................... 4-10
4.4 Social Environment...................................................................................4-10
4.4.1 Population.....................................................................................4-10
4.4.2 Community Structure....................................................................4-11
4.4.3 Poverty Status..............................................................................4-12
4.4.4 Industries......................................................................................4-13
4.4.5 Political Parties.............................................................................4-13
4.4.6 Marriages......................................................................................4-13
4.4.7 Social Organization.......................................................................4-14
4.4.8 Custom of Cooperation.................................................................4-14
4.4.9 Religious Beliefs...........................................................................4-15
4.4.10 Conflict Resolution........................................................................4-15
4.4.11 Custom of Carrying Fire Arms......................................................4-15
4.4.12 Role, Position and Status of Women............................................4-16
4.4.13 Child Labor and Apprenticeship....................................................4-16
4.4.14 Services and Amenities Available in the Area...............................4-16
4.4.15 Tourism and Recreational Opportunities......................................4-18
5.0 Analysis of Alternatives............................................................................5-1
5.1 Road Alternatives........................................................................................5-1
5.1.1 No Project Option / Worst Scenario Option.....................................5-1
5.1.2 Project Road to Follow Exactly the Existing Route with No Alteration...................................................................................5-2
5.1.3 For the Double Carriageway Altogether a New Route is Surveyed on Another Site...............................................................5-3
5.1.4 Project is Restricted to a Single Carriageway as Before.................5-3
5.1.5 Project as Proposed in Feasibility; Double Lane Road with alterations where necessary .................................................... 5-4
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
5.2 Logistic Sites...............................................................................................5-5
5.2.1 Siting of Contractor’s Facilities on State Land................................5-5
5.2.2 Siting of Contractor’s Facilities on Private Lands............................5-6
5.2.3 Siting the Contractor’s Facilities at Appropriate Site, be it Public Land or Private Land .................................................... 5-7
5.3 Labor .........................................................................................................5-7
5.3.1 All Labor Local................................................................................5-7
5.3.2 All Labor from Outside....................................................................5-8
5.3.3 An Admixture of Local and Outside Labor as per Skill Required .... 5-8
5.4 Summary of Alternatives............................................................................5-9
6.0 Stakeholder Consultation.........................................................................6-1
6.1 General.........................................................................................................6-1
6.2 Outcome of Stakeholders Consultation....................................................6-2
6.2.1 Highway Design..............................................................................6-2
6.2.2 Highway Construction.....................................................................6-2
6.2.3 Highway Operation ......................................................................... 6-3
6.3 Land Acquisition and Resettlement–Related Concerns..........................6-3
6.4 Addressing Stakeholders Concerns..........................................................6-4
6.4.1 Highway Design..............................................................................6-4
6.4.2 Highway Construction.....................................................................6-4
6.4.3 Highway Operation.........................................................................6-5
7.0 Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures...............7-1
7.1 Potential Impact Sources...........................................................................7-1
7.2 Explanation of The Impact Assessment in Table 7.1...............................7-8
7.2.1 Site for Disposal of Waste Construction Material............................7-8
7.2.2 Landslides, Unstable Soil or Similar Unforeseen Conditions..........7-8
7.2.3 Location of Labor Camps, Material Depots, Equipment Yards and Approach Roads............................................................7-8
7.2.4 Any Natural Disasters Such as Heavy Rains, Floods and Earthquakes....................................................................................7-9
7.2.5 Contamination from Diesel and Other Oil Spills from Construction Machinery..................................................................7-9
7.2.6 Damage to Roads, Cross Drainages............................................7-10
7.2.7 Earthen Embankments or Concrete Work, Edge Scouring...........7-10
7.2.8 Release of Construction Water and Dumping of Soil....................7-10
7.2.9 Any Discharge, Spill or Dumping in Graveyards or Burials...........7-11
7.2.10 Impact of Borrowing Material from Earth Borrow Sites.................7-11
7.2.11 Impact on Roads/Infrastructure used for Transport of Construction Materials including Asphalt, Bitumen.......................7-11
7.2.12 Impact of Stone Quarrying............................................................7-12
7.2.13 Soil Compaction due to Labor Camps and Machinery Yards........7-12
7.2.14 Impact of Sourcing of Construction Water....................................7-12
7.2.15 Impacts on Surface Water............................................................7-12
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
7.2.16 Source of Drinking Water..............................................................7-13
7.2.17 Diesel and other fluids spilling or leakages from construction machinery.....................................................................................7-13
7.2.18 Protection of Construction Work from Floods...............................7-13
7.2.19 Obstructing the Flow of Streams...................................................7-14
7.2.20 Effect on Surface Flow Conditions................................................7-14
7.2.21 Dust and gaseous Emissions from Construction Machinery or Asphalt Plants.........................................................7-14
7.2.22 Dust or Other Pollutions from Stored Material and Spoil Keeps. . .7-14
7.2.23 Smoke from Burning of Waste Material or Burning Firewood.......7-15
7.2.24 Noise............................................................................................7-15
7.2.25 Impact on Any Stream or Water Body..........................................7-15
7.2.26 Damage to Biological Resources (Flora and Fauna)....................7-15
7.2.27 Damage to Fish and Fisheries......................................................7-16
7.2.28 Aquiaition of Private Assets and compensation............................7-16
7.2.29 Temporary Land Acquisition.........................................................7-20
7.2.30 Infrastructure within RoW..............................................................7-21
7.2.31 Increased Risk of Accidents Caused by Partial Closure of Road During Construction.........................................................7-21
7.2.32 Safety and Health Hazards...........................................................7-22
7.2.33 Restricted Mobility of Local Population.........................................7-22
7.2.34 Gender Issues..............................................................................7-23
7.2.35 Social Conflicts and Employment of Locals on the Project...........7-23
7.2.36 Rise in the Prices of Essential Commodities.................................7-24
7.2.37 Use of Local Water Supplies and Other Common Resources......7-24
7.2.38 Adverse Effects on Archaeological Sites......................................7-25
7.2.39 Graveyards...................................................................................7-25
7.2.40 Spread of HIV/AIDS amongst the Project Labor and Adjoining Population.....................................................................................7-25
7.2.41 Recreational Facilities for Public...................................................7-26
7.2.42 Operational and Management Phase...........................................7-26
7.2.43 Socioeconomic Impacts on the Overall Project Area....................7-26
8.0 Environmental Management Plan............................................................8-1
8.1 General.........................................................................................................8-1
8.2 Mitigation through Avoidance of Adverse Impacts by Suitable Design .........................................................................................................8-1
8.3 Tender and Construction Phase................................................................8-1
8.3.1 Impact Reduction Measures...........................................................8-1
8.3.2 Pre–Tender Conference.................................................................8-3
8.3.3 Pre Construction Coordination Meeting .......................................... 8-4
8.4 Operational Phase – Management of Operational Impact.......................8-4
8.5 Management of Social Impacts..................................................................8-4
8.6 Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP)..........................8-4
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
8.7 Visits / Inspection Authorization................................................................8-6
8.8 Roles and Responsibilities.........................................................................8-7
8.8.1 Management Responsibility ............................................................ 8-7
8.9 Institutional Arrangements.......................................................................8-12
8.9.1 Reporting and Supervision ............................................................ 8-13
8.10 Mitigation Plans.........................................................................................8-14
8.11 Environmental Monitoring........................................................................8-31
8.11.1 Compliance Monitoring.................................................................8-31
8.11.2 Effects Monitoring.........................................................................8-31
8.11.3 Third Party Monitoring .................................................................. 8-31
8.12 Environmental and Social Trainings.......................................................8-34
8.13 Environmental and Socailmanagement Budget.....................................8-35
8.14 Recommendations....................................................................................8-36
8.14.1 Avoidance.....................................................................................8-36
8.14.2 Contractor’s Obligations...............................................................8-36
8.14.3 Social Frame Work Agreement (SFA)..........................................8-41
8.14.4 Social Frame Work Agreement.....................................................8-42
8.14.5 Operational Manual ...................................................................... 8-45
Appendix – A: Bibliography
Frontier Highway Authority viiiJune 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Environmental and Social Assessment Process ....................1-2
Table 2.1: Selected NEQS for Waste Effluents .......................................2-12
Table 2.2: NEQS F or Industrial Gaseous Emissions ..............................2-13
Table 2.3: National Environmental Quality Standards for Ambient Air .............................................................................2-14
Table 2.4: NEQS for Motor Vehicles Exhaust and Noise .......................2-15
Table 2.5: National Standards for Drinking Water Quality .....................2-17
Table 2.6: National Environmental Quality Standards for Noise ..........2-18
Table 3.1: Key Project Features / Structures............................................3-2
Table 3.2: Main Features along the Alignment .........................................3-3
Table 3.3: Design Criteria ...........................................................................3-6
Table 3.4: Estimated Work .........................................................................3-6
Table 3.5: Construction Material Requirement .........................................3-7
Table 3.6: Raw Material Availability .........................................................3-10
Table 3.7: Machinery Requirement ..........................................................3-10
Table 3.8: Equipment and Installation .....................................................3-11
Table 3.9: Illustrative Distribution of Labor .............................................3-12
Table 4.1: Land Utilization Statistics of District Swat , 2007–2008 ...........4-3
Table 4.2:: Laboratory Analysis Report of Ground Water Sample from Kabal....................................................................4-5
Table 4.3: Laboratory Analysis Report of Ground Water Sample from Kanju..................................................................................4-5
Table 4.4: Monthly Temperature, Rainfall and Relative Humidity ...........4-6
Table 4.5: Ambient Air Monitored Data .....................................................4-7
Table 4.6: Noise Levels Monitored at Kabal Chowk, Swat .......................4-7
Table 4.7: Noise Levels Monitored at Kanju Chowk, Swat .......................4-8
Table 4.8: Population Composition of the Project Area .........................4-12
Table 6.1: Summary of Public Consultations ............................................6-1
Table 7.1: Evaluation of Environmental and Social Impacts ...................7-2
Table 7.2: Categories of Encroachers (Households ) ..............................7-17
Table 7.3: Loss of Structures ...................................................................7-17
Table 7.4: Valuation of Privately Owned Affected Structures / Assets.......................................................................................7-18
Table 7.5: Trees to Be Removed from The RoW .....................................7-19
Table 8.1: Minimum Monitoring Plan .........................................................8-5
Table 8.2: Environmental Impacts during Construction Phase.............8-14
Table 8.3: Social Impacts.........................................................................8-23
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Table 8.4: Operational Phase...................................................................8-30
Table 8.5 : Effects Monitoring Plan ...........................................................8-32
Table 8.6: Environmental and Social Trainings......................................8-34
Table 8.7: Cost Estimates for Environmental Management ...................8-35
Table 8.8: Resettlement Cost...................................................................8-35
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Project Area Location................................................................1-4
Figure 1.2: Project Location Map................................................................1-5
Figure 3.1: Pictorial View of Project Road..................................................3-4
Figure 3.2: Typical Cross Section of Road in Builtup Area.......................3-8
Figure 3.3: Typical Cross Section of Road in Rural Area..........................3-9
Figure 4.1: Topographical Map of Project Road Section...........................4-2
Figure 8.1: Organogram for Implementation of EMP...............................8-13
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ACE Associated Consulting Engineers
ACI American Concrete Institute
ADB Asian Development Bank
AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
ASTM American Society for Testing and Material
BHU Basic Health Unit
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BOQ Bill of Quantities
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
COI Corridor of Impact
DDE Deputy Director Environment
DEMM Donors Environmental Monitoring Mission
EA Environmental Assessment
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return
EMMP Environment Mitigation and Monitoring Plan
EMP Environment Management Plan
EPC Environmental Protection Council
ESC Environmental Supervision Consultant
FHA Frontier Highways Authority
FIDIC Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs-Conseils
(International Federation of Consulting Engineers)
GoKP Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
GoP Government of Pakistan
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HSE Health Safety Equipment
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
IEM Independent Environmental Monitor
ISMZ Indus Suture Melange Zone
JUI Jamiat–i–Ulmai–Islam
KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MBT Main Boundary Thrust
MDTF Multi Donor Trust Fund
MMT Main Mantle Thrust
NCS National Conservation Strategy
NDIR Non Dispersive Infra Red
NEQs National Environment Quality Standards
NGOs Non–Government Organizations
NHA National Highway Authority
NOC No Objection Certificate
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
NWFP North West Frontier Province
O&M Operation and Maintenance
OP Operational Policy
Pak–EPA Pakistan Environment Protection Agency
PCO Public Call Office
PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency
PEPC Pakistan Environment Protection Council
PHED Public Health Engineering Department
PKR Pak Rupees
PM Project Manager
PMC Project Management
PMAP Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party
PML Pakistan Muslim League
PPC Pakistan Penal Code
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PPP Pakistan People’s Party
PR Public Relations
PSDP Public Sector Development Project
PSQCA Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority
PTCL Pakistan Telecommunication Limited
PTV Pakistan Television
RE Resident Engineer
RoW Right of Way
SFA Social Framework Agreement
SPM Suspended Particulate Matter
UBC Uniform Building Code
VOC Vehicle Operating Cost
WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority
WB World Bank
WHO World Health Organization
XEN Executive Engineer
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Executive Summary
This document presents the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the 10.5 km
long segment of Chakdara – Madyan Road, which runs almost parallel to River Swat on
its right bank, in the Swat District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. The
road was partly damaged and destroyed during recent war with Taliban. To rehabilitate
and upgrade the road, different international agencies have committed financial
assistance to the Government of Pakistan (GoP); the World Bank (WB) is one of them.
The WB will provide financial resources for construction / up-gradation and rehabilitation
of 10.5 km long segment of road between Sharifabad and Kanju towns. The present EIA
has been conducted in response to the national environmental protection laws and the
WB environmental safeguard policies.
The proposed project includes rehabilitation and up gradation of 10.5 km two-lane road
having a width of about 12 m along with the repair/construction of six bridges, 45
culverts, side drain and associated infrastructure. Major beneficiaries of this road project
will be the communities from towns and villages of Sharifabad, Daggay, Ajmer Abad,
Kabal, Ali Grama and Kanju. The project will add to infrastructural development of the
immediate area and will play a positive role towards poverty alleviation of the whole
extended area of the influence of the road. When this part of the road is connected with
other parts of road, around 70,000 people will benefit directly and above 200,000 people
will be impacted positively in the extended project area.
This project will be completed in about two years at a total cost of Rs. 680 million. For
design, execution and maintenance, the project has been assigned to Frontier Highways
Authority (FHA), who have engaged Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE) as their
Consultants.
As a part of this EIA study, primary as well as secondary data have been collected
through field surveys, public consultation and literature research. Consultations have
also been carried out with FHA sources, the World Bank and related government
departments. Screening and scoping of the study has been carried out before preparing
the Environment Management Plan (EMP). Women consultations have also been
carried out through elderly village leaders and also with the women of the area to create
a gender balance.
Included in the study is an overview of Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS),
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, Environmental Safeguards of the World
Bank and related regulations and protocols related to this study.
The road corridor passes through the Peshawar Basin which is partly hilly and partly flat.
The road section under the proposed project passes through comparatively flat valley.
The corridor is located in the watershed of Swat river which itself flows into the Kabul
river. Climatically the area has cold winter and relatively mild summers. Rainfall is mainly
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
received during monsoons and spring. The river Swat receives flash floods periodically.
Extremely cold winds blow during winters. Ambient air is generally clean.
Major flora of the area include chir, shisham, mulberry, bakain, eucalyptus, rulinia and
kao. The valley is suitable for fruit gardens such as guava, peaches and plums. Main
fauna include jackals, foxes, porcupines, jungle cats, hare, rats and some common
birds. There are no protected areas or endangered species in the area.
There is no industry in the area. Agriculture is restricted to comparatively flat areas or
terraces. Jirga system is still the most dependable social unit. Almost 100 percent
population is Muslims. Women form a less favored section of the society. Child labor is
common.
Analysis of alternatives has shown that project as proposed in feasibility i.e. double
carriageway with suitable readjustments where necessary, is the best option of all. It has
an Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) of about 30 percent. Logistically, the best
option is to locate all facilities of the contractor on the State land. Best alternative from
labor point of view is an admixture 100 percent unskilled local labor, 50 percent of
semiskilled local labor and free choice of technical workers.
The stakeholder consultations have been carried out by meeting all important officials of
Mingora, Kabal, Sharifabad and Kanju, as well as local community to obtain an overall
feedback about the project and its potential impacts.
The present EIA has shown the possibility of mitigation of all adverse impacts. It is seen
that construction related impacts are likely to be related to contractor’s work practices,
cooperation between contractor and local communities, inclusion of EIA prescriptions in
the project management and a good Social Framework Agreement (SFA).
A comprehensive EMP has been prepared accompanied by an effective Environment
Management Monitoring Plan (EMMP) and supported by an institutional arrangement.
That EMP and EMMP will be made an integral part of the tender, bid and contract
documents. A system of contractor’s non–compliances / violations has been prescribed
and linked with Contractor’s bill payment.
The total cost of managing the environmental and social aspects, including the
resettlement, has been estimated to be about Pak Rs. 28.4 Million.
This EIA has shown that potentially negative impacts associated with the proposed
project are mostly moderate and reversible in nature, and can be easily addressed with
the help of appropriately designed and effectively implemented mitigation measures
proposed in this report.
Frontier Highway Authority xivJune 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Introduction
This document presents the Environmental Impact Assessment of the 10.5 km
long segment of Chakdara – Madyan Road, which runs almost parallel to River
Swat on its right bank, in Swat District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of
Pakistan.
1.1 Project Overview
Road from Chakdara to Madyan was completely destroyed over a length of
95 km due to activities of insurgents and counter action by Pakistan Army. Of
that the World Bank agreed to finance the upgradation and rehabilitation of a
section from km-30+424 to km-40+924, a length of 10.5 km from Sharifabad to
Kanju. The design, execution and supervision of this road have been entrusted to
Frontier Highways Authority (FHA) at a cost of Rs. 680.33 Million. This road
would run on the right bank of River Swat and join N–95 over Sur Pull (Red
Bridge) at Madyan, with N–95 located on the left bank of the river. Immediate
beneficiaries of the road will be towns of Sharifabad, Daggay, Ajmerabad, Kabal,
Ali Grama and Kanju, having a population of 70,000 people along the corridor of
impact (COI). As the road will connect together the other two parts of Chakdara –
Madyan Road, more than 200,000 people living all along the extended project
area will also be benefited. This will provide a solace and opportunities to a large
part of the war affected communities (see location maps in Figures – 1.1 and
1.2).
1.2 Implementation
Sharifabad – Kanju Section of Chakdara – Madyan Road will be sponsored by
Government of KP (GoKP) with the financial assistance of the World Bank (WB)
through Multi Donor Trust Fund (MDTF). The designing, execution and
management will be the responsibility of Frontier Highways Authority (FHA), who
have engaged Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE) as their Consultants. The
funds will be channeled through the Public Sector Development Project (PSDP)
of the GoKP. The World Bank will support the project under the
emergency operations and all efforts are being made to facilitate its early
implementation on a top priority basis.
1.3 Basic Features of the Proposed Project
The scope of Sharifabad – Kanju Upgradation / Rehabilitation Project has
following major features:
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(i) Road Reconstruction / Rehabilitation over 10.5 km section
(ii) Side drain on hill side
(iii) Side Drain in Built-up area
(iv) Retaining walls on river side
(v) Guardrail for embankments higher than 3 meters
(vi) Appropriate signs and road markings
(vii) Passenger sheds and benches
(viii) Pedestrian and bridal paths to be accommodated
(ix) The present single lane road will become double lane road
(x) Infrastructure e.g. drainage, crossing stream culverts or causeways and
other facilities will be rehabilitated
(xi) Staff will be trained to manage the modern highway.
1.4 Study Methodology
As a part of EIA Study, primary and secondary data were collected through field
surveys, public consultations and literature research. Consulted were the FHA
sources, World Bank literature, Meteorological Department, Soil Survey of
Pakistan Global Environmental Laboratory, Statistical Survey of Pakistan,
departments of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries and Communication and Works
Department of GoKP. Major data which became available from these sources
were land use, soil and physiography, traffic and noise level, surface and ground
water quality, and biodiversity. In addition, the data on social and economic
factors prevailing in Swat in general and in the project area in particular were
available from Pakistan Statistical Year Book, District Gazetteer and Economic
Survey of Pakistan.
For social data of nearby communities, a structured survey was conducted. For
Rapid Rural Survey of the area another questionnaire was used. For information
on any resettlement issues, a separate stand alone study has been carried out,
and its key findings have been incorporated under social impact assessment.
1.4.1 Environmental Assessment Process
The environmental assessment was carried out according to the process given in
Table 1.1.
Table 1.1: Environmental and Social Assessment Process
Phase Activities Status Responsibility
Screening and
Scoping
Reconnaissance and initial
site visit and consultations,
identification of issues &
Carried out
during the
Project
Management (PM)
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Phase Activities Status Responsibility
applicable safeguard
policy, categorization and
working out an action plan.
present EIA Consultants
EMP
Preparation
Women consultation Carried out
during/prepared
as part of the
present EIA
PM ConsultantsDraft EMP
Draft SFA
Disclosure and
SFA Agreement
Disclosure of Draft EMP
and SFA
Pending till final
approval of
project. Draft
SFA ready
FHA and
communities
assisted by PM
Consultant
Signing of SFA
Pending till the
commencement
of the project.
FHA and
communities
assisted by PM
Consultant
Final EMPFinal version of EMP
produced
Included in the
present EIA.PM Consultants
Implementation
and Monitoring
Monitoring and Reporting
on Environmental and
Social Mitigation
Will be carried
out during
construction and
operational
phase.
FHA, RE, PM
Consultant and
communities
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Figure 1.1: Project Area Location
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SWAT VALLEY
Renamed asKhyber Pakhtunkhwa Province
in recent past
Tribal Area
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Figure 1.2: Project Location Map
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MADYAN
CHAKDARA
KANJU
SHARIFABAD
MDTF Sponsored Section
Length: 10.5 Km.
MDTF Sponsored Section
Length: 10.5 Km.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
1.4.2 Field Surveys
A well trained local team of three experts carried out field survey. They undertook
two phase consultation program, as described below.
Phase–I comprised of the meetings and discussions with local and regional
officials. Meetings with officials facilitated achieving multiple and diverse
objectives such as:
♦ Provision of forum for the initial definition of critical environmental issues.
♦ Establishment of their interpretation as official stake holders, the key
sector development issues and linkage to the environmental and social
development.
♦ Confirmation of the suitability of initial list of communities selected for
consultation.
Phase–II involved the understanding of a program of a semi–structured
discussion in communities in the project area of influence. The program included
both community discussion and discussion with women only by women
organization.
1.4.3 Women Consultat ions
Rural society in Sharifabad – Kanju tract of Swat District is highly conservative
where direct access to women for social surveys like this is not possible. The
community elders and aged women in selected localities who would not like their
names to be recorded, women consultation was carried out according to the
Gender Issue Study, commissioned by EPA and ADB and is considered to be an
essential part of project preparation. The ADB studies overlap those required out
of the current study, which also include the “Gender Impact Assessment”.
Accordingly six meetings were held with women in different parts of the project,
three through village elders and three through women teachers.
1.5 The Study Objectives
The ultimate objective of the study is to make the project environmentally
responsible and socially acceptable. The specific objectives of this study can be
identified as follows:
♦ To collect the baseline data on physical biological and socio–economic
conditions of the project area.
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♦ To carryout environmental and social assessment including the
supporting administrative and legal framework of the proposed highway.
♦ To identify mitigation measures of the potential environmental and
noticeable impacts and proposing impacts.
♦ To propose institutional responsibilities and methods of monitoring the
mitigation measures and monitoring procedures.
♦ To prepare Environmental Management Plan.
1.6 Project Classification
The project only involves upgradation and rehabilitation of an existing road along
an existing route over 10.5 km with no major changes in the Right of Way (RoW)
of road in an area with little environmental and/or social sensitivity. Therefore, the
project falls in Category “B” according to the World Bank’s Operational Policies.
1.7 The Report Structure
This EIA document is structured as follows:
Chapter – 1: Introduction containing general information about the project and
process of carrying out the study.
Chapter – 2: Legislative and Policy Framework describes the policy, laws and
regulations governing this EIA.
Chapter – 3: The Project Description describes an overall details of the works
to be done.
Chapter – 4: The Baseline Study gives information on Physical, Biological and
Social conditions collected through survey of the Project Area.
Chapter – 5: Analysis of Alternatives describes and analyses various
alternatives to establish the feasibility of the modernization and construction of
double lane road.
Chapter – 6: Public Consultation and Disclosure explains the process of
public consultation and disclosure of the report at District Council Office as well
as important public library(s). It makes this document a legal public document.
Chapter – 7: Environmental Impact Assessment identifies various
environmental impacts and their suggested mitigations. This makes the basis of
the Environment Management Plan.
Chapter – 8: Environment Management Plan (EMP) contains comprehensive
prescriptions regarding environmental impacts and their mitigation. This also
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includes institutional arrangements and Environmental Management Monitoring
Plan. This chapter is included in the Tender as well as the Contract Document. A
draft Social Framework Agreement (SFA) has also been suggested.
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Policy, Law and Protocols
This Chapter provides an overview of the policy framework, national legislation
and international protocols applicable to the project. The project is expected to
comply with the national legislation relating to environment in Pakistan and to
obtain all regulatory clearances required. The project at the same time has to
conform to the operational manuals of the donor and the environmental
safeguards provided therein.
1.8 The World Bank Safeguard Policies
The World Bank is the donor for this project. Therefore, it is obligatory for FHA to
abide by the World Bank safeguard policies, which are discussed below:
1.8.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)
The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed
for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and
sustainable, and thus to improve decision making.1 The OP defines the EA
process and various types of the EA instruments.
The proposed project consists of activities which have environmental and social
consequences, including:
• Deterioration of air quality,
• Water contamination and consumption,
• Damage to top soil, land erosion,
• Safety hazard.
Since none of the potential impacts of the project are likely to be large scale,
unprecedented and/or irreversible, the project has been classified as Category B,
in accordance with OP 4.01. Furthermore, the present environmental
assessment has been carried out in accordance with this OP, to identify the
extent and consequences of these impacts, and to develop an EMP for their
mitigation.
1.8.2 Involuntary Resett lement (OP 4.12)
The WB’s experience indicates that involuntary resettlement under development
projects, if unmitigated, often gives rise to severe economic, social, and
1 Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. January 1999.
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environmental risks: production systems are dismantled; people face
impoverishment when their productive assets or income sources are lost; people
are relocated to environments where their productive skills may be less
applicable and the competition for resources greater; community institutions and
social networks are weakened; kin groups are dispersed; and cultural identity,
traditional authority, and the potential for mutual help are diminished or lost. This
policy includes safeguards to address and mitigate these impoverishment risks.2
The overall objectives of the Policy are given below.
• Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs.
• Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits. Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs.
• Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.
The resettlement impacts of the project will be managed in accordance with this
OP and a Resettlement Action Plan will be prepared.
1.8.3 Forestry (OP 4.36)
The objective of this Policy is to assist the WB’s borrowers to harness the
potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests
effectively into sustainable economic development, and protect the vital local and
global environmental services and values of forests.
None of the project components would be located inside any forested areas.
Hence the OP 4.36 is not triggered.
1.8.4 Natural Habitat (OP 4.04)
The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and
enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development.
2 Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. December 2001.
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The Bank therefore supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of
natural habitats and their functions … 3
All of the proposed project components would be located in areas where the
natural habitat has already been significantly modified, as a result of road
construction and associated activities. Therefore the OP 4.04 is not triggered for
the proposed project.
1.8.5 Pest Management (OP 4.09)
Through this OP, the WB supports a strategy that promotes the use of biological
or environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical
pesticides. This OP is not relevant since the Project does not involve purchase or
use of pesticides or fertilizers.
1.8.6 Safety of Dams (OP 4.37)
The Policy seeks to ensure that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient
resources provided for the safety of dams the WB finances. However this OP is
not relevant since the proposed project does not involve construction of dams.
1.8.7 Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50)
This OP defines the procedure to be followed for projects the WB finances that
are located on any water body that forms a boundary between, or flows through
two or more states. However, no project components will be located on any such
waterways, hence this OP is not triggered.
1.8.8 Cultural Property (OP 4.11)
The World Bank’s general policy regarding cultural properties is to assist in their
preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. The specific aspects of the
Policy are given below. 4
• The Bank normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage.
• The Bank will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. In some cases, the project is best relocated in order that sites and structures can be preserved, studied, and
3 Excerpts from WB OP 4.04. WB Operational Manual. June 2001.4 Excerpts from the OP 11.03. WB Operational Manual. September 1986.
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restored intact in situ. In other cases, structures can be relocated, preserved, studied, and restored on alternate sites. Often, scientific study, selective salvage, and museum preservation before destruction is all that is necessary. Most such projects should include the training and strengthening of institutions entrusted with safeguarding a nation’s cultural patrimony. Such activities should be directly included in the scope of the project, rather than being postponed for some possible future action, and the costs are to be internalized in computing overall project costs.
• Deviations from this policy may be justified only where expected project benefits are great, and the loss of or damage to cultural property is judged by competent authorities to be unavoidable, minor, or otherwise acceptable. Specific details of the justification should be discussed in project documents.
• This policy pertains to any project in which the Bank is involved, irrespective of whether the Bank is itself financing the part of the project that may affect cultural property.
Since the project activities will be carried out along an existing road, it is unlikely
that any sites of cultural, archeological, historical, or religious significance will be
affected. However, in case of discovery of any such sites or artifacts during the
project implementation, the work will be stopped at that site. The provisions of
this Policy will be followed. Additionally, the provincial and federal archeological
departments will be notified immediately, and their advice sought before
resumption of the construction activities at such sites.
1.8.9 Indigenous People (OP 4.10)
For purposes of this policy, the term “Indigenous Peoples” is used in a generic
sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the
following characteristics in varying degrees:5
• self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others;
• collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories;
• customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and
• an indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country or region.
5 Excerpts from the OP 4.10. WB Operational Manual. July 2005.
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The OP defines the process to be followed if the project affects the indigenous
people.
No indigenous people - with a social and cultural identity distinct from the
dominant society that makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the
development process – are known to exist in the District. Therefore this OP is not
triggered.
However if such groups are identified during the project implementation, the
proponents will develop an Indigenous People Development Plan, in compliance
with the OP and get it approved by the Bank.
1.8.10 Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60)
Projects in disputed areas may raise a number of delicate problems affecting
relations not only between the Bank and its member countries, but also between
the borrower and one or more neighboring countries. In order not to prejudice the
position of either the Bank or the countries concerned, any dispute over an area
in which a proposed project is located is dealt with at the earliest possible stage.
The Bank may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments
concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project
proposed for country A should go forward without prejudice to the claims of
country B.6
This OP is not triggered since no part of the Punjab Province is located in any
disputed territory.
1.9 National Policy Framework
The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS) that was approved by the
federal cabinet in March 1992, is the principal policy document on environment
issues in the country. The NCS outlines the country’s primary approach towards
encouraging the sustainable development concerning natural resources and
management of the resources. The NCS has 68 specific programs in 14 core
areas in which policy investment is considered crucial for preservation of
Pakistan’s natural and physical environment. The core areas that are relevant in
the context of the project are pollution prevention and abatement concerning
biodiversity, supporting land, water and air resources and preservation of the
physical cultural heritage.
6 Excerpts from the OP 7.60. WB Operational Manual. November 1994.
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The organizations, Pakistan Environment Protection Council (PEPC) and the
Pakistan Environment Protection Agency (Pak – EPA) are primarily responsible
for administering the provisions of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act
1997. The PEPC overseas the functioning of Pak – EPA. Its members consist of
representatives of the government, industry, non–government organizations
(NGOs) and private sector. The Pak – EPA has to ensure compliance with
National Environment Quality Standards (NEQs) and establish monitoring and
evaluation system. As the primary implementation agency in the hierarchy, it is
responsible for identifying the need, as well as inviting the legislature, to make
laws whenever necessary. The Pak – EPA is also authorized to delegate powers
to the provincial counter parts, the provincial Environmental Protection Agencies
(EPAs). One of the functions delegated by the Pak – EPA to provincial EPAs is
the review and approval of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Reports of
the projects undertaken in their respective jurisdictions.
1.10 The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997
The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, empowers the Pak-EPA to:
♦ Develop guidelines for conducting the Initial Environmental Examination
(IEE) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies and
procedures for the submission, review and approval of the same.
♦ Develop environmental emission standards for various parameters such
as water and noise.
♦ Enforce the provisions of the Environment Protection Act 1997 through
environmental protection order and environmental tribunals headed by
magistrates with wide ranging powers including the right to impose fine
for violence against the Environment Protection Act 1997.
Under the provisions of the Environment Protection Act 1997, the Pak-EPA has
empowered the four provincial EPAs to manage the environmental concerns of
their respective provinces. The provincial EPAs can frame environmental
regulations tailored for the requirements of the province provided that these
regulations meet or exceed the minimum standards set by Pak – EPA. They are
also at time required to review and approve EIAs of all development projects
undertaken in the respective province, including those projects which are
implemented by federal agencies. This EIA will therefore fall in the purview of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa EPA.
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1.11 Regulations for Environmental Assessment
Under Section 12 of Environmental Protection Act 1997, a project falling under
any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000) requires proponent to
file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with concerned provincial or
federal agency (Pak – EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in
schedule the proponent will submit an EIA with the Provincial Agency. Within 10
working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the empowered agency will
confirm that the document submitted is complete for the purpose of review.
During this time should the empowered agency require the proponent for
revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion the proponent
will carry out necessary revision. Subsequently, the federal agency will make
every effort to complete process for an IEE review within 40 days and an EIA
within 90 days of filing.
Pak – EPA regulation (SRO 339(1)/2000) states that an IEE is required for
federal or provincial projects (except in case of maintenance, rebuilding or
reconstruction case) with a total cost of less than 45 million. An EIA on the other
hand is required for federal or provincial project (except in the cases of
maintenance, rebuilding or reconstruction) with a total cost of 50 million or more.
EIAs are also required where projects are to be implemented in environmentally
sensitive areas, or are likely to cause adverse environmental effects.
Recognizing that the Pak – EPA has delegated powers to provincial EPAs to
enforce the provision of Environment Protection Act 1997, wherever required an
EIA must be submitted to the provincial agencies in whose jurisdiction the project
falls. In the instant case the EIA will be submitted to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa EPA
as FHA is implementing the project as a provincial agency.
1.12 Guidelines for Environmental Assessment
Pak – EPA has published a set of environmental guidelines for preparation and
review of environmental reports which include the nature of information to be
included in the project. These guidelines have been followed in combination with
the World Bank Guidelines, while preparing this report.
1.13 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)
The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQs) specify the following
standards:
♦ Maximum allowable contamination of pollutants (32 parameters) in
emission and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland water.
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♦ Maximum allowable concentration of pollutant (16 parameters) in
gaseous emission from sources other than vehicles.
♦ Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions
from vehicle exhaust and noise emission from vehicles.
♦ Maximum allowable noise level from vehicles.
♦ Ambient noise standards
♦ Ambient air quality standards.
These standards apply to gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged by
batching plants, asphalt plants, camp sites, construction machinery, and
vehicles. The standards for vehicle will apply during the construction as well as
operational phase of the project.
These NEQS are presented in Tables 2.1 to 2.7.
1.14 Interaction with Other Agencies
For roads like this project is responsibility of FHA on behalf of the provincial
government Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The FHA is therefore responsible for ensuring
the implementation, controlling and monitoring of the environmental concerns of
the road at preconstruction, construction and the operational stage. In doing so,
the FHA will have interactions with a large number of organizations and
government departments. Some of those are as follows:
♦ Federal EPA and Provincial EPA
Mainly it will be Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – EPA to receive and process the
EIA.
♦ Provincial Departments of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries
It is expected that project implementation will require a limited clearances
of vegetation or trees in the RoW of the road. Also no major upset is
going to be caused to any wildlife or fisheries areas. But it is possible that
while making diversions, establishing machinery yards or setting up labor
camps, these departments come in contact and an NOC from them
becomes necessary. Also during resettlement the assessment of
compensation for trees will have to be endorsed by the Forest
Department.
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♦ Provincial Land Revenue Department
Under the constitution of Pakistan, all matters relating to land use and
land ownership are a provincial subject. The provincial revenue
department of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is empowered to carryout the
acquisition of private land or any built up property for public purposes. For
making a double road, straightening the curves, making diversions,
establishing labor camps and setting up machinery yards some temporary
land acquisition and resettlement of families may have to be undertaken.
For all doing that, assistance from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Land Revenue
Department will be inevitable.
♦ Local Government and Municipalities
If during resettlement or mitigating an environmental hazard, a conflict
situation may emerge, it will become necessary for the project proponents
to contact the union council, local government and / or municipalities.
♦ Police Department / Levies
To cool down any law and order situation and to ensure security
assistance from the police and the levies may be necessitated. It is
advisable that these departments are pre–alerted about the security
requirements.
1.15 Other Environment Related Statutes and Laws
This section outlines statutes apart from Pakistan Environment Protection Act,
1997, which are relevant to this project:
♦ The Constitution of Pakistan 1973
It contains concurrent legislative powers to federation and provinces to
legislate in respect of environment and ecology (Article 142(b), Clause
24). Any gaps in the environmental law can be referred to National as well
as the provincial assembly for passage of an appropriate law.
♦ Pakistan Penal Code (PPC)
It treats pollution and destruction of ecology as a mischief and makes it a
public offence. The PPC further prohibits corrupting and fouling water,
any public spring, reservoir or river or rendering it less fit for the purpose
for which it is ordinarily used.
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♦ The Drainage Act 1973
The Act binds the public water users to restore the environment of the
water bodies, should there be any damage by the community in any way.
♦ Local Government Ordinance 1979
The ordinance empowers Zila Councils to control environmental pollution
by preparing and implementing appropriate schemes to protect air, water
and land in their respective jurisdictions.
♦ The West Pakistan Fisheries Act 1961
The Fisheries Act requires protection of public waters as habitat of fish
and other aquatic life. This supports the Provincial Fisheries Department
to effectively protect the fish and other aquatic life in water streams
nearby the roads. Fish and small aquatic life is food to a good number of
birds as well as a protein supply to local people.
♦ The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Wildlife (Protection, Preservation,
Conservation and Management) Act 1974
The Act provides full protection to the listed birds and animals and their
habitat including the migratory ones.
♦ The Forest Act 1927
The Act provides full protection to the reserved forests as well as to
wildlife habitats. The Act also prohibits certain acts in protected forests.
♦ The Antiquities Act 1976
The Act provides full protection and safety to archives, monuments,
physical cultural heritage or chance finds and binds communities to
cooperate, collaborate and report to the archaeological department.
♦ Factories Act 1934
Permission to establish an industry along the road can only be permitted
by Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
♦ The Public Health (Emergency Provision Act 1954 read with West
Pakistan Epidemic Control Act 1958) Act
These two laws cover the preservation of human health by prohibition of
any disease, safeguarding the public health and providing and
maintaining adequate medical services and other services essential to the
health of communities in the project area. Protection against HIV/AIDS
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and infectious diseases like Cholera and Hepatitis B in labor camps would
come under the same preview.
♦ Explosive Act 1884
Under the Explosive Act 1884, the Project Contractors are bound by
regulation on properly and securely handling, transporting and using
explosives during quarrying, blasting and any other purpose. A prior
notice has to be given to local public and road users in collaboration with
Resident Engineer.
1.16 Conventions, Protocols, Agreements and Understandings at
International Level
On international level Pakistan is a signatory to a number of conventions,
agreements, protocols and understandings. Not all of these may be directly
applicable to this project but most important of these are listed below for any
possible reference.
♦ Convention on Biological Diversity popularly called the Earth Charter
(1992)
♦ Convention on wetlands of international importance especially wetland
habitats (Ramsar 1971).
♦ Convention on conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn
1979) a follow up of Ramsar 1971.
♦ ILO convention No. 62 regarding ergonomic limitation of labor.
1.17 International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC)
Clauses
Keeping in view the national laws and international obligations, specific steps are
taken to mitigate the adverse impacts while processing the detailed design,
tender document and carrying out the monitoring and evaluation of the work of
the contractor. Following FIDIC clauses are invariably provided in a standard
construction contract like this project.
♦ Clause 8.2: Site operation and methods of construction.
♦ Clause 19.1: Safety, Security of Environment in general (including
biota).
♦ Clause 27.1: Fossils
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♦ Clause 42.1: Possession of site and access thereto (for life forms)
♦ Clause 42.3: Right of ways and facilities in the project area
The FHA will ensure that the above FIDIC clauses are appropriately reflected in
the tender document(s), bid documents and the contract document(s).
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Table 2.2: Selected NEQS for Waste Effluents
Parameter UnitStandards (maximum
allowable limit)
Temperature increase °C < 3
pH value (acidity/basicity) pH 6-9
5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
at 20 °C mg/l 80
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/l 150
Total suspended solids mg/l 200
Total dissolved solids mg/l 3,500
Grease and oil mg/l 10
Phenolic compounds (as phenol) mg/l 0.1
Chloride (as Cl) mg/l 1,000
Fluoride (as F) mg/l 10
Sulfate (SO4) mg/l 600
Sulfide (S) mg/l 1.0
Ammonia (NH3) mg/l 40
Cadmium mg/l 0.1
Chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) mg/l 1.0
Copper mg/l 1.0
Lead mg/l 0.5
Mercury mg/l 0.01
Selenium mg/l 0.5
Nickel mg/l 1.0
Silver mg/l 1.0
Total toxic metals mg/l 2.0
Zinc mg/l 5
Arsenic mg/l 1.0
Barium mg/l 1.5
Iron mg/l 8.0
Manganese mg/l 1.5
Boron mg/l 6.0
Chlorine mg/l 1.0Notes:
1. The standard assumes that dilution of 1:10 on discharge is available. That is, for each cubic meter of treated effluent, the recipient water body should have 10 m3 of water for dilution of this effluent.
2. Toxic metals include cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, nickel and silver. The effluent should meet the individual standards for these metals as well as the standard for total toxic metal concentration.
Source: Government of Pakistan (2000) (SRO 549 (I)/2000).
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Table 2.3: NEQS for Industrial Gaseous Emissions
mg/Nm3 unless otherwise stated
Parameter Source of EmissionStandards
(maximum allowable limit)
Smoke Smoke opacity not to exceed 40% or 2 Ringlemann Scale or equivalent smoke
numberParticulate matter 1 (a) Boilers and furnaces:
i. Oil fired ii. Coal fired iii. Cement Kilns
300 500 300
(b) Grinding, crushing, clinker coolers and related processes, metallurgical processes, converters, blast furnaces and cupolas
500
Hydrogen Chloride Any 400 Chlorine Any 150 Hydrogen fluoride Any 150 Hydrogen sulphide Any 10 Sulphur Oxides 2, 3 Sulfuric acid/Sulphonic acid plants 5,000
Other Plants except power Plants operating on oil and coal
1,700
Carbon Monoxide Any 800 Lead Any 50 Mercury Any 10 Cadmium Any 20 Arsenic Any 20 Copper Any 50 Antimony Any 20 Zinc Any 200 Oxides of Nitrogen 3 Nitric acid manufacturing unit 3,000
Other plants except power plants operating on oil or coal:i. Gas fired ii. Oil fired iii. Coal fired
400 600
1,200
Explanations:1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more. 2. Based on 1% sulphur content in fuel oil. Higher content of sulphur will cause standards to be
pro-rated.3. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on
oil and coal as fuel shall in addition to NEQS specified above, comply with the standards provided separately.
Source: Government of Pakistan (2000) (SRO 549 (I)/2000).
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Table 2.4: National Environmental Quality Standards
for Ambient Air 7
PollutantsTime-Weighted
Average
Concentration in Ambient Air
Method of MeasurementEffective from 1st July 2010
Effective from1st January 2013
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Annual Average*
80 µg/m3 80 µg/m3
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
24 hours** 120 µg/m3 120 µg/m3
Oxides of Nitrogen as (NO)
Annual Average*
40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3Gas Phase
Chemiluminescence24 hours** 40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3
Oxides of Nitrogen as (NO2)
Annual Average*
40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3Gas Phase
Chemiluminescence24 hours** 80 µg/m3 80 µg/m3
Ozone (O3) 1 hour 180 µg/m3 130 µg/m3 Non dispersive UV absorption
Suspended Particulate Matter
(SPM)
Annual Average*
400 µg/m3 360 µg/m3 High Volume Sampling, (Average flow rate not less
than1.1 m3/minute).24 hours** 550 µg/m3 500 µg/m3
Respirable Particulate Matter.
PM10
Annual Average*
200 µg/m3 120 µg/m3
β Ray absorption
24 hours** 250 µg/m3 150 µg/m3
Respirable Particulate Matter.
PM2.5
Annual Average*
25 µg/m3 15 µg/m3
β Ray absorption24 hours** 40 µg/m3 35 µg/m3
1 hour 25 µg/m3 15 µg/m3
Lead (Pb)
Annual Average*
1.5 µg/m3 1.0 µg/m3 ASS Method after sampling using EPM 2000 or
equivalent Filter paper24 hours** 2.0 µg/m3 1.5 µg/m3
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
8 hours** 5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3Non Dispersive Infra Red
(NDIR)1 hour 10 mg/m3 10 mg/m3
* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.
** 24 hourly /8 hourly values should be met 98% of the in a year. 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.
Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1062 (I)/2010).
7 Full text of the Standards is available at the Pak-EPA website: (http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).
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Table 2.5: NEQS for Motor Vehicles Exhaust and Noise 8
(A) For In-use Vehicles
Sr.
No.Parameter
Standard (Maximum
Permissible Limit)Measuring Method Applicability
1 Smoke
40% or 2 on the
Ringlemann Scale during
engine acceleration
mode.
To be compared with
Ringlemann Chart at a
distance 6 or more. r
Immediate
effect2
Carbon
Monoxide6%
Under idling conditions:
Non-dispersive infrared
detection through gas
analyzer.
3 Noise 85 db (A).Sound meter at 7.5 meters
from the source.
(B) For New Vehicles
(i) Emission Standards for Diesel Vehicles
(a) For Passenger Cars and Light Commercial Vehicles (g/Km)
Type of Vehicle
Category/Class Tiers COHC+ NOx
PMMeasuring
MethodApplicability
Passenger Cars
M 1: with reference mass
(RW) upto 2500 kg. Cars with RW over 2500 kg to meet NI category standards.
Pak-II IDI 1.00 0.70 0.08
NEDC (ECE 15+ EUDCL)
i. All imported and local manufactured diesel vehicles with effect from 01-07-2012
Pak-II DI 1.00 0.90 0.10
Light Commercial Vehicles
NI-I (RW<1250 kg)
Pak-II IDI 1.00 0.70 0.08
Pak-II DI 1.00 0.90 0.10
NI-II (1250 kg< RW <1700 kg0
Pak-II IDI 1.25 1.00 0.12
Pak-II DI 1.25 1.30 0.14
NI-III (RW>1700 kg)
Pak-II IDI 1.50 1.20 0.17
Pak-II DI 1.50 1.60 0.20
Parameter Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method
Noise 85 db (A)Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the source.
8 Full text of the NEQS is available at the Pak-EPA website: (http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).
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(b) For Heavy Duty Diesel Engines and Large Goods Vehicles
(g/Kwh)
Type of Vehicle
Category / Class
Tiers CO HC NOx PMMeasuring
MethodApplicability
Heavy Duty Diesel Engines
Trucks and Buses
Pak-II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15 ECE-R-49
All Imported and local manufactured diesel vehicles with the effect 1-7-2012
Large goods Vehicles
N2 (2000 and up
Pak-II 4.0 7.0 1.10 0.15 EDC
Parameter Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method
Noise 85 db (A)Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the source.
(ii) Emission Standards for Petrol Vehicles (g/km)
Type of Vehicle
Category / Class Tiers COHC+ NOx
Measuring Method
Applicability
Passenger
M 1: With reference mass (RW) upto 2500 kg. Cars with RW over 2500 kg. to meet N1 category standards
Pak-II 2.20 0.50NEDC (ECE 15 + EUDCL)
All imported and new models* locally manufactured petrol vehicles with effect from 1st July, 2009**
Light Commercial Vehicles
N1-I (RW<1250 kg) Pak-II 2.20 0.50
N1-II (1250 kg>RW <1700 kg)
Pak-II 4.00 0.65
N1-III (RW>1700 kg) Pak-II 5.00 0.80
Motor Rickshaws & motor Cycles
2.4 strokes <150 cc Pak-II 5.50 1.50ECER 40
2.4 strokes>150 cc Pak-II 5.50 1.30
Parameters Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method
Noise 85 db (A)Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the source
Explanations:
DI: Direct InjectionIDI: Indirect InjectionEUDCL: Extra Urban Driving CycleNEDC: New Urban Driving Cycle
M:Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers and comprising no more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat
N: Motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of goods.* New model means both model and engine type change
**The existing models of petrol driven vehicles locally manufactured will immediately switch ever to Pak-II emission standards but not later than 30th June, 2012
Source: Government of Pakistan (2009) (SRO 72 (KE)/2009).
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Table 2.6: National Standards for Drinking Water Quality9
Properties/Parameters Standard Values for Pakistan
Bacterial
All water intended for drinking (e.Coli or Thermotolerant Coliform bacteria)
Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples
Treated water entering the distribution system (E.Coli or thermotolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria)
Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples
Treated water in the distribution system (E.Coli or thermo tolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria)
Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples
In case of large supplies, where sufficient samples are examined, must not be present in 95% of the samples taken throughout any 12- month period.
Physical
Color ≤15 TCU
Taste Non objectionable/Accept able
Odor Non objectionable/Accept able
Turbidity < 5 NTU
Total hardness as CaCO3 < 500 mg/l
TDS < 1000
pH 6.5 – 8.5
Chemical
Essential Inorganic mg/Litre
Aluminum (Al) ≤0.2
Antimony (Sb) ≤0.005 (P)
Arsenic (As) ≤ 0.05 (P)
Barium (Ba) 0.7
Boron (B) 0.3
Cadmium (Cd) 0.01
Chloride (Cl) <250
Chromium (Cr) ≤0.05
Copper (Cu) 2
Toxic Inorganic mg/Litre
Cyanide (Cn) ≤0.05
Fluoride (F)* ≤1.5
Lead (Pb) ≤0.05
Manganese (Mn) ≤ 0.5
Mercury (Hg) ≤0.001
Nickel (Ni) ≤0.02
9 Full text of the Standards is available at the Pak-EPA website: (http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).
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Properties/Parameters Standard Values for Pakistan
Nitrate (NO3)* ≤50
Nitrite (NO2)* ≤3 (P)
Selenium (Se) 0.01 (P)
Residual chlorine 0.2-0.5 at consumer end; 0.5-1.5 at source
Zinc (Zn) 5.0
Organic
Pesticides mg/l PSQCA No. 4639-2004, Page No. 4 Table No. 3 Serial No. 20- 58 may be consulted.**
Phenolic compound (as phenols) mg/l WHO standards: ≤ 0.002
Polynuclear Aromatic hydrocarbon (as PAH) g/L WHO standards: ≤ 0.01v(by GC/MS method)
Radioactive
Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi 0.1
Beta Emitters 1
* indicates priority health related inorganic constituents which need regular monitoring.
** PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority.
Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1063(I)/2010).
Table 2.7: National Environmental Quality Standards for Noise 10
Limit in dB(A) Leq*
Category of
Area/Zone
Effective from 1st July 2010 Effective from 1st July 2012
Day time Night time Day time Night time
Residential area 65 50 55 45
Commercial area 70 60 65 55
Industrial area 80 75 75 65
Silence zone 55 45 50 45
Notes:
1. Day time hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.
2. Night time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.
3. Silence zone::Zones that are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not
less than 100 m around the hospitals, educational institutions, and courts.
4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above-listed categories by the
competent authority.
* dB(A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on Scale A which is relatable
to human hearing.
Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1064(I)/2010).
10 Full text of the Standards is available at the Pak-EPA website: (http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).
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Description of the Project
1.18 Location
The road is located on the right bank of the River Swat in the Swat district of KP
province of Pakistan (see maps in Figures – 1.1 and 1.2).
The proposed road being taken up for rehabilitation and upgradation is part of the
Swat Package by Government of Pakistan, Foreign Donors and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa Government, which focuses primarily on the improvement and
upgradation of infrastructure of Swat Valley after War against terrorism. The
project road passes through battle field against terrorists and numerous bridges
were destroyed by Taliban through suicide attacks and other bomb ballasts
during the war. The road was damaged by mines and movement of tanks and
heavy machinery of Pakistan Army. The upgradation of this road will provide
relief to the war affected peoples of Swat by involving them in project, on one
hand whereas on other hand it will improve the mobility of law enforcing
agencies. On the other side of the River, N–95 under control of National Highway
Authority (NHA) is passing and carrying both goods and passenger traffic which
is very congested. The up gradation of project road will result in significant
reduction in Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC) on the right side and will also induce
the passenger and goods traffic.
1.19 Road Length
The section of road to be financed by the World Bank is 10.5 km long, from
Sharifabad to Kanju. This is a part of the 95 km long Chakdara to Madyan Road.
1.20 Existing Road Dimensions
The existing RoW in the first 4.5 km of the road is about 4.5 – 5.0 m wide
whereas in the remaining 6 km stretch it is about 6.0 – 6.5 m. In consideration of
proposed widening of the road and envisaged protection works both for hillside
and valley side slopes, the RoW has been proposed to extend up to 12 m.
However, to avoid the resettlement issues, proposed RoW will be reduced up to
the available space and even at ribbon development areas, RoW may confined
up to the existing RoW and road cross section will be accommodated within the
available space. (Source: Inception Report for Upgradation / Rehabilitation of Road from
Chakdara to Madyan on Right Bank of Swat River).
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1.21 Drainage Structures
Key structures included in the project are given in Table 3.1.
Table 3.8: Key Project Features / Structures
Feature / Structure No / Description
Bridges (total) 06
Bridges to be Reconstructed 03
Culverts 45
Covered Side Drain On both sides of road in built up area
Foot PathCovered side drain will be used as foot
path
1.22 Link Roads
Following are the main link roads which join the project road.
♦ Near km 28+000 about 2.5 km before Sharifabad, a road from Ziarat and
Suigally meets with the Chakdara – Kanju Road.
♦ At km 30+000, a road connects the Gaarhi village with project road.
♦ At km 32+500, a road from Kotlai ends at project road which is at a
distance of about 4 km
♦ At km 35+000, Kabal Chowk a main road bifurcates from project road
which connects Shahderai with Kabal, Kanju, Mingora and other places of
Swat.
♦ At km 40+500, just 500 before the Kanju, a road originate at left side to
connect to Kanju Township.
♦ At km 40+924, End Point of this Package, is a link road connecting Kanju
with Mingora city and Saidu Sharif through Ayyub Bridge.
♦ Through road, also known as Airport Road, extend towards Bara Bandai,
Matta, Bagh Dheri and onward to Madyan.
1.23 Scope of Work
The scope of work and proposed improvements of the selected reach under the
Rehabilitation / Upgradation of Chakdara – Madyan Road is described below:
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♦ A longitudinal drain has been proposed throughout the length of the
section on hill side. Provision of culverts at suitable locations will be made
in the design to carry the load of the hill side drain for their outfalls at the
valley side.
♦ A retaining wall will be provided on river side to check the erosion of
embankment by the rains or failure of the slopes due to river scouring or
otherwise.
♦ A guard rail will be provided for embankment heights greater than 3 m.
♦ No particular public facilities have been proposed except road furniture
and signage.
♦ Intersection of earthen/paved tracks will be improved.
1.24 Length–wise Description of the Project
Length wise description of features along the alignment is given in Table 3.2:
Table 3.9: Main Features along the Alignment
Chainage Description
1. Km 30+500Agriculture land on both sides of the road
along with few settlements
2. Km 31+000
Sharif Abad village is located at both
sides of road with scattered houses and a
Govt. primary school. The other
surrounding land is used for agriculture.
The terrain of area varies from varies from
flat to rolling.
3. Km 31+500Daggay village is located with scattered
houses.
4. Km 32+250
Scattered houses which are part of
Daggay village. The terrain of area is
almost flat. The surrounding open land is
used for agriculture.
5. Km 33+250Ajmir abad town starts which is part of
Kabal.
6. Km 34+000 to Km 36+500
Built up area of Kabal city on both sides of
roads with houses and shops. The terrain
is flat.
7. Km 36+500 to Km 39+200 Built up area of Aligrama town on both
sides. Rolling terrain from 38+000 to
39+200 with small hills on left side of the
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Chainage Description
road.
8. Km 39+200 to Km 40+924Partially Built up area of Kanju on both
sides. The terrain is flat.
1.25 Existing Road Condition
The existing road traverses through small towns, cultivated lands through plain
and rolling terrain on the Right Bank of River Swat. The existing road is narrow
and in poor condition especially from Sharif Abad to Kanju. This section is about
10.5 Km in length and carries a little passenger and freight traffic. Overall
condition of the road was very poor to fair. Major distress includes: Raveling,
Cracking and Patching. Width of road is about 3.5 m at most location. This
section from km 30+424 to km 35+000 is single lane and in poor condition
recommended for Reconstruction Strategy. The pictorial view of project section
is given in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.3: Pictorial View of Project Road
Army Check Post near Km. 30+500 Cultivated Area along Road at Km. 31+000
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Daggay Village near Km. 31+500 Narrow and Undulated Pavement near Km. 33+000
Bridge Destroyed at Km. 33+400 Bridge Damaged by Suicide Attack
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Narrow Road near Km 34+000 Kabal Town, Km 35+000
Kabbal City near Civil Courts Seasonal Nallah and Passage Way near Km. 37+000
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Hill along the Road at Km. 38+000 Culvert Damage by Mine Explosion, Km. 39+000
Seasonal Nallah carrying Sewage Water Kanju Chowk at Km. 40+924, EOP
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1.26 Design Criteria
Design Criteria for horizontal and vertical alignment of project is given in
Table 3.3.
Table 3.10: Design Criteria
Element / Design Parameter Unit
For Plain &
Rolling
Terrain
For Hilly
Terrain
For
Mountainous
Terrain
Design Speed km/h 80 55 40
Width of Travel Way M 7.3 7.3 7.3
Out Shoulder Width M 2.0 2.0 2.0
Inner Shoulder Width M 2.0 2.0 2.0
Cross–slope Carriageway % 2 2 2
Cross–slope Shoulders % 4 4 4
Maximum Gradient % 4 7 9
Super-elevation Run–off M 43 33 30Source: Inception Report for Upgradation / Rehabilitation of Road from Chakdara to Madyan on Right Bank of Swat River
The typical cross sections of project road for built up area and rural area are given in Figures 3.2 and 3.3.
1.27 Work and Material
1.27.1 Estimated Work / Major Work Items
Estimated quantum of work involved in project is given in Table 3.4.
Table 3.11: Estimated Work
Works Quantity / Value
Road Length 10.5
Average Embankment Height 1.5
Culverts 45
Bridges 3
1.1.1 Materials Requirement
An estimate of quantities of different materials required for construction of project road is given in Table 3.5.
Table 3.12: Construction Material Requirement
Material / Item Unit Quantity
Earth Work Excavation for Road and Structure Works
cubic meters 45,000
Formation of Embankment from Roadway Excavation and Borrow Material
cubic meters 72,000
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Material / Item Unit Quantity
Granular and Common Backfill for structures cubic meters 19,000
Granular Subbase Course cubic meters 15,500
Aggregate Base Course cubic meters 14,000
Asphaltic Base course Plant Mix (Class–A) cubic meters 7,800
Asphaltic Concrete for Wearing Course (Class–B) cubic meters 5,300
Concrete cubic meters 4300
Reinforcement Steel Ton 270Source: PC-I Proforma for Package-I, Phase-I, Sharifabad – Kanju Section of Chakdara to Madyan on Right Bank of Swat River
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Figure 3.4: Typical Cross Section of Road in Built-up Area
Source: Design Drawings for Package-I, Phase-I, Sharifabad – Kanju Section of Chakdara to Madyan on Right Bank of Swat River
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Figure 3.5: Typical Cross Section of Road In Rural Area
Source: Design Drawings for Package-I, Phase-I, Sharifabad – Kanju Section of Chakdara to Madyan on Right Bank of Swat River
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1.28 Raw Material Availabil i ty
Sources of different raw materials required for construction are given in
Table 3.6.
Table 3.13: Raw Material Availability
Raw Material Availability
Borrow material Along the Road
Stones for retaining walls
and rip rap.km 29+000, km 36+500
Stone for sub-base,
aggregate base course,
asphalt courses
River Pit Run Gravel for sub-base, Dayar Shah
Crushing plant located near 36+000 for
aggregate base courses and asphalt courses
Bitumen Refineries in Karachi or Rawalpindi
Asphalt Refineries in Karachi or Rawalpindi
Brick Mardan
Sand Sand of River Swat flood plain at km 24+500
Clean water for specific
uses.Swat River Water
Other water for compaction
and sprinkling.Seasonal nullahs crossing the road
Reinforcement Steel Nearby Market
G.I. Pipes Nearby Market
Cement Nearby factories
1.29 Machinery to be Used
An estimate of machinery of different types like graders, batching plants, asphalt
mixing plants and others is given in Table 3.7:
Table 3.14: Machinery Requirement
Machinery Quantity
Graders 1
Tractors 4
Vibratory Rollers 02
Asphalt Mixing Plants 1
Stone Crushers 1
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Machinery Quantity
Batching Plants 1
Water Browsers 2
Oil Tankers 1
Water Sprinkling Water Carcass 4
Haulage Trucks 5
Excavators / Loaders 2
Small Vehicles 4
Dozer – D–9, D–10 01+01
Shift Roller 3
Asphalt Machine 1
1.30 Equipment and Instal lations
The equipment and installation required for project is given in Table 3.8:
Table 3.15: Equipment and Installation
Equipment / Installation Quantity
Fire Extinguishing Equipment 2
Electricity Generator 2
Water Pumping Equipment 2
Telephone System 4
1.31 Construction Schedule
If all the processing goes well the construction / upgradation / rehabilitation of
Sharifabad – Kanju road will commence on July 01, 2011, and complete in two
years by June 30, 2013. In case of any delays at the outset, the completion date
will slide forward accordingly.
1.32 Construction Logistics
1.32.1 Work Base
Since it is linear work, the ideal would be to set up the work base somewhere in
the middle. But a good spot is available at km 31+000 to 33+000 which has low
population density and ample space is available for all contractor facility including
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the work base. The length of load being on 10.5 km the work base at the
proposed site would be suitable.
1.32.2 Labor Supply
The contractor will be contractually bound to employ maximum local people
except for jobs the local expertise is not available. The Table 3.9 gives an
illustrative picture of the labor employment.
Table 3.16: Illustrative Distribution of Labor
Type of Labor Local Non–local Total
Skilled 40 60 100%
Semiskilled 50 50 100%
Unskilled 100 0 100%
By and large the daily wage rates fixed by the local commissioner will be used.
1.32.3 Labor Camps
Best labor camp site on Sharifabad – Kanju Road is between km 31+000 to
33+000. Although a majority of the labor force will come from local sources, they
will get picked up and dropped by contractor transport. Some unskilled, most
semiskilled and skilled workers may have to be brought in by contractor from far
off towns who will live in camps. Being located near the work base, the camps
will make the work access easy to the camp dwellers. Like camp, the work base
can also be about 250 m away from the nearest habitation.
1.32.4 Machinery Maintenance and Equipment Yards
Near the work base a machinery and equipment yard will be provided. The yard
will have enough storage and haulage space with ample moving and working
space. The yard will be walled and will have a gate provided with ample security
staff.
1.32.5 Material Depots
Near the work base a material depot will be required for storing construction
material. It will have temporary sheds for storing cement, iron bass and Asphalt
and open space for storing stones shingles and bricks. The material depots will
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be walled and gate will be provided with ample security. A store keeper will keep
account of incoming and outgoing material.
1.32.6 Machinery Repair Workshops
With a large number of vehicles and other similar machinery a repair workshop is
essential. The contactor may establish own workshop.
1.32.7 Approach to Work Bases
Since, the work base will be established close to the road under construction, so
already existing road can provide easy access to the work base. Ample
government land is available on either side for the project road which can be
used for making supplementary access road and paths to the work base.
1.32.8 Petrol Pump and CNG Pump
Petrol Pumps are available along or near the project road, however; the
contractor may set up his own temporary petrol pump and compressed natural
gas (CNG) Station near the work base to avoid any delay in construction work
due to non-availability of diesel for his construction Machinery.
1.32.9 Camp Offices
Adjacent to labor camp and adjacent to work base, the contractor will be allowed
to set up a camp office to run his day to day field affairs. For that the state land
can be used by the contractor.
1.32.10 Security Arrangements
Given the prevailing condition in the area where project is to be implemented,
necessary security staff is necessary. Enough security will be required at Work
Base, Labor Camp, Material Store, Equipment Yards and location of the work in
progress on the work site. Coordination will be necessary with nearby Police,
Army and Levy Units.
1.32.11 Healthcare
With a large number of labor and employees working in the project of road
construction, small accidents are expected to take place on all construction sites.
A dispensary will be set by the contractor. The dispensary will have services of a
full time doctor. At least two ambulances will support the dispensary. For major
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cases the patients will be shifted to Saidu Sharif District Hospital under a pre-
coordinated arrangement.
1.32.12 Labor Reporting Office
Along the road and in work bases special areas will be marked where the labor
can gather at the time of pick and drop, emergency or briefing and places will be
clearly marked and kept open and clean and as per requirement equipped with
public address system.
1.32.13 Labor Transport
Almost entire lot of the unskilled labor will be employed from local sources.
Contractor will provide vehicle(s), preferably a bus to pick and drop local labor
every day. That will help them to spend nights of their households and render
some services at home. This will also keep the camps less pressurized and
manageable.
1.32.14 Work Uniform and Health Safety Equipment
Road construction is a special job and the labor working on such work requires
special protective uniforms and special HSE measures. It will be ensured that the
labor engaged in breaking of stones, handling bricks, mixing concrete or mixing
and laying asphalt will have long boots overall dresses, goggles and safety hats.
As an overall HSE measure anyone going into the construction area will also
wear safety hat.
1.32.15 Signage
During construction on construction site in particular and on the entire road
length in general, suitable signboards and traffic signs will be displayed at all
along the length of the project road. This will help in forestalling any possible
accidents.
1.32.16 Lighting and I l lumination
Suitable lighting arrangement will be made by the contractor over all work basis,
work sites, camp sites machinery yard and material depots. This can help the
contractor for extended working hours as well as security. If WAPDA electric
supply is not available, electricity generators will have to be arranged on all spots
where lighting is required.
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1.33 Safe Design Criteria
To meet international standards envisaged by the World Bank, the following
design criteria have been adopted in the project:
♦ Geometric Design : AASHTO
♦ Material Testing : ASTM
♦ Structure : ACI
♦ Structure Loads : Class A – AA as per FHA approval
♦ Seismic Design : UBC 97 and Sarhad Interim Seismic
Building Code Base on Seismic
Study Zone Maps
♦ Curve Widening : 0.6 to 1.6 depending upon length
1.34 Estimated Project Cost
Final design and drawings of the project road have been finalized: The World
Bank has agreed to provide a financial assistance to the tune of US$ 8.0 million
which is equivalent to about PKR. 680 million.
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Baseline Study of Project Area
1.35 The Project Area of Impact
The Project Area is a linear corridor through which Sharifabad – Kanju road
passes. This corridor of impact consists of the roadway over a length of 10.5 km
section of main Chakdara – Madyan Road. Immediate area of influence (See
Figure 4.1), for the purpose of this study includes the width of the old and the
new RoW, and a 500-m wide corridor on either side of the RoW. The extended
area of influence of the project road would extend over entire district of Swat.
This base line study includes physical, biological and socioeconomic
environment of the project. For the purpose of physical and biological baseline
study, a 500-m corridor of impact on either side of the RoW has been taken as
the Project Area. For socio–cultural study, essentially the entire district of Swat
has been included.
The Swat district lies at 34°–40′ to 35°–55′ North Latitude and 72°–08′ to 74°–6′ East Longitude bounded on the north by Chitral district of KP and Ghizer district
of Gilgit Baltistan, on the east by Kohistan and Shangla districts of KP, on the
south by Buner district and on the west by Lower Dir and Upper Dir districts of
KP. The total area of the Swat district is 5,337 square kilometers. The district is
part of the Malakand division. The twin cities of Mingora and Saidu Sharif are the
district as well as the divisional headquarters.
1.36 Physical Environment
1.36.1 Geography
Topographically, Swat is a mountainous region, located among the foothills of the
Hindukush mountain range. The area can be divided into two regions i .e, Swat–
Kohistan and Swat Proper. Swat–Kohistan is the mountain country on the upper
reaches of the Swat River up to Ain in the south. The whole area south of Ain is
Swat proper which can be further subdivided into bar (upper Swat) and kuz
(lower Swat). The elevation of Swat river valley, at the southern boundaries of
the district, is over 600 meters and rises rapidly towards the north. There are
several mountain peaks ranging from 4,500 to over 6,000 meters above sea
level. The Swat region, containing the meandering Swat River, is also home to
lush green valleys, snow–covered glaciers, forests, meadows and plains.
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Figure 4.6: TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP OF PROJECT ROAD SECTION
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1.36.2 Geology
The Project Area lies in Peshawar Basin which is wide basin located between
Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Mantle Thrust (MMT). The sediments of
Peshawar Basin are predominantly lacustrine silt with interbedded fluvial sand
and gravel containing the clasts of Kohistan, including deposition by the ancestral
Kabul and Indus rivers. The Project corridor navigates through the uneven
mountains, rolling lands and few flat lands. The present topography is due to
fluvial tectonic activities.
The geology of the Project Area is mainly comprises granitic gneiss, schist and
alluvium (unconsolidated material). Gneisses are the product of high grade
regional metamorphism. Schists are mainly composed of quartz as granular
aggregates, muscovite (appearing) as colorless to light green and where
associated with biotite tone produce schistose texture. The alluvial deposits are
composed of slightly reworked and weathered material with silt clay/clayey silt,
gravels and boulders occur at some places and are covered with vegetation. The
group of rocks consists of Indus Suture Melange Zone (ISMZ). Swat Granite,
Mangalore Crystalline Schists, and quaternary deposits.
1.36.3 Seismicity
The project area is located in the seismic zone “A” as per maps drawn by
Geological Survey of Pakistan because it is located close to fault line between
Indian and Eurasian Tectonic Plates.
1.36.4 Land Use
The total land area of district Swat is 5,337 square kilometers (sq. km) (2,060.6
square miles, or 1,251,653 acres). This total area is divided in two Tehsils,
namely Matta and Kabal, having areas of 683 sq. km and 4654 sq. km,
respectively.
Table 4.17: Land Utilization Statistics of District Swat, 2007–2008
Description Area (in Acres) Area (in Hectares)
Reported Area 1,251,653 506,528
Cultivated Area 242,296 98,054
Irrigated Area 227,336 92,000
Net Sown Area 232,046 93,906
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Description Area (in Acres) Area (in Hectares)
Current Fallow Area 10,250 4,148
Total Cropped Area 467,153 189,051
Area Sown Repeatedly 160,976 65,145
Un–cultivated 1,009,357 408,474
Cultivable Waste 208,862 84,524
Forest Area 337,804 136,705
Unavailable for
Cultivation462,690 187,245
Source: Land Utilization Statistics, NWFP, 2007–2008
1.36.5 Water Resources
The Project is located in the catchment area of the Swat River. There are many
hill torrents and streams which collect the rain water run–off or seepage water in
the form of springs that ultimately drain into the Swat River, which flows almost
all along the project corridor and ultimately meets the Kabul River.
Main source of surface water is the Swat River which flows along entire length of
the selected section and finally joins Indus River. The Swat River rises from the
Shandur or Mashabar Range bordering Swat district with Chitral in the north and
flows south and south–west approximately dividing the district into two halves.
The other prominent rivers or nalas are Harnoi khwar, Deolai khwar and Daral
khwar. The river flows on right side of selected reach of the road. In addition to
this, some small nalas also originate from hills and joins Swat River. Village
communities have designed catch water drains and river water is diverted to
these drains for irrigation purposes.
Main ground water recharge takes place through infiltration during rains. At
places the ground water finds its way out in the form of springs and big villages
have tapped the spring for a water supply to the village household. The quality of
ground water all over the Project Area is generally good, potable and sweet as
reported by locals.
Water quality in the project area was tested by taking water samples from various
sites. The results have established that overall quality of water is good and within
the permissible limit for human consumption as given in Tables 4.2 and 4.3. The
river water is suitable for use of cement concrete, bitumen concrete and other
construction purposes.
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Table 4.18: Laboratory Analysis Report of Ground Water Sample from
Kabal
Parameter Unit Result WHO Maximum
Allowable Guideline
Value
Lead (Pb) mg/L N.D. –
Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD5) at 20°C°C 33.2 –
Total Coliform Number/100ml N.D. 0/100 ml
Fecal Coliform Number/100ml N.D. 0/100 ml
Sampling Source = Hand Pump Water
N.D. — Not Detected
Table 4.19: Laboratory Analysis Report of Ground Water Sample from
Kanju
Parameter Unit Result
WHO Maximum
Allowable Guideline
Value
Lead (Pb) Mg/L N.D. –
Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD5) at
20°C
°C 21.0 –
Total Coliform Number/100ml N.D. 0/100 ml
Fecal Coliform Number/100ml N.D. 0/100 ml
Sampling Source = Hand Pump Water
N.D. — Not Detected
1.36.6 Climate
Winter is extremely cold and much of the area of Upper Swat remains under
snow during months of January and February. However with the arrival of spring,
from the middle of March, a pleasant change in weather starts. The spring
months from middle of March to early May receive substantial rains. With the
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arrival of summer from middle of May to end of August, temperature rises.
Summer is also marked with monsoon rains, which occur usually from middle of
July to end of August. The distribution of rainfall over the years is unpredictable.
Most rains fall in winter and monsoon. Rainfall ranges from 1100 mm in the
northern parts to 700 mm towards the south–western parts of the Swat district.
The relative humidity is maximum in the month of January and August which
causes rainfall. As there is currently no meteorological station in district Swat,
data , the mean monthly 30 years maximum and minimum temperatures,
precipitation and relative humidity recorded at Dir which is adjacent to sweat
district is given in Table 4.4.
Table 4.20: Monthly Temperature, Rainfall and Relative Humidity
MonthMonthly Temperature (°C) Monthly Rainfall
(mm)Relative H(%)
Mean Max. Mean min.
January 11.22 -2.39 111.37 69.7
February 12.07 -1.28 172.56 69.2
March 16.23 3.09 242.22 66.4
April 22.41 7.67 167.86 57.4
May 27.59 11.56 88.05 47.9
June 32.52 15.67 51.26 41.7
July 31.38 19.29 145.75 60.3
August 30.24 18.54 159.79 69.2
September 29.04 13.60 81.84 64.1
October 25.05 7.62 53.73 59.5
November 19.94 2.55 50.70 59.5
December 13.83 -0.86 90.75 67.4
Annual 22.63 7.90 1415.87 65.9
(Source: 1998 District Census Report of Swat)
1.36.7 Ambient Air Quality
The air quality is clean as there is no industry close to the project road which may
contribute any air pollutants. Test results of ambient air analysis done during
survey of area are given in Table 4.5.
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Table 4.21: Ambient Air Monitored Data
Reference
PointDate
Time
HoursSO2 (ppb) NO2 (ppb) CO (ppb)
PM10
(µg/m3)
Kabal Chowk
14/03/11 09:00 80.3 81.6 68.1 91.7
14/03/11 12:00 82.5 83.4 71.6 92.8
14/03/11 15:30 80.6 82.1 73.1 96.9
14/03/11 18:00 78.1 79.4 74.7 99.1
14/03/11 21:00 51.9 52.3 53.4 83.2
14/03/11 24:00 46.3 47.3 48.5 30.4
15/03/11 03:00 44.6 45.9 45.7 30.3
15/03/11 06:00 49.2 50.1 47.9 63.0
1.36.8 Noise Level
Noise levels have been monitored at two locations along the project road and
results are given in Tables-4.6 and 4.7.
Table 4.22: Noise Levels Monitored at Kabal Chowk, Swat
Date Time dB(A)Leq /
Average
14/03/11 9:00 62 65 66 67 68 70 72 76 76 79 73.11
14/03/11 12:00 60 59 59 59 59 60 60 60 60 59 59.5
14/03/11 15:00 62 65 66 68 69 71 73 74 75 80 73.86
14/03/11 18:00 60 63 64 66 68 69 70 74 76 77 71.72
14/03/11 21:00 45 45 45 40 40 45 40 40 45 45 43.61
14/03/11 24:00 35 35 40 40 40 35 35 35 40 40 38.18
15/03/11 3:00 30 30 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 29 29.64
15/03/11 6:00 60 61 61 61 60 60 60 61 61 61 60.62
Table 4.23: Noise Levels Monitored at Kanju Chowk, Swat
Date Time dB(A) Leq /
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Average
14/03/11 9:00 65 68 69 70 72 76 77 78 79 80 75.09
14/03/11 12:00 65 68 70 71 74 76 79 80 87 83 76.88
14/03/11 15:00 65 68 70 71 74 75 75 77 77 79 74.33
14/03/11 18:00 62 63 65 69 70 72 76 77 78 80 74.67
14/03/11 21:00 44 44 44 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 43.63
14/03/11 24:00 36 36 40 40 36 36 35 35 35 35 36.86
15/03/11 3:00 30 30 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 29 29.64
15/03/11 6:00 60 62 62 62 60 60 60 61 61 61 60.62
1.36.9 Minerals
Although Swat District is well known for emerald mines but there is no mineral
mine worth the name along project road.
1.36.10 Natural Event History
Swat River is perennial tributary of Kabul River. Its normal flow gives it a
character of bluish water body. The flood of July 2010 devastated vast area of
district Swat including the destruction of houses, road bridges and erosion of
vegetation in the flood plain. But during season it experiences flash floods. The
flood causes damage to life, property, roads, bridges, culverts and causeways. It
is therefore necessary that volume, velocity and timing of such flash flood is
incorporated in the hydrological design of the project. The control and mitigation
may include watershed management techniques, water storage at appropriate
spots and providing good drainage system in the project road design.
1.36.11 Physical Cultural Heritage
During survey no site of physical cultural heritage could be seen along the route
of the project road. But in case there is a chance find during excavation for road
construction, there are laws and procedures to handle the find(s). (See
Section 2.8.)
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1.37 Biological Environment
1.37.1 Fauna
The area is endowed with a rich variety of mammalian, avian and reptilian fauna.
No endangered species are reported in the selected reach of the section. No
game reserves and wildlife sanctuaries exist in the vicinity of Project Area.
Common mammals found in the area include Jackal, Fox, Porcupine, Jungle Cat,
Hare, Rats, mice and other rodent mammals. Domestic animals include goats,
sheep, buffaloes and cows. Also found on the higher snowy peaks are the wild
mountain sheep (markhor, the national animal of Pakistan), black and brown
bear, panther and musk deer. Common reptiles in the area include snakes, krait,
frog, lizards. Scorpions and spider are other poisonous creatures of the area.
Important resident bird species found in Project Area include Shikra, Myna, Duck,
Pigeons, Crow, Sparrow, Partridges. Some fowls like Chir and Kaleej Pheasants
are found in these mountains. Mountain crows and dove are found in large
number.
No wetland lies within close vicinity of the Project corridor except Swat River
which flows all along the Project route. But it is not functioning as wet land due to
high velocity and absence of pounding actions. There is very little significance of
the Project Area for migratory birds (migrating to warmer areas to avoid the cold
season of Central Asia and Siberia), because their migration route (Green
Flyway International) along the Indus River away from the Project Area.
Moreover, there is no significant water body in the Project Area. Hence they
rarely visit the Project Area.
Commercial and recreational fishing was observed along the project corridor.
The common fish in the Swat River include Trout, Mahasheer, Lus and Chirak.
1.37.2 Flora
Vegetation of the project area falls under humid–temperate latifoliate forest.
Dominate tree species consists of Chir. Shisham, Mulberry, Bakain, Eucalyptus,
Rubinea and Kao are the other varieties found in the project area. Fruit trees in
Project Area include Apple, Pear, Peaches, Walnut and Guava. Grasses consist
of Nari, Lavindar, Deela, Trakla. Rich ground flora of many herbs including
vibrunum, lonicera. A number of medicinal plants are found in the area including
Tarkha (Artemizia species), Unab (Zizyphus Sativa), Althea (Althaca Officinalis),
Banafsha (Viola serpens), Mushki Bala (Valeriana species) and Sufed (Aspargus
species). No endangered floral species were reported in the Project Area.
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1.37.3 Fish
Swat River is endowed with Brown Trout Fish which is allowed to be caught by
angling under license from Fisheries Department.
1.37.4 Rangelands
Swat is generally a forest and grazing land. The flocks consist of goats, sheep,
donkeys and mules. All area is overgrazed much beyond their carrying capacity.
Since the grazers keep shifting from place to place, it is not possible to introduce
a grazing control and proper range management in the area. The project road will
have to be protected against crossing herds of animals looking for greener
pastures across the road.
1.37.5 Protected Areas
There are no protected areas, along the project road, as per list of protected area
defined in National Conservation Strategy.
1.37.6 Endangered Species
Neither the area along and nearby the project road, nor the project road itself
poses a challenge to any of the endangered species in other regions of Swat
District.
1.37.7 Forest
Swat hills and villages are generally green. But there is no Government or State
reserved or protected forest along or near the project road. However private
people have their wood lots in their lands which add alternative aesthetics to the
upper side of the road.
1.38 Social Environment
1.38.1 Population
In 1995 NIPS carried out Khana Shumari (household counting) and on the basis
of that data, the total population along project road was around 50,000. With
4.2% growth rate the current population is estimated to be above 70,000. The
current population of district is estimated to be around 200,000. The results of
1998 census for district Swat are listed below:
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Area 5,337 Sq. Km
Population – 1998 1,257,602 persons
Male 648,008 (51.53 %)
Female 609,594 (48.47 %)
Sex Ratio (males per 100 females) 106.3
Population Density 235.6 per Sq. Km
Urban Population 173,868 (13.83 %)
Rural Population 1,083,734 (86.17 %)
Average Household Size 8.8
Literacy Ratio (10 +) 28.75 %
Male 43.16 %
Female 13.45 %
Population - 1981 715,938 persons
Average Annual Growth Rate (1981 - 98) 3.37 %
Total Housing Units 142,311
Pacca Housing Units 107,180 (75.31 %)
Housing Units having Electricity 96,546 (67.84 %)
Housing Units having Piped Water 34,909 (24.53 %)
Housing Units using Gas for Cooking 4841 (3.40 %)
Administrative Units
Tehsils 02
Union Councils 65
Mauzas 215
Municipal Committees 01
1.38.2 Community Structure
Except for urban population, the remaining population lives in well organized and
established tribal system. In Swat district main ethnic communities are
Pashtoons, Swaties and Gujjars. Between the urban and rural population of the
project district there is a marked contrast regarding gender equality, population
composition and traditions. In tribal and traditional society the females are usually
under reported, especially the names of females are not mentioned by
respondents to male surveyors / enumerators. Also, generally the tribal are
reluctant to register the new born female babies because of the tribal set up.
Even for overall population there is no proper system of keeping records of birth
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and death rate at district level especially in rural areas. The community structure
based on 1998 Censes is given in Table 4.8.
Table 4.24: Population Composition of The Project Area
Population Class Swat Distt. (%)
Children below 15 years 48.87
Active population 15–64 years 48.49
Aged population 65–above 2.64
Male population 51.52
Female population 48.42
Source: 1998 District Census Report of Swat
Most of rural population lives in close and joint families which are rather
extended. This is mainly because of object poverty, close family marriages tribal
homogeneity and kinship. In urban areas the trend is towards independent or
nucleus families because the people there are more educated, more prosperous
and more independent from tribal bonds. Presently the household size in rural
areas is 10–15, while in urban areas it is 5–8, with an overall average of 8
members to a family. The poverty situation is worsening due to presence of a
large and uncounted number of Afghan refugees.
1.38.3 Poverty Status
A significant population in extended project area lives below poverty line. Main
causes are as follows:
♦ A significant proportion of population is practicing agriculture on highly
limited agricultural land which is mainly rain-fed. The outputs are not
enough to make the two ends meet for large families.
♦ Amongst the remaining population rate of unemployment is high. Due to
influx of Afghan refugees, who have no intention to go lock and whose
third generation is tending to naturalize in the area, has added un–
proportionate burden on the income generating opportunities of the area.
♦ Absence of major industries and under developed agriculture and
livestock sectors do not form a potential for labor absorption. The project
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will have a healthy effect on the labor and employment market of the
project area.
1.38.4 Industries
There are no significant industries along the project road. Elsewhere the biggest
industry is flour mills the number of which has also declined from 300 to 200 over
past one year. More settled conditions are required for encouraging more
industry.
1.38.5 Polit ical Parties
There are many political parties in district Swat and they try to mobilize political
opinion in their favor. However, tribal affiliation, religion and family kinship are
the main factors determining the shape of political behavior. Important political
parties are Jamiat–i–Ulmai–Islam (JUI), Pakistan Muslim League (PML),
Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) and Pakhtoonkhawa Milli Awami Party (PMAP)
and Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf. The role of women in the politics is not
significant.
1.38.6 Marriages
In tribal system of Swat District, the society is overly patriarchal. Marriages are,
more often than not, arranged. Because of consistent segregation of sexes
there is no opportunity for boys or girls to choose their own spouses. The role
of women in decision making concerning marriage is limited to some influence
on selection of the bride, her beauty looks and aptness in doing household
chores. Girls have no real say in their marriage despite the provision in Islamic
Shariat that a woman has a right to turn down a marriage offer. Some changes
are noticeable in urban area where educated girls are, at times, exercising their
veto power but still they have to operate within the patriarchal customs.
Marriage within the relatives is preferred because of the facility of exchange of
girls “Char pa Chari” or “Badli” or “Sarri” within the two families of the same
tribe and the marriage dowry (sort of price also called as “Lab” or “Walwar”) is
less. The amount of dowry ranges between Rs. 20,000 to 300,000 in Swat
district. In rural areas the dowry can be paid in kind in the shape of goats and
sheep. If the age difference bride and bride–groom are excessively large, the
“old” bride–groom has to pay additional money to the father of the bride. At
times the father may put another condition (called “pate”) that should there be a
female child after the marriage it will be brought up by the new couple but will
be handed over to father of the bride to marry her and receive her dowry.
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1.38.7 Social Organizat ion
By far the biggest uniting force of in Swat society for individuals as well as
groups is ethnic or tribal identity. The society being patriarchal the decision
making is solely vested in elderly males of the family / tribe which becomes
binding for females under their charge. Society in general is structured on
kinship basis. Even on petty issues the ethnic groups can get polarized. Each
ethnic group tends to stick to its culture and traditions, a blending of culture and
customs amongst various groups takes place inevitably. The society is modeled
on the authoritarian system linking the relationship between father and his
sons. The head of the family is called “Sardar” whose authority flows to the
lowest tier of the tribe or family through an authoritarian hierarchy of males.
The Sardari System is well entrenched in Swatti and Pakhtun tribes while
others also try to have it with laxity and variation. However, life of people of
Swat, particularly of project area, is built on two principles; hereditary authority
and personal bond of allegiance in which protection is exchanged with loyalty.
Most of the tribal chiefs get elected to the parliament tend to run democracy on
tribal pattern. Occasions like births, deaths, illness, and marriages serve as
socializing accessions for women and common people who can, when they
meet exchange information and ideas and reinforce social ties and alliances.
With some modifications and re–adjustment the Sardari System will continue to
be a corner stone of society in Swat for a long time to come.
1.38.8 Custom of Cooperation
The custom of community participation for community help has been in vogue
in almost all areas of Swat District for a long time. Collective labor (Ashar or
Hawachi) at harvest time or other occasions of peak labor needs or taking a
fellow tribesman out of financial crises (Bijar or Pursi) has been a regular part
of the Swat social order. Same spirit works while sharing the water of small
streams or river management. But even in such matters the tribal leadership
shows itself and the community collaborates under a “Mir–i–Aab” or “Serreshta”
or “Gham”. The government interventions for development which do not
recognize the community participation temperament of Swati society do not
succeed. For this project the contractor will have to employ local labor keeping
in view the community customs of cooperation and togetherness mostly on
tribal patterns. Outside labor is not advisable under any circumstances.
Outsiders can be tolerated only on such technical works for which local
expertise is not available.
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1.38.9 Religious Beliefs
Overwhelming majority of the people of Swat district are Muslims belonging to
Hanfi school of Sunni sect and a small number in urban areas following Irani
pattern of Shiaism. Christians are also present in a small minority.
Religious functions are a significant force in the lives of all the people in Swat.
Religious leaders (Mullas) have a hold over a number of aspects of social life
and some political parties are organized along religious lines. Two major
festivals are “Eid–ul–Fitr” and “Eid–ul–Azha”. The people are strongly religious
minded and tend to practice the religious obligations meticulously. They, come
what may offer Prayers five times a day, observe Fasting in the month of
Ramadhan and sacrifice animals on Eid–ul–Azha. The well to do pay Zakat,
and perform Hajj and Umrah.
1.38.10 Conflict Resolut ion
The people in the project area have two options available for conflict resolution.
First is the government judiciary system and second is tribal Jirga (Council) of
Tribal elders) system. The people of Swat district is believed to be peaceful but
sometimes a dispute between two individuals, from two tribes, may generate
tribal vendetta. Usually in such cases the Jirga system is considered more
useful. On government side the highest judicial officer in each district is the
District Judge. Usually the individuals go to government Judiciary system if they
are not satisfied with their Jirga award. Ordinarily, whenever there is a dispute
between two persons /parties, the notables of one side go for reconciliation to
the other party and sit together to resolve the issue. Sometimes the dispute is
resolved through imposition of penalties in the form of cash, land, kind or by
marrying women to the inflicted side. For some time the Islamic Sharia Courts
have also been functional in the area.
1.38.11 Custom of Carrying Fire Arms
Although Swat district are inherently peaceful areas, yet it is customary among
the people to carry arms as a fashion or sign of prestige for Sardars or
notables. Advanced and automatic weapons like Kalashnikov are preferred.
The other reason for displaying arms is illiteracy and tribal enmity.
Some people consider weapons as ornaments of men. Because of war in
Afghanistan and influx of Afghan refugees into Swat district, all sorts of
weapons are smuggled into the extended project area and are available at
cheap prices.
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1.38.12 Role, Posit ion and Status of Women
Women in Swat society for centuries have been victim of patriarchy, male
chauvinism, social discrimination, resource deprivation and denial of human
rights. Despite constitutional and legislative provisions, the customary law often
prevails making it difficult for women even to claim their legal rights which are
supposedly guaranteed. Although Islamic laws of inheritance provide a share to
daughter in father’s property but the custom does not allow it. However, a
person can bestow gift to his daughter, sister or wife in his life time, again
treating a woman with no rights to the property.
In most of the social grouping men hold a monopoly of power in the public
arena. In the political arena, local level chiefs and tribal are always men, so are
the members of the local council of elders or Jirga. Religious leaders in
authority are all males and local codes of value are set by men. This includes
denial of basic human rights as well as the Muslim inheritance rights to women.
The economic participation of women is different from that of men. Women
participate in both indoors and outdoors duties which are considered to be a
free labor. Women fetch water, collect fuel wood, look after animals, fetch
fodder for cattle, process milk into butter, sour milk and cheese, and work with
wool. They are fully responsible for cooking, cleaning and taking care of
children and other dependent members. Some women are very good at
producing handicrafts. The traditional polygamy keeps them victim of inferiority
complex. The women without children are treated as an outsider by the family
including her husband.
1.38.13 Child Labor and Apprenticeship
Child employment is quite common in district of Swat particularly the project
area. The magnitude of child labor is more in rural areas than urban areas. In
rural areas, more often than not, the children without education opportunities
are left with few alternatives than early participation in work force. They join
labor intensive activities like agriculture for weeding, picking and harvesting.
The children perform the task of grazing livestock.
In addition to above tasks the children also help their mothers in fetching water
and firewood. Girls get involved, from an early age, in daily routine of domestic
work.
1.38.14 Services and Amenit ies Available in the Area
♦ Drinking and Domestic Water
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Clean drinking water in Swat district is supplied through different
sources. Tube wells, hand pumps, wells, rivers and springs. Tubewells
have become the major source of water supply, using plastic pipes.
Major Departments / Organizations involved in water supply are Public
Health Engineering Department (PHED). But in rural areas the villagers
do not get much help from PHED.
♦ Housing
In Swat District most of the houses have a guest room, toilet, kitchen,
separate bathroom and a courtyard. In newly constructed houses
attached bathroom with flush is an important feature. In rural area the
guest room is more spacious (called hujra) and courtyards are very
spacious. Toilets are located at the other end of the courtyard and are
usually without any flush system. Many people of rural area still use
fields as open latrines.
♦ Energy Supply
Major sources of energy for light purposes are Electricity and Kerosene
Oil. In general about 76% people use electricity while 24% use
Kerosene Oil. In rural areas animal dung, brushwood and fuel wood is
still in popular use.
♦ Telecommunication
In Swat district, there is a good network of telecommunication. There is
a large number of private and government owned Public Call Offices
(PCOs). Number of PTCL telephone in the district connections exceeds
50,000 of which 80% are private (based on survey carried out as part of
present EIA). Mobile phone service is being used by almost every
working individual.
♦ Radio and Television
Government Radio Station Peshawar is the main radio station. The
advent of FM wave length district–wise services are also available.
Radio Pakistan country–wide services are available through Peshawar
station Pakistan Television Station at Peshawar is linked with country–
wide PTV network. A number of private channels have also started
relaying their programs.
♦ Transport and Accessibility
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District Swat has 634 km of road out of which 582 km are high type
whereas 52 km are low type. Construction of Chakdara – Madyan road
will add more length to the road network. (Source: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Development Statistic 2010).
♦ Sanitation
The hygienic and sanitation conditions prevalent in the rural area of the
district are not satisfactory, except in part of some big towns. In project
area only 7% people have covered pit or flush latrines. Most people in
rural areas use open fields for defecation. Women use open surface
latrines within the domestic compound; Younger children are formally
allowed to defecate in the courtyard. The presence of animals within the
household compound often adds to the unhealthy living conditions.
1.38.15 Tourism and Recreational Opportunit ies
Green hills and running river of Swat are attractive tourist destinations during
summer. The temperature at Swat is pleasant. Given a guarantee of peace and
security many domestic and foreign tourists will prefer Swat to many other
health resorts in Pakistan. Important tourist spots are Mingora, Madyan and
Kalam.
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Analysis of Alternatives
From the EIA point of view, the following available alternatives for the project
were considered.
(A) ROAD ALTERNATIVES
1. No project option / worst scenario option.
2. Project road to follow exactly the existing route with no alteration.
3. Altogether a new route is surveyed on another site.
4. Project is restricted to a single lane as before.
5. Project as proposed in feasibility i.e. double lane with suitable
straightening of curves where necessary.
(B) LOGISTIC SITES
1. Siting of Contractor’s facilities e.g. labor camp site, machinery
yard and on state land.
2. Siting the Contractor’s facilities on private lands.
3. Siting Contractor’s facilities at most appropriate site be it public
land or private land.
(C) LABOR OPTIONS
1. All labor local
2. All labor from outside.
3. An admixture of local and outside labor as per skill required.
An analysis of all above alternatives is as follows:
1.39 Road Alternatives
1.39.1 No Project Option / Worst Scenario Option
Analysis
♦ Advantages
It the project is not taken up at all then all the funds, efforts and
inconvenience will be saved and these will become available for diversion
to other projects. No more land will be required and no disturbance will be
caused to people through resettlement or land acquisition process.
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Further the recurring cost of the maintenance of the new and expanded
road along with enhanced operational cost will be saved. No disturbance
will be caused to any physical, biological and social part of the
environment. The people benefiting out of a status quo will continue
benefiting.
♦ Disadvantages
Not taking up the project would mean withholding the development of the entire area along Chakdara – Madyan Highway and the extended area of the project in whole of District Swat. This would also mean restricting the trade opportunities between area connected by road. Existing road does not meet the international standards and by keeping it as such means declining to open the whole district of Swat for better social uplift through education and poverty alleviation. The project would provide greater job opportunities to people during construction as well as the operational phase. Not taking up the project would mean depriving the local people from a blessing of whole lot of new opportunities.
Conclusion
For the proposed project the weaknesses and threats outweigh the strengths and opportunities of this option. Therefore, “No project option” possessing the potentials of the worst scenario is not recommended.
1.39.2 Project Road to Follow Exactly the Exist ing Route with No
Alteration
Analysis
♦ Advantages
All costs on fresh survey and design of alterations will be saved. No additional land away from existing route will have to be acquired. No fresh area will be impacted initially by construction and later by traffic during operational stage.
♦ Disadvantages
Route of the road will not improve. Existing limitations regarding distance, velocity and geotechnical faults will continue to exist. Fresh impacts on the environment will be caused by construction of the second carriageway without yielding any advantage. At places the length of the double lane road may prove counter productive.
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Conclusion
Construction of new double lane road on exactly the previous alignment is not a sound engineering proposal nor is it worthwhile environmentally. Therefore, this option cannot be supported.
1.39.3 For the Double Carriageway Altogether a New Route is Surveyed
on Another Site
Analysis
♦ Advantages
In addition to the existing highway, another double lane road with become available. The capacity to handle inter–district traffic will enhance manifolds. The new alignment will also give an opportunity to modify and improve existing design of road as well as the drainage.
♦ Disadvantages
A very expensive new exercise will be undertaken without a real
necessity. The expected volume of current inter–district as well as the
international traffic is not adequate to provide justification for an
altogether a new double lane road somewhere else. By opening up a new
area new problems; physical, biological, environmental and social
problems will arise which may not keep the new effort positively
productive at this point in time. The new alignment may take the new
double lane road close to or pass through any of the protected areas and
may problem to ecology or biodiversity. Under prevailing security
problems obtaining in Swat area, it may be difficult to survey and
construct a new carriageway along an altogether a new route.
Conclusions
Because of prohibitive cost new environmental negativity and expected social
problems the option of altogether a new highway on an altogether a new site is
not recommendable.
1.39.4 Project is Restricted to a Single Carriageway as Before
Analysis
♦ Advantages
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The functional efficiency of the existing highway can be increased by
carrying out repairs and improving its maintenance and signology. Funds
will be saved to almost 50%. No new environmental or social hazards will
be triggered and no extra environmental or resettlement costs will be
incurred.
♦ Disadvantages
With little alteration, this option is like no project option. By restricting the
project to repair and maintenance of existing carriageway will restrict the
socio–economic development and international trafficability of the route.
An opportunity of having a double lane road in modern terms will be lost.
Single carriageway is proved to accident as of now. This status will
continue if second carriageway is not constructed and the system of
double lane traffic is not introduced. Since the highway will be handling
inter district trade, therefore highway of international standard should be
provided. Not doing so will be counterproductive.
Conclusions
Despite saving in immediate terms, the option is not useful on long term basis.
Therefore this option is not recommended.
1.39.5 Project as Proposed in Feasibil ity; Double Lane Road with
alterations where necessary
Analysis
♦ Advantages
As per well considered feasibility the project responds to the need of the time. By proving double lane road, it induces trafficability, safety, speed, efficiency and thus better trade on inter–district level. All along the proposed project, during construction and after construction there will be ample job opportunities for local population. Opening up of the area will result in better education, health and social welfare opportunities. The project area will experience definite poverty alleviation especially after the sufferings of the people during the war against terrorism.
Alterations in parts will help to straighten all sharp curves, avoid congested points, negotiate slopes at easier gradients and build stronger road foundation. New construction will help absorb latest technology on
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hill roads. At number of places side / link roads will help even the extended project area to open.
In the long run, the project is financially viable, socially acceptable, environmentally manageable, gender-neutral and pro-poverty alleviation.
Conclusions
The opportunity of building a double lane road from Sharifabad to Kanju is recommendable and it should be availed for larger benefit of all stakeholders.
1.40 Logistic Sites
1.40.1 Sit ing of Contractor’s Facilit ies on State Land
Analysis
♦ Advantages
The contractor will get land free of cost for the camping site and the equipment and material yard. This cost will not be reflected in BOQ and this will reduce the overall cost of the contract and thus the project.
There will be very little possibility of local disturbance or manipulation from local communities and the contractor will have a free hand to manage his labor and works.
The contractor will not be encouraged to hire private agricultural land and therefore productive agricultural land will be saved.
The activities and logistics of the contractor will be under full control of the project management and any adverse environmental or social spill over to outside territories will be eliminated.
♦ Disadvantages
Best suitable sites of required size and descriptions may not be available
within RoW and the standard. By refusing to contractor the option to go to
adjacent private land, the management may be compromising with best
site selection and other logistics and therefore overall efficiency of the
execution of the contract.
By way of leasing their land to contractor, communities may feel their
participation in implementation of the project.
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For creating enough space for contractor at places, situation may arise
where resettlement cases with heavy payment may arise.
Conclusions
In presence of adequate and encumbrance free state land, the contractor may be
given the option of using it for his labor camp, machinery yard and work bases.
This is an acceptable option and is recommended.
1.40.2 Sit ing of Contractor’s Facilit ies on Private Lands
Analysis
♦ Advantages
The contractor will enjoy the freedom of choosing the best sites for his
camps, machinery yards and work bases.
By way of payment of base money to the land owner, his participation and
ownership of the project will be achieved.
No additional government land will have to be set aside for camping. No
obligations will fall upon sponsor. No environmental challenge will come
up at any stage.
♦ Disadvantages
The contractor will be free to hire comparatively flat agricultural lands and
will put productive land to non–productive use.
The contractor will include the cost of leasing land in his BOQ included in
the bid. This will increase the cost of the bids and thus project
expenditure.
Outside the direct control of the proponents, the contractor may indulge in
unplanned environmental social or physical activities which may not be
acceptable within the meanings of the project EIA.
Conclusion
In presence of adequate state land along the proposed highway taking the project to private land is not advisable. The weakness and threats of this proposal outweigh strengths and opportunities. The proposal of siting
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contractor’s facilities on private lands is therefore not supported. Should the contractor choose to establish his facilities and labor camp on hired private land then FHA bears no responsibility for his costs and commitments.
1.40.3 Sit ing the Contractor’s Facil it ies at Appropriate Site, be it Public
Land or Private Land
Analysis
♦ Advantages
The option will create an operationally adjustable opportunity wherein the best site will be chosen by the contractor. Of course, all sites will be approved by the Resident Engineer.
The contractor will not be bound to remain restricted to the sites proposed by the FHA Resident Engineer and can plan his operations according his operational convenience and availability of facilities and services.
Where enough state land is not available, and private land is available adjacently, the contractor can make necessary adjustments without changing the site.
♦ Disadvantages
To the extent that the contractor moves out of state lands, establishment of camps, yards and facilities close to villages can cause social problems. Adverse effects may be caused on freedom of women to work in fields. Possibilities of spread of AIDS and other infections diseases will get greater chances of spread.
Conclusion
As a second best option (after settling the contractor on state land) this is the second best option. But for contractors activities on private lands FHA holds no responsibility for contractor’s cost and commitments.
1.41 Labor
1.41.1 All Labor Local
Analysis
♦ Advantages
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All labor will be local and their employment will fulfill a major social requirement of the contract. Local economy will benefit and poverty alleviation will take place. The project will become socially acceptable. A big advantage of local labor will be that most of them will come from and go to their homes daily and there will be very little pressure on labor camps.
♦ Disadvantages
Three types of labor will be required; unskilled, semiskilled and skilled. All
types of labor cannot be available locally. So binding contractor to employ
all labor locally can put limitation on contractor.
Conclusion
It is not possible to rely entirely on local labor for all trades. So this option is not
acceptable. However, all unskilled labor openings must be given to locals.
1.41.2 All Labor from Outside
Analysis
♦ Advantages
Labor from outside will be preselected and ergonomically sound. More
efficient more dependable and well trained man power will be available.
The labor will not be able to erect undue pressure on the contractor or the
project. The outside labor will set model for untrained labor which may
improve. Spending by outside labor will bring additional benefit, to local
economy.
♦ Disadvantages
Bringing outside labor will take away economic benefits of employment
from the local communities and they will not develop a sense of
ownership for the project. The project objective of poverty alleviation,
social uplift and capacity building will be defeated. A social problem will
be created.
Conclusion
In case the labor is brought from outside, the social losses will be much higher
than the economic gains. However, the ergonomic limitations may necessitate
bringing in a small percentage of outside manpower especially at skilled level.
But as far as possible the local human resource will have to be preferred.
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1.41.3 An Admixture of Local and Outside Labor as per Skill Required
Analysis
♦ Advantages
Unskilled labor can be locally 100%. Semiskilled can be local as per their
skill wise availability, may be up to 50% of the total. Most of the senior
technicians and skilled workers will have to be brought from outside the
district of Swat. This flexibility will be possible only under the option of
admixture of labor.
♦ Disadvantages
Because of the presence of the outsiders there are likely to be social
losses. Income of local communities will reduce.
Conclusion
From project implementation point of view, this option presents the best
combination of local and outside labor. This option also presents an opportunity
of transfer of skills from outside technicians to local workers.
1.42 Summary of Alternatives
(i) No project option / worst scenario option is not recommended.
(ii) The option of following exactly the existing alignment is not acceptable.
(iii) The option of constructing the double carriageway road along an
altogether new alignment is not recommended.
(iv) The option of restricting the project road to a single carriageway is not
supportable.
(v) Project as proposed in feasibility as double lane road with alterations
where necessary is fully recommended.
(vi) Option of siting all Contractor’s facilities on state land is recommended as
the best logistic option.
(vii) Siting of all Contractor’s facilities on private lands is not supportable. FHA
cannot accept any responsibility for such an option by the contractor.
(viii) Siting of Contractor’s facilities partly on state land and partly on private
land is supportable as second best logistic arrangement, provided that
FHA is not held responsible for the cost and commitments of the
contractor.
(ix) Option of having all categories of labor from project area is not possible.
(x) Option of bringing all categories of labor from outside is not
recommended because it would cause social unrest.
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(xi) Option of getting 100% local labor from local source, 50% of semi–skilled
labor from outside and 100% skilled technicians from open market is the
best and recommendable.
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2.0 Stakeholder Consultations
2.1 General
Stakeholder participation in planning and managing resettlement helps to reduce
the fears of stakeholders regarding the development program and give
opportunity to them to participate in key decisions that will affect their lives. The
consultation process was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the
of the World Bank and Government of Pakistan on public consultation which
generally require that affected people should be fully informed and closely
consulted on environmental and social impacts of the proposed project. So,
consultation with stakeholders is the starting point for all activities concerning the
conduct of environmental and social impact assessment. The objectives of this
process were to:
(i) Share information with stakeholders on proposed improvement works and
expected impact on the physical, biological, and socioeconomic
environment of the project corridor.
(ii) Understand stakeholder concerns regarding various aspects of the
project, including the existing condition of the highways, upgrade
requirements, and the likely impact of construction–related activities and
operation of the improved highway.
Due to disturbed law and order situation in the area, conduct of public
consultation was a difficult task. However, the process was carried out by holding
scoping sessions with local communities. Wayside consultations were also held
with general highway users, including transport passengers, vehicle drivers,
roadside shopkeepers, and passersby. Table 6.1 provides a summary of the
meetings held with respect to date, venue and stakeholder participation.
Table 6.25: Summary of Public Consultations
Date Venue ChainageNo. Of Participants
Men Women
03rd March, 2011 Sharifabad 31+000 10 4
06th March, 2011 Daggay 32+500 8 2
09th March, 2011 Ajmirabad 34+000 12 5
18th March, 2011 Kabal 35+000 40 9
26th March, 2011 Ali Grama 38+000 20 6
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Date Venue ChainageNo. Of Participants
Men Women
09th April, 2011 Kanju 40+500 24 5
TOTAL 114 31
2.2 Outcome of Stakeholders Consultation
Generally, people were found to be aware of the need to rehabilitate / upgrade
the highway, and expressed their support for the FHA. The proposed
improvement of the additional carriageway was welcomed by the people since it
will reduce traffic congestion and other road hazards near settlements along the
project corridor. Local communities demanded that they should be the part of a
continuous consultation process with other stakeholders at different stages of the
project including the design, construction, and operation periods. The concerns
raised by the grass-root (communities) and institutional stakeholders are given
below.
2.2.1 Highway Design
♦ Improve general standards of construction.
♦ Blasting should not be carried out in the project area.
♦ The business of the people should not be affected due to project
activities.
♦ PAPs should be compensated according to the market rates.
♦ Properly compensate owners of demolished structures.
♦ Protection walls should be constructed where needed.
♦ The waste material should not be dumped in to the river.
♦ The road shoulders should be concreted.
♦ Avoid constructing sharp road curves and grades.
♦ Provide streams outlets to help drain away runoff from the highway into
the river.
♦ Build bus bays, passenger shelters, and parking areas where required.
♦ Plant trees along the highway that could be entrusted to the care of local
communities.
♦ Avoid shifting graves that may fall within the RoW.
♦ Avoid relocating/dismantling mosques and other permanent structures.
♦ Provide drainage on both sides of the road.
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2.2.2 Highway Construct ion
♦ Avoid undue delays in road construction and ensure that project works
are carried out in one stretch rather than piecemeal.
♦ Ensure that contractors do not use private land for parking construction
machinery.
♦ Avoid dumping construction material along the highway and median.
♦ Adopt measures to minimize dust, smoke, and noise pollution, and to
control spillages from construction machinery.
♦ Provide proper diversions for traffic during construction to avoid traffic
congestion, related hazards, and dust emissions.
♦ Carry out construction activities preferably at night to avoid traffic jams /
hazards.
♦ Proper traffic management plan should be provided during construction
activities.
♦ Job opportunities should be provided to the locals during construction
activities.
♦ Safety of local residents along the road should be ensured particularly
due to land sliding and stones rolling.
2.2.3 Highway Operation
♦ Provide medical aid centers along the highway to treat road accident
emergencies.
♦ Erect cautionary and information signs.
♦ Control over–speeding, overloading, traffic disorders and violations of
traffic regulations; construct speed breakers where required.
♦ Prohibit commercial vendors and squatters from encroaching on the
RoW.
♦ Increase tree plantation along the highway.
♦ Ensure that cross–drainage pipes and culverts are regularly cleaned.
♦ Regularly remove accumulated piles of rubbish from the RoW.
2.3 Land Acquisit ion and Resettlement–Related Concerns
♦ In addition to compensation for the structures removed, additional
financial assistance is required to erect structures at new locations.
♦ Compensation should be fair, paid promptly, and subject to transparency.
♦ The acquisition of private land should be avoided. Where necessary,
acquisition should be carried out in accordance with the law and at
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existing market rates. The acquired land should be possessed only once
the compensation payment is made.
♦ Avoid acquiring the cultivated land as there is already shortage of
availability of cultivated land.
♦ Stakeholder’s consultation should be an integral part of the land
acquisition process.
2.4 Addressing Stakeholders Concerns
The most of the concerns raised by stakeholders have been incorporated into the
project’s environmental and social assessment as described below:
2.4.1 Highway Design
In response to stakeholders’ concerns, the design at locations of social disruption
has been revised by the Design Consultants and no residential and commercial
will be affected by the Project. In addition, the following environmental and safety
provisions have been included in the project design:
♦ Relocation of mosques, schools and graves to the possible extent will be
avoided by making modifications in the design.
♦ Highway safety audits and improved road markings/signage and
demarcation of accident–prone junctions will be made in order to improve
the horizontal and vertical geometry, and reduce conflicting movement
during operation, particularly along inhabited stretches of road.
♦ Improved intersections on side roads and village tracks will be provided in
order to eliminate bottlenecks.
♦ Roadside furniture and traffic control devices, including information and
cautionary signs, signals, traffic diversion and flow markings, to ensure
pedestrian safety during construction and operation.
♦ A tree plantation program to compensate for the anticipated loss of
vegetation during construction activities, and to help abate pollution
caused by emissions, dust, and noise during highway operation.
♦ A drain has been designed to cater for the road drainage.
2.4.2 Highway Construct ion
The following measures will be carried out in order to protect surrounding
communities from the expected impact of construction:
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♦ Project facilities will be located at a minimum distance of 250 m from
existing settlements and built–up areas in order to avoid restricting the
mobility of local women.
♦ Construction vehicles will remain confined within their designated areas of
movement.
♦ Sensitivity towards local customs and traditions will be encouraged to
minimize social friction; good relations with local communities will be
promoted by encouraging contractors to provide opportunities for skilled
and unskilled employment to locals, as well as on–the–job training in
construction for young people.
♦ Land sliding will be minimized by constructing retaining walls.
♦ The FHA is bound to comply with Pak–EPA regulations concerning
pollution and industrial water disposal.
♦ The stakeholder consultation will be an integral part of the project.
♦ The loss of privately owned land or built–up property will be compensated
on a replacement–cost basis.
♦ Solid waste generated during construction and at campsites will be
properly treated and safely disposed of only in demarcated waste
disposal sites approved by the supervision consultant.
♦ Contractors will be required to instruct and train their workforce in the
storage and handling of materials and chemicals that can potentially
cause soil contamination.
♦ All necessary measures will be taken to ensure the safety of traffic during
construction, including barricades (including signs, pavement markings,
flags, and lights) erected as required by the FHA. All such barricades will
be set up as per local regulations.
2.4.3 Highway Operation
♦ FHA will provide a plan for proper operation and maintenance of road and
to ensure quick rescue operations during land sliding and snow falling.
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3.0 Environmental Impact Assessment and
Mitigation Measures
This section identifies the potential impacts of the Sharifabad – Kanju Road on
the Project area.
3.1 Potential Impact Sources
Environment and social impacts attributable to the Project can broadly be
classified into those taking place during construction and those occurring during
operational phase. Some of these impacts can be anticipated and avoided
through appropriate adjustments / provisions in the project design. Some can be
mitigated by careful implementation of the Project while some other can be
adjusted with by appropriately following the operational manual and an effective
collaboration with communities.
Construction related impacts are heavily dependent on:
♦ The contractor’s work practices, especially those related to storage of
construction materials and cleanliness of work site;
♦ Cooperation between local communities and local authorities and the
contractor in terms of observance of Social Framework Agreement (SFA)
and use of public space and utilities;
♦ Project management’s enforcement of correct construction practices and
standards;
♦ The incorporation of mitigation measures identified the EIA into the tender
documents and specifications, in bid and Contracts documents and
provision of linkage between EMP and contractors payments.
♦ An effective collaboration with local communities in evolving a workable
Social Framework Agreement (SFA).
♦ The quality of Monitoring and Reporting of EMP implementation.
Operational impacts of the proposed project are associated with the movement of
vehicular traffic on it and allied activities. These include air and noise pollution,
safety hazards and other similar impacts.
For this Project, potential impacts are reviewed under construction and
operational phases. The environment has been studied under the following sub–
heads:
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♦ Physical Environment
Land Resource
Water Resource
Air Quality
Noise Level
♦ Biological Environment
Flora
Fauna
Fish
Endangered Species
♦ Cultural and Historical Sites
♦ Socio–economic Environment
Table – 7.1 provides a checklist of potential impacts likely to be associated with
the construction of the Sharifabad – Kanju Road project. In general these areas
are divided into groups based on general environmental aspects which are
effected or likely to be effected from the modification in the flow of traffic. The set
of impacts based upon physical, biological, cultural and social aspects have been
classified as under construction and operational phases. Each sub–factor has
been marked as curable, reversible or irreversible. Each sub–factor so assessed
has been shortly discussed and explained in the part of the chapter 7 following
the Assessment Table – 7.1.
Table 7.26: Evaluation of Environmental and Social Impacts
1. Construction Phase
Aspects Impacts Assessed
AssessmentSlight Moderate Significant
1♦ 2♣ 3• 1♦ 2♣ 3• 1♦ 2♣ 3•
1. Land
Resource
1.1.1 Site for disposal of
waste construction
material
1.1.2 Land slide, unstable
soil or similar
unforeseen
conditions
1. Avoidable through design (Avoidance): Curable 2. Mitigation through contractor’s obligation or by communities through Social
Framework Agreement (SFA) (Curative): reversible 3. Non–reversible, Permanent change (to be adopted): irreversible
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Aspects Impacts Assessed
AssessmentSlight Moderate Significant
1 2 3 1♦ 2♣ 3• 1♦ 2♣ 3•
1.1.3 Location of labor
camps, material
dumps, equipment
yard and approach
road.
1.1.4 Any natural disasters
such as heavy rains,
floods and
earthquakes
1.1.5 Soil contamination
from diesel and other
spills from
construction
machinery
1.1.6 Damage/blockage of
Drain, paths, roads,
and cross drainage
by moving
machinery.
1.1.7 Scouring of Earthen
embankment or
concrete work edge
1.1.8 Release of
construction water on
unstable slope or any
public/private
property
1.1.9 Release of
construction water to
any river structure
such as
bridge/culvert.
1.1.10 Any discharge, spill
or dumping on any
building or house on
riverbank.
1.1.11 Impact of taking
borrow martial from
earth borrow site.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Aspects Impacts Assessed
AssessmentSlight Moderate Significant
1 2 3 1♦ 2♣ 3• 1♦ 2♣ 3•
1.1.12 Impact on paths or
road used for
transport of
construction material.
1.1.13 Impact of stone
quarrying.
1.1.14 Any blasting during
Construction
2. Water
Resources
1.2.1 Sourcing of
construction water.
1.2.2 Impact of surface
water.
1.2.3 Impact of ground
water.
1.2.4 Impact of drinking
water.
1.2.5 Diesel and other
fluids spilling over to
river water form
machinery.
1.2.6 Damages from floods
of river or streams.
1.2.7 Obstruction of flow of
water in the river or
any stream.
1.2.8 Effect on surface flow
conditions in rains.
3. Air Quality
and Noise
Pollution.
1.3.1 Dust, smoke and
other pollutants from
construction
Machinery including
asphalt and concrete
batching plant.
1.3.2 Dust of other
pollutants from
stored material and
spoil keeps.
1.3.3 Smoke from burning
of waste material or
burning firewood.
1.3.4 Noise from use of old
or outdate
machinery.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Aspects Impacts Assessed
AssessmentSlight Moderate Significant
1 2 3 1♦ 2♣ 3• 1♦ 2♣ 3•
1.3.5 Noise due to any
blasting.
1.3.6 Soil compaction due
to labor camps and
machinery yards.
4. Biological
Resources
1.4.1 Damage to biological
resources
1.4.2 Damage to Fisheries
1.4.3 Impact on (adjacent)
open land
1.4.4 Impact on any
migratory birds.
1.4.5 Impact on
endangered spices.
5. Socio–
Economic
Cultural and
Archeologic
al Issues.
1.5.1 Existing services
education, health,
electricity, water
supply
communication.
1.5.2 Local ethnicity, Tribal
Tensions, communal
rivalries
1.5.3 Impact on area under
crops
1.5.4 Land ownership /
Land tenure system
1.5.5 Access to
construction material.
1.5.6 Adverse effect on
cultural and
archaeological
heritage (if any).
1.5.7 Graveyards or
burials.
1.5.8 Public safety at
construction site.
1.5.9 Health and safety of
labor and employees
on construction site.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Aspects Impacts Assessed
AssessmentSlight Moderate Significant
1 2 3 1♦ 2♣ 3• 1♦ 2♣ 3•
1.5.10 Resettlement of
Affectee land
inhabitants of houses
which will in RoW.
1.5.11 Loss of cultural ties
and family lands due
to involuntary shifting
of population
1.5.12 Loss of livelihood
due to loss of land
and ancestral
villages.
1.5.13 Loss of local
technique and
knowledge due to
shifting of population
1.5.14 HIV / AIDS and
infections diseases
such as cholera and
Jaundice in the labor,
employees and
nearby Public.
1.5.15 Employment
1.5.16 Women status:
Exposure to
employment and
education
opportunities.
1.5.17 Hurdle in cultural
Reunion.
1.5.18 Hurdle in accessing
market opportunities
for agricultural
produce.
1.15.1
9
Reduction in
recreation
opportunities.
2. Operational Phase
Aspects Impacts/Aspects Assessed
AssessmentSlight Moderate Significant
1♦ 2♣ 3• 1♦ 2♣ 3• 1♦ 2♣ 3•
1. Avoidable through design (Avoidance): Curable
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Monitoring and
Evaluation as
per operational
manual and
monitoring plan
2.1Compliance of M&E
plan.
2.2
continuous
evaluation of design
efficiency
2.3
Understanding and
training of
operational manual.
2.4Environmental
annual Audit
2.5Regular
Maintenance
2.6 Staff welfare
2.7Continuous public
consultation
2.8
Continued gender
issues and women
consultation.
2.9Refresher courses
for operational staff.
3.2 Explanation of the Impact Assessment in Table 7.1
Table 7.1 above provides a schematic presentation of the degree, significance
and mitigation of various environmental and social factors at construction and
operational phases. This section provides a brief explanation of each factor, also
suggesting a line of action towards mitigation measures for the adverse impacts.
3.2.1 Site for Disposal of Waste Construct ion Material
The project area is comparatively plain. There will be some cutting involved.
There may be surplus earth or waste construction material which needs disposal.
Mitigation
The construction waste material will be disposed off in selected barren spots as
allowed/approved by Resident Engineer and level it so that it becomes a useful.
No waste material will be thrown into the river or other water bodies.
3.2.2 Landslides, Unstable Soil or Similar Unforeseen Condit ions
Landslides or unstable soil conditions may impact the construction work.
Improper construction methodology can cause landslides.
2. Mitigation through contractor’s obligation or by communities through Social Framework Agreement (SFA) (Curative): reversible
3. Non–reversible, Permanent change (to be adopted): irreversible
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Mitigation
Local readjustments in foundation treatment or any other small changes will be
allowed to the contractor by the Resident Engineer (RE). Contractor will make all
arrangements to avoid any land slide caused by the construction activities;
remedial actions will be undertaken in case of any such slide.
3.2.3 Location of Labor Camps, Material Depots, Equipment Yards and
Approach Roads
Because of availability of ample area belonging to state on either side of the road
location of labor camps material depot, equipment yard and approach roads will
not cause any serious problem. So this is a matter of slight significance and can
easily be mitigated.
Mitigation
The contractor will, in consultation with RE, select the location of all these
facilities within the state land. The camp/other site facilities will be established on
a flat land without much natural vegetation, at least 250 m away from the
communities. Satellite imagery can also be used to select the suitable sites, to
record the pre-construction conditions, and to monitor the condition of these sites
during and after the construction phase.
3.2.4 Any Natural Disasters Such as Heavy Rains, Floods and
Earthquakes
Any natural disasters such as heavy rains, floods or earthquakes can potentially
impact the project works.
Mitigation
Contractor in consultation with RE and local community will resolve the issues, in
the best interest of the FHA. Neither party will however be held responsible for
any force majeure.
3.2.5 Contamination from Diesel and Other Oil Spil ls from Construction
Machinery
Any leakage or spillage of diesel, oil or any other chemical will contaminate the
soil which may in turn impact the water sources, nearby community and/or
productive land.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Mitigation
Contractor will apply strict rules on his workers and labor to ensure that no spill or
leakages are caused. All fuels, oils and bitumen will be stored appropriately, with
concrete padding and bunding for containment in case of leakage. If the spills or
leakages do take place, it must be followed by the treatment prescribed below as
per the degree of spill or leakages.
The contractor will employ the general criteria for oil and leakage at construction
sites, as per standards set forth by “Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization
and Management” issued by International Petroleum Industry Environmental
Conservation Associate which are as follows: (Source: IPIECA Report Series,
Volume-12, “Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management”)
Minor Skill / Leakage: Soil contaminated by minor spills / leakages
(defined as leaks from vehicles, machinery, equipment or storage
containers such that the area and depth of soil contaminated is less than
10 sq ft and 3 inches respectively) is to be scraped and burnt in a burn
pit, away from population.
Moderate Spills are defined as spills of volume less than or equal to 200
liters is to be contained and controlled using shovels, sands and native
soil. These equipments and materials are to be made available at camp
sites during the operation. The contaminated soil is to be excavated and
stored in a burn area lined with an impermeable base. Depending on the
volume, the contaminated soil is either disposed off by burning in the burn
pit or by specialized treatment such as bioremediation.
Major Spills (defined as spills of volume much greater than 200 liters)
requires initiation of Emergency Response Procedures and Oil Spill
Contingency Plan. These spills are to be handled and controlled
according to the Plan and require special treatment such as
bioremediation.
3.2.6 Damage to Roads, Cross Drainages
Damage to roads, cross drainages can arise through carelessness of the heavy
machinery drivers or operators. Such carelessness can cause considerable
damage to paths, roads and drainages if the drivers/operators are not made
aware, trained and bound to be careful. It is a concern of moderate significance
but can be mitigated through care and regulation.
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Mitigation
Contractor will prepare standard operating procedures and impose strict control
over operators and drivers of all types of vehicles to minimize any damage to
roads or structures. Should any damage take place, the contractor will carry out
repairs immediately. An effective sinology and a good traffic plan can reinforce
the instructions to drivers.
3.2.7 Earthen Embankments or Concrete Work, Edge Scouring
Poor design and inappropriate construction procedures can potentially damage
the embankments, concrete works or road edges. The impact is moderately
significant but can easily be mitigated.
Mitigation
Edge scouring of earthen embankments or concrete work must first be dealt at
design stage. Wherever such a situation is anticipated, aprons should be
provided to secure edges and specifications must be kept of high standards.
During the construction phase this aspect should be addressed through
appropriate construction methodology and employing appropriate techniques
such as protection walls and rip rap. Contractor will repair all damages to the
earthen embankments, concrete works, or pavement edges caused by the
construction works. During the operation phase appropriate measures need to be
incorporated in the Operational Manual.
3.2.8 Release of Construction Water and Dumping of Soil
Uncontrolled release of construction water or dumping of excess soil/rubbles can
destroy/damage the nearby structures, slopes, and private property, potentially
leading to significant damage. If such a situation does appear, it becomes highly
significant though it can be mitigated.
Mitigation
The contractor will make adequate arrangements to avoid such leakages,
uncontrolled releases, and dumping of soil/rubbles. Should such leakage
develop, the contractor must remain fully prepared to immediately control the
discharge. The contractor will be liable to pay for or repair such damages.
3.2.9 Any Discharge, Spil l or Dumping in Graveyards or Burials
Any uncontrolled discharge of effluents or dumping of soil can potentially impact
the religiously significant places such as graveyards. Should a situation present
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itself during project construction, it will be moderately significant but can be
mitigated.
Mitigation
The contractor will take all precautionary measures to forestall any uncontrolled
release of effluents or dumping of soil/rubbles into any graveyards, shrine or any
other religiously sensitive place. The contractor will be liable to repair and/or
compensate any damage to such places caused by the construction activities.
3.2.10 Impact of Borrowing Material from Earth Borrow Sites
A large quantity of earth will be removed from borrow pits located within the state
land on either side of the road. This can potentially cause slope instability, loss of
soil/land productivity, uneven terrain, and altered drainage.
Mitigation
The borrow areas will be selected after obtaining approval from the RE. The
contractor will ensure that the borrowing does not cause slope instability, loss of
soil/land productivity, uneven terrain, and altered drainage. Wherever
possible/necessary, these places will be leveled and planted with trees using
appropriate planting technology/methodology.
3.2.11 Impact on Roads/Infrastructure used for Transport of Construct ion
Materials including Asphalt, Bitumen
Transport of construction machinery, construction material and construction
workers will cause additional wear and tear of the roads/infrastructure and raise
considerable dust. This impact will be a moderately significant and can be
adequately mitigated.
Mitigation
The contractor will be responsible to repair any damage caused to the local
infrastructure by the construction activities. Water sprinkling will be carried out
where necessary to minimize dust emissions.
3.2.12 Impact of Stone Quarrying
Inappropriate quarrying practices can lead to unstable slopes, risk of landslides,
loss of top soil, and damage to the natural vegetation.
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Mitigation
The government-approved quarry will be selected after obtaining approval from
the RE. It will be ensured that the quarrying does not significantly affect the slope
stability, top soil, and natural vegetation of the area.
3.2.13 Soil Compaction due to Labor Camps and Machinery Yards
The human and mechanical activity normally compacts the soil and turns the
area as impervious and non productive for plant production after the project
completion.
Mitigation
The contractor will restore the area under its temporary facilities. Photographs
taken at the time of establishment of these facilities will be used for this purpose.
3.2.14 Impact of Sourcing of Construction Water
The contractor will obtain water for the construction sites and construction camps
from the nearby surface and/or groundwater sources. This however can
potentially affect water resources and the other water users of the area.
Mitigation
The contractor will procure water from a source approved by the RE, and if
necessary, after obtaining the community consent. It will be ensured that this
procurement of water does not negatively affect the communities or other water
users.
3.2.15 Impacts on Surface Water
Inappropriate waste disposal can potentially contaminate the water bodies in turn
affecting the local communities and aquatic biodiversity.
Mitigation
No untreated effluents will be released to the environment. For the toilet waste,
the contractor will establish/install appropriate waste treatment system (such as
septic tanks and soaking pits – appropriately sized and located) at the site
facilities (offices, camps, others). The waste water from kitchen and toilets can be
released in soaking pits or used for plantation/water sprinkling. Oily water must
be passed through a settling tank. The contractor will prepare a waste
management plan and have it approved by the RE.
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3.2.16 Source of Drinking Water
The construction activities can potentially damage/affect the drinking water
sources of the communities. The usage of unsafe water by the construction
workers can cause health problems.
Mitigation
It will be ensured that the drinking water sources of the communities are not
affected. The contractor will repair/replace/compensate for any damages caused
by the construction activities.
The contractor will make arrangements to supply safe drinking water to its staff
and workers.
3.2.17 Diesel and other f luids spil l ing or leakages from construction
machinery
Contamination from diesel and other fluids spilling and leakages from
construction machinery over or near river waster, river bed or river barks can
potentially contaminate the water resources of the area.
Mitigation
The contractor will make all necessary arrangement to avoid any leakages or
spills of fuels, oils and chemicals. In case of any accidental leakages, the
procedures presented in Section 7.2.5 will be applied.
3.2.18 Protection of Construct ion Work from Floods
Floods and heavy rains can potentially affect the construction works.
Mitigation
A suitable flood warning system is required to alert the whole implementation unit
to adapt ways and means to adapt safeguards against flesh floods in the river or
ephemeral streams. The contractor will make fool proof arrangements in advance
to protect the ongoing construction works from floods, as per information
received from the meteorological department or any other type of flood warning
system.
3.2.19 Obstructing the Flow of Streams
At number of points, perennial stream cross the road. The road as such
especially during construction can obstruct their normal flow.
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Mitigation
The road design will include adequately designed bridges and culverts at the
appropriate locations. The contractor will ensure that these water bodies/water
courses are not blocked during the construction phase.
3.2.20 Effect on Surface Flow Condit ions
The road can potentially affect and disrupt the drainage pattern of the area.
Mitigation
Design Engineer will ensure provision of appropriately sized side drains, to avoid
negative impacts on the local drainage pattern. Contractor will follow the design
specifications meticulously. During the construction phase, the contractor will
make temporary drains and embankments where necessary to channel the runoff
appropriately.
3.2.21 Dust and gaseous Emissions from Construction Machinery or
Asphalt Plants
The construction activities and operation of vehicles and machinery will release
exhaust emissions and also raise dust.
Mitigation
The contractor will ensure that its vehicles, machinery, and generators are
properly designed and maintained, and comply with the applicable NEQS. The
asphalt plant will not be operated without properly functioning dust control system
such as wet scrubber. Water will be sprinkled where necessary to control the
dust emissions.
3.2.22 Dust or Other Pollutions from Stored Material and Spoil Keeps
The material stock piles and material transportation can cause dust emissions,
having a negative impact on the nearby communities and natural vegetation.
Mitigation
The material being transported or stored at the stockpiles will be kept covered
where necessary to avoid dust emissions.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
3.2.23 Smoke from Burning of Waste Material or Burning Firewood
A large number of big and small fires in the labor camp and burning of waste can
produce smoke and smog which can cut off visibility, reduce visibility and cause
suffocation along with causing diseases of the respiratory tract including cancer.
Mitigation
The contractor will use clean and smoke free fuel in the labor camp. Cutting and
burning trees / shrubs for fuel will be prohibited. Instead gas cylinders should be
used in the labor camp for cooking purposes. Similarly waste burning will not be
allowed. The contractor will prepare waste management plan and have it
approved by the RE.
3.2.24 Noise
The construction activities particularly rock blasting will generate noise, which
can potentially affect the communities, wildlife, and also the construction workers.
Mitigation
The contractor will strictly follow the NEQS for ambient noise. All necessary
measures such as noise barriers will be taken to reduce the noise particularly
near the communities. Rock basting near the communities will be avoided to the
extent possible. The local communities will be informed about the rock basting.
The personal protective equipment (PPE) will be provided to the construction
workers and its usage will be made mandatory.
3.2.25 Impact on any Stream or Water Body
Some stream or water bodies may be affected or blocked by construction of the
road.
Mitigation
No dumping will be allowed in a stream or a water body. All streams running
across the road will have culverts or causeways. All streams running parallel to
road will be embanked.
3.2.26 Damage to Biological Resources (Flora and Fauna)
The project activities may potentially cause some disturbance to the wild species
of the area, however, this impact is not significant. The area has already
underwent modification because of human settlements, building of the road, and
associated vehicular traffic, therefore most of the wild faunal species would have
already left the area. A total of 170 non-fruit trees (including 93 privately owned
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
and 77 Forest Department owned) will need to be removed for the road
construction. Natural vegetation can potentially be damaged at the camp site,
asphalt plant site, borrow areas, and also caused by the vehicle/machinery
operation.
Mitigation
No clearance of vegetation or killing/hunting/trapping of wild animal will be
allowed. Compensation will be paid for any tree cutting on the private land.
Compensatory tree plantation will be carried out for Forest Department owned
trees and for each tree removed, five saplings will be planted. About 400 plants
will be planted by Forest Department for which a provision of RS. 238,000/- has
been made in the Budget. The Project will ensure appropriate care and
monitoring of this plantation. Camps and other temporary facilities will be
established in a manner that minimizes loss of natural vegetation including trees.
Borrow material will be obtained without causing any damage to the natural
vegetation.
3.2.27 Damage to Fish and Fisheries
Inappropriate waste disposal in the river water can affect the aquatic fauna.
Mitigation
No untreated waste, excess soil, or garbage will be dumped in the river. River
and streams will not be blocked by the construction activities. No hunting,
trapping, or fishing by the construction workers will be allowed.
3.2.28 Acquisit ion of Private Assets and Compensation 11
A detailed census survey was carried out to record the names of persons and the
details of their affected assets and crops falling in the Row of the Project. The
cut–off date of this survey was announced as May 11, 2011. Any person,
whose land, asset / infrastructure, source of income or access to resources is
likely to be affected by the project’s operations, is an Affected Person. These
include mainly the encroachers of land and assets located within the RoW.
The survey has revealed that the land for the proposed road widening project is
state owned; hence no land acquisition is involved. It is 50 feet wide RoW from
the centre line of the existing road. FHA has obtained the road ownership records
from the Local Revenue Offices to this extent. However, the survey indicated that
over time, the land within the 50 feet RoW has been encroached by the people.
The number of such encroacher households within construction limits of
proposed road design has been identified as 26. The number of tenants comes
11 Description in Sections 7.2.28 to 7.2.30 has been borrowed from SIA report.
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to 39. By applying the average household size of 7.23 persons, The total number
of PAPs works out to be 1822. The information relating to the categories of
Project Affected Persons is provided in Table – 7.2.
Table 7.27: Categories of Encroachers (Households)
Category of Affected Person Number Affected Asset
Owners of Structures 24 26
Owners of Trees 32 93
Agricultural Land Encroachers 3112.84 kanals
(about 1.6 acres)
Tenants 39 –
Source : Census Survey of the Project Area, ACE, May 2011.
Mitigation
The compensation for the assets to be acquired is discussed in the following sections.
Loss of Structures
The major resettlement impacts will take place at the bridge locations. It has
been observed that major socio–economic activity is concentrated in the big
settlements like Kabal and Kanju along the road. People have encroached the
government land. Accordingly, the extension of road within the available RoW will
affect a number of structures. Parts of such structures have been built on the
land falling within the RoW. The census survey has revealed that about 26
structures of different types, owned by 24 persons, will be affected. The details of
the affected structures are provided in Table 7.3, whereas the information with
ownership details is provided in SIA report.
Table 7.28: Loss of Structures
DescriptionNo. of
Structures
Area of Structures (sq. m.)
Total Covered AffectedAffected as % of
Total Covered
Shop 16 685 294 43
House 438 483 257 53
Boundary Wall 2 3 3 100
TOTAL 26 1171 554 47.30
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DescriptionNo. of
Structures
Area of Structures (sq. m.)
Total Covered AffectedAffected as % of
Total Covered
Source : Census Survey of the APs by M/s. ACE, May 2011.
Compensation
The compensation rates of various construction types’ structures are adopted in
consideration of composite Schedule Rates, NWFP 2009 for Swat district with
premiums (30% to account for escalation), the discussions with the engineers of
building department and the data collected from the affected persons in this
respect. To estimate the replacement value of residential and commercial
structures, the assets have been standardized for compensation on an average
unit rate per square foot. The compensation amount thus determined is
tabulated below.
Table 7.29: Valuation of Privately Owned Affected
Structures / Assets
Type of
Structures
No. of
Structures
Area
(Sq. ft.)
Unit Rate
(Rs. /sq. ft.)
Total Cost
(Rs.)
1. A 17 9,424 900 4,986,285
2. B 0 0 820 0.0
3. C 0 0 600 0.0
4. D 09 3,884 350 1,359,352
TOTAL 26 9,424 – 6,345,637
Addit ional Assistance for Vulnerable Households
The number of vulnerable households having monthly earnings below official
poverty line (OPL) is estimated to be 28. Among these 27 are squatters and 01 is
labourer These people don’t have opportunities elsewhere to work for their
livelihood and that’s why they have their homes along the system for livelihood
earning. For such households, in addition to the compensation for their affected
assets, an additional allowance of Rs. 11,195 (equal to one month amount of
inflation adjusted OPL according to average household size), will be paid as
additional assistance. The amount of compensation to be paid on this account
comes to be Rs. 334,628/ –.
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Removal of Trees
Total number of privately owned timber / fuel trees falling within the proposed
RoW comes to about 93. These include Chir, kikar, Bakain, shahtoot, and others.
The owners have been provided with compensation for these trees. In addition to
these trees, about 27 fuel wood trees owned by government will also need
removal. No fruit tree is affected within the RoW. The information in respect of
number and ownership of the trees by type are summarized in Table – 7.5 and
details are provided in SIA report.
Table 7.30: Trees to be Removed From the RoW
Non–Fruit Trees
Name of Tree Below 15 years Over 15 Years Total
1. Bekain 7 – 7
2. Kikar 8 – 8
3. Shahtoot 24 – 24
4. Others 54 – 54
Total 93 – 93
Source : Census Survey of Affected Persons, by M/s. ACE, May 2011.
Compensation
All the affected trees are of timber/ fuel wood type and are mostly at the pole
stage with average age ranging between 6–9 years. This information was shared
with the Forest Department officials and the owners of private forests. As a result
of these discussions / consultations, the average price per tree was taken as
Rs. 1,200 for use in the budget. As such, the total compensation for privately
owned affected trees works out to be Rs. 111,600.
In addition to privately owned trees, about 77 governments owned non–fruit trees
will also be affected. These are owned by the Forest Department. For the
replenishment of these trees, compensatory plantation at 1:5 has been proposed.
The activity will be carried out through the Forest Department. About 400 plants
will be planted along the road, for which a provision of Rs. 238,000 has been
made in the budget.
Loss of Cropped Area
The survey has revealed that about 32 farmers will be losing their source of
livelihood as a result of occupation of encroached land of RoW by the FHA.
About 10.411 kanals (about 1.3 acres) of cropped area will be affected. The
details of the affected area are provided in SIA report.
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Compensation
A compensation of Rs 28,022 will be paid to the farmers in accordance with the
procedures set out in the SIA/Resettlement Action Plan (RAP).
3.2.29 Temporary Land Acquisit ion
Land required for establishing contractor’s facilities including camp, workshop,
plants, borrowing earth material and dumping excess spoil will be acquired
directly from private landowners by the contractor. The provisions of the Land
Acquisition Act, 1894 will not be invoked under the proposed Project, as the
acquisition of the land will be temporary and will be covered by short–term lease
agreements between the landowners and contractors under the approval of the
Project Engineer. Rental terms will have to be negotiated to the satisfaction of
the landowners concerned.
Mitigation
The staff of the FHA and supervisory Consultants will monitor the process of
restoration and ensure, through the terms of the construction contracts, that
landowners are compensated according to the terms of the lease agreements,
and the restoration actions agreed upon by the contractors are duly carried out.
The photo–documentation of the existing land prior to temporarily acquisition
should be available, which will be beneficial to resolve the restoration conflicts
between the landowner and contractor.
Similarly, prior to the commencement of construction activities, the Contractor will
carry out base line survey for selecting the camp sites, dumping sites, public and
community/private owned utilities, in conformity with the requirements of SIA
study. The contractor will submit a development plan to the Engineer–in–charge,
local government and EPA (KP), for its scrutiny and approval.
Project facilities, viz., construction camp and workshop will be located at a
minimum distance of 500 m from existing plantation, and settlements. This limit
will be 1,000 m in case of batching plant.
As far as possible, waste/barren land i.e. areas not under agricultural, residential
or forestation use, and natural areas will be used for borrow material (if required)
and setting up project facilities.
Where the use of agricultural land is unavoidable for borrow of earth material, the
top 30 cm of the plough layer will be stripped and stockpiled for redressing the
land after the required borrow material has been removed. In case deep ditching
is carried out, the top 1 m layer of the ditching will stripped and stockpiled. The
ditch will initial filled with scrap material from construction then leveled with the
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stockpiled topsoil to make it even with the rest of the area. It shall be ensured
that the scrap does not contain any material that may produce obnoxious
material that would contaminate soil or water resources.
Barren lands or valley side slopes will be used for dumping the excavated spoil
material. Appropriate sites have to be located along the road for this activity.
These facilities will be regularly monitored and cleaning activities implemented
during operation phase to improve the cross drainage facilities of area.
3.2.30 Infrastructure within RoW
No public infrastructure such as schools, hospitals or offices fall within RoW.
However, 100 electric poles and 52 telephone poles falling within the RoW will be
relocated through their respective departments. Budgetary provisions for this
activity have been made.
Mitigation
The survey has revealed that construction of project will affect 52 telephone and
100 electric Poles. The per unit relocation cost of these utilities were arrived at
after having discussions with the officials of these departments and are provided
as under.
♦ Electric Pole Rs. 35,000 per Unit
♦ Telephone Pole Rs. 15,000 per Unit
Total cost of relocating the utilities works out to be Rs. 4,280,000 (Rs. 3,500,000
for electric poles and Rs. 780,000 for shifting of telephone poles).
3.2.31 Increased Risk of Accidents Caused by Partial Closure of Road
during Construct ion
During construction activities, traffic flow will be disturbed. At sections passing
through populated areas, there will be limited scope for providing diversion tracks
for the mobility of local and thorough traffic. As a result of road improvement the
traffic volume will increase during operation stage, there may be safety hazards
for the locals residing along the edge of the road as well as vehicular traffic.
Mitigation
Proper site specific measures will be carried out in consultation with supervisory
consultants to ensure the safety of population residing along and around the
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project corridor. A detailed Traffic Management Plan (TMP) will be prepared and
implemented by the Contractor with the approval of the Project Engineer.
Necessary measures will be taken to ensure the safety of traffic during
construction, including barricades (including signs, pavement markings, flags,
and lights) erected as required by the FHA and set up as per local regulations.
The construction work will be managed such that part of the carriageway at a
time is upgraded leaving the other part available to serve one way traffic.
Construction work will be carried out in small stretches instead of a long stretch.
During operation stage FHA will make arrangements with some
organization/contractor for proper maintenance and operation of the road.
Periodic inspections will be made by contracted firm particularly in monsoon
season to identify the landslide areas and their remedial measures. In case of
any land slide contracted firm will clear the road within minimum time. For this
purpose the firm should be fully equipped and there should be contingency plan
in case of any emergency/natural disaster.
3.2.32 Safety and Health Hazards
Occurrence of accidents/incidents during the construction activities, particularly
from excavation activities is generally common. The workers and general public
residing along the project corridor or near the work sites will particularly be at
risk. In addition, contractor staff while on work may get injuries.
Mitigation
The contractor will comply with the safety precautions for construction workers as
per International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention No. 62, as far as
applicable to the project contract. The construction workers will be trained in
construction safety procedures, social awareness, equipping all construction
workers with safety boots, helmets, gloves, and protective masks, and monitoring
their proper and sustained usage. Contractor will ensure the provision of
medicines, first aid kits, vehicle, etc. at the camp site.
3.2.33 Restricted Mobility of Local Population
During the construction phase the general mobility of the local residents and their
livestock in and around the project area is likely to be hindered. Likewise access
to the natural resource may be affected. This particularly implies to the women
folk and children. Construction activities, particularly excavation and movement
of haul truck and machinery may disrupt the existing tracks leading from the main
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road to settlements. This will limit the accessibility of the local population to the
main road.
Mitigation
The contractor will ensure that the mobility of the local communities and their
livestock is not hindered by the construction activities. The contractor will provide
crossing points at the road at appropriate places to facilitate the people for going
across the road for their daily works and having free access to the natural
resources.
Generally the contractor will avoid using the village tracks for hauling the
construction material. However, if it is unavoidable, the existing ones will be
widened, overlaid with shingle or surface treated to accommodate local as well
as contractors traffic under the approval of the Project Engineer.
3.2.34 Gender Issues
According to the findings of the socioeconomic survey, the privacy of women
may suffer due to the project activities. Moreover, they actively participate in
other outdoor socio–economic activities such as livestock rearing, bringing of
potable water, etc which may also be affected by the project activities.
The induction of outside labor may create social and gender issues due to the
unawareness of local customs and norms. It may also cause hindrance to the
mobility of local women for working in the field, herding livestock, picking fuel
wood, etc.
Mitigation
The Contractor will select the specific timings for the construction activities
particularly near the settlements, so as to cause least disturbance to the local
population particularly women.
The Contractor will carry out the construction activities in such a way that the
open defecation timings by the local community particularly women, should not
be affected. The normal defecation timings are early in the morning and at late in
the evening. So, the Contractor will have to take care of these timings.
Contractor will take due care of the local community and observe sanctity of local
customs and traditions by his staff. Contractor will warn the staff strictly not to
involve in any unethical activities and to obey the local norms and cultural
restrictions particularly with reference to women.
During construction activities, if privacy of the nearby households is affected, the
Contractor will inform the house owner to make some arrangements. Similarly,
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Contractor will take care as much as possible that the construction activities
should not affect the privacy particularly with reference to women.
3.2.35 Social Confl icts and Employment of Locals on the Project
The presence of outside construction workers may cause some degree of social
disruption and even active disputes with the local community as a result of social/
cultural differences. This particularly relates to the disruption of the privacy of
women folk working in the fields or even in the yards of their houses, should the
house lying at lower elevation than the working sites. Likewise the risk of theft of
the community assets by the Contractor workers and vice versa may occur.
Mitigation
Good relations with the local communities will be promoted by encouraging
Contractors to provide opportunities for skilled and unskilled employment to the
locals, as well as on–the–job training in construction for young people.
3.2.36 Rise in the Prices of Essent ial Commodit ies
Due to induction of outside labor for project works, the demand for basic items
will increase thereby causing an increase in the prices of essential commodities
Mitigation
The project will exert no negative impacts on the prices of essential commodities.
It is estimated that project will employ about 120 skilled and un–skilled staff. Most
of the un–skilled labor will be recruited from the local areas. As such there will be
no extraordinary increase in the demand for essential or other commodities. The
Contractor, will, however, be required to maintain the field camps supplies from
the main Mingora market.
3.2.37 Use of Local Water Supplies and Other Common Resources
Local water supplies will need to be tapped to meet campsite and construction
requirements, bringing its use into competition with the use by the local
communities. Local water may be affected due to implementation of project both
in quantity as well as quality.
Mitigation
The contractor will explore the alternative water resource so that the existing
community water resources are not impacted. No existing water source under the
use of community will be exploited by the Contractor for campsite facilities as
well as construction purposes.
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Availability of water for campsite facilities and construction purposes will be
ensured by the Contractor prior to start of construction activities. As per Local
Government Act, the contractor will seek approval from the local government for
exploitation of the water resources.
The Contractor will be required to maintain close liaison with local communities to
ensure that any potential conflicts related to common resource utilization for
project purposes are resolved quickly.
The contractor will prepare guidelines for the workers for minimizing the wastage
of water during construction activities and at campsites.
3.2.38 Adverse Effects on Archaeological Sites
No known archeological sites exit along the project corridor or its close vicinity.
Mitigation
The Contractor will be required to instruct the construction crews and site
supervisors in archaeological / cultural / historical sites and artifacts site
recognition, conservation procedures, and temporary site protection
In case of a chance find excavation, the Contractor must halt work at the site
immediately, inform the Project Engineer and notify the Department of
Archaeology and Museums through FHA.
3.2.39 Graveyards
Graveyards and burial sites are very sensitive for the local community. The
shifting of graves falling in the RoW may cause social disruption and ultimately
affect the project works.
Mitigation
Two graveyards at Sharifabad and Kabal will be affected. A detailed consultation
with the local communities has been made and they have agreed to shift the
affected graves to some other site. For this proper shifting allowance has been
provided.
FHA will get this task done through the locals by involving the managing bodies
of these graveyards and the local people particularly those people whose
relatives graves are to be shifted.
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3.2.40 Spread of HIV/AIDS amongst the Project Labor and Adjoining
Population
The presence of a large number of construction workers and other associated
personnel may lead to the spread of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS
and hepatitis.
Mitigation
Contractor will arrange awareness programs for the communicable diseases in
the field camps on regular basis by a qualified expert/doctor. Contractor will
provide recreational facilities such as playing volleyball of football after the work
hours. Similarly, he will provide indoor recreation in terms of radio and TV at the
eating place. The Contractor will ensure regular medical check–up of the camp
staff from a qualified doctor on fortnightly basis. If any person found affected with
any of the transmittal diseases will be immediately shifted from the camp to the
hospital for detailed check–up and treatment. The cost will be borne by the
Contractor. Contractor will restrict his permanent staff to mix with the locals to
avoid any social and health problems.
3.2.41 Recreational Facilit ies for Public
The construction activities may damage any nearby parks or recreation areas
used by the local population or the tourists.
Mitigation
The Contractor will ensure the restoration and rehabilitation of construction and
camp sites on completion of the project. FHA will develop parks particularly for
children and ladies at appropriate sites along the road to provide them better
recreational opportunities. This will also attract the outside tourists as well, thus
increasing the incomes of the local people through increased socio–economic
activities. FHA should carry out tree plantation along the road.
3.2.42 Operational and Management Phase
At operational phase the Project Manager will develop a comprehensive
operational and Management Manual of the Highway and an effective monitoring
plan. Mistakes at operational level or handling of operations by untrained staff
can prove very risky and costly. Important points to be attended at operational
stage are as follows:
• Comprehensive O&M Rules as per ISO standards
• Strict application of prescribed M&E plan
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• Continuous evaluation of design efficiencies
• Understanding and training of Operational and Maintenance Manual
• Annual Environmental Audit based upon tri–base assessment.
• Regular maintenance of engineering works (mechanical as well as civil).
• Staff Welfare
• Continued Public consultation and feed back on that
• Continue attention towards Gender issues and women consultation
• Refresher Training Courses for operational staff
3.2.43 Socioeconomic Impacts on the Overall Project Area
In ultimate analysis the impacts of project on social and economic activities in the
Project area will be mostly positive. The economic analysis shows very high
economic benefits compared to the cost. Salient economic benefits of the project
are:
• Boosting of trade through ensured and enhanced capacity to take
additional traffic.
• Increased economic activity with improved transport will ensure easy
marketing of agriculture and livestock produce.
• With improved economy, there will be further improvement in services in
the area and opportunities for employment, education, healthcare,
especially for women and children, will improve.
• Possible stimulus to other diversified economic development, such as
Tourism development programmers, will be generated
• Employment during construction phase will employ and train a large
number of unemployed youth. They will receive a life time benefit through
skill training, capacity building and poverty alleviation. A large number of
semi and unskilled workers in the project area will be hired.
• Greater awareness about Health care including HIV/AIDS and infectious
diseases amongst the labor and the close by community will be created.
• At micro–level the bustle and bustle of economic activities may bring the
cost of living down by making essential commodities available at cheaper
rates. This combined with higher incidence of employments will bring the
poverty line and crime rate much lower.
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4.0 Environmental Management Plan
4.1 General
This Chapter contains the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the
Project. It has the following components:
♦ Mitigation Plan (summary)
♦ Monitoring Program
♦ Institutional Agreements
♦ Comprehensive Mitigation Plans
Most of the mitigation activities proposed in EMP will be included under
provisions in the construction contract, engineering supervision contract and
necessary agreement with the communities.
4.2 Mitigation through Avoidance of Adverse Impacts by Suitable
Design
Built in, inherent and devastatingly negatively impacts can take place because of
an unsound design and most negative factors can be avoided (eliminated)
through the use of improved and environmentally sound technical design. Usually
the engineers find a compromise somewhere in between to adjust with the
available finances. The road has however, been designed on modern lines, in
fact imbibing state of the art model. Lessons can be learnt from the other
motorway built and made functional in the country. A number of defects can be
avoided by following good design practices on other models. Record of such
models is available within FHA.
4.3 Tender and Construction Phase
4.3.1 Impact Reduction Measures
There are specific measures required of the contractor to reduce the potential
impacts of physical works and also the proposal for monitoring contractor’s
compliance / performance during construction phase.
The contract document will contain requirements for:
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♦ Preparation and implementation of HSE Plan, addressing occupational
health, safety, and environmental aspects.
♦ Preparation of traffic management plan, addressing movement of vehicles
for material/construction manpower transportation, full/partial road closure
during road construction, warning signs, and other necessary measures.
♦ Preparation and maintenance of documentation record of any road
accidents or site accidents. Provision of insurance coverage to the
construction workers.
♦ Proper management of construction waste and preparation of waste
management plan
♦ Control measures for waste fuel
♦ Reduction of oil / lubricants, spill or leakage, noise and dust level
♦ Rehabilitation of areas used for construction detours and sites used to
temporarily store construction materials.
♦ Use and proper maintenance of equipment with appropriate noise and
smoke abatement
♦ Restoration of borrow areas or stone quarry areas.
♦ Other requirements as obligation of the contractor, emanating from the
Mitigation Plan and the EMP.
♦ Specific provision will also included to mandate the use of formal health
including protection against HIV / AIDS, safety and group insurance
measures to minimize accidents and avoid fatalities during the
construction process.
♦ Advisory element to address a number of other issues will also be
included in the contract. These will include Implementation of EMP and its
monitoring through EMMP.
Road Closures
At time road will have to be closed for some time. It must be done with the
permission of the relevant Highway Authority and after providing alternate route
through diversions, adequate signology and traffic management plan.
Cultural and Historical Resources
Communities will be requested to identify in the field all known sites of cultural
and historical value that may be affected by the project for protections by the
contractor during construction phase.
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Archaeological Field Support
The Government of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa will make available (on demand) a
qualified archaeologist to conduct field investigations when important search
work and new material sites are opened. No such site is yet in view but just in
case it does; the services of archeologist can be had.
Graveyard and Burials
If unrecorded graveyards and / or burials are found during the courses of
construction activities, the supervisions agency will contact and work with local
religious authorities within the immediate project area to allow for possible
identification of the remains and when appropriate, properly undertake relocation
and burial.
Local Employment
The contractor is advised that both unskilled labor and skilled masons / mistries /
stone workers are easily available from local communities as and when required.
There is no obligation to hire local labor but it is desirable that maximum
employment benefits are made available to local communities.
Resources use Agreement–Construction Materials
Earth is available with the open area in state land area on either side of the road.
It has been estimated that the entire quantity of the earth required for the road
will be available from the proposed borrow sites (See Project Map Figure – 1.1).
The stream bed sand is fit for use in rough construction. Stones are available
from local quarries. Yet there may be a need for additional agreement with public
to obtain certain materials. In that case the farmland should be given the lowest
priority in procuring the fill material. Whenever the borrow pits are dug,
considerable care should be taken in their location. The site may invariably be
rehabilitated after use. Ideal situation would be that site is made good to a
condition almost similar to that prior to the project. It will be helpful if photographs
of pre–project condition are used for the purpose of comparison.
Resources Use Agreements — Water
Although ample quantity of good quality water is available as river and ground
water in the project area, yet the contractor will be required to detail water
demands and indicate source of water prior to the start of construction. Disposal
plan for waste water without polluting the fertile soil, clean river water or ambient
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air, will be produced by the contractor for approval of RE and the Project
Manager (PM) assisted by the Environmental Consultant.
4.3.2 Pre–Tender Conference
To ensure full understanding of above clauses by prospective contractors, all
prequalified contractors will attend a pre–tender conference, where they will be
briefed on their responsibilities with regard to environmental, social, health and
safety issues. These briefings will review specific provisions of the construction
tender documents and contracts.
4.3.3 Pre Construct ion Coordination Meeting
Once the contract is awarded the contractor will be required to regularly attend
coordination meeting(s) with project authorities and the local communities. At
these meetings, the Project Manager (PM) and the Resident Engineer (RE) will
further explain the Terms and Conditions of the Contract, especially those
narrated above, if possible.
4.4 Operational Phase – Management of Operational Impact
The Project will also address future maintenance impacts. These will be
implemented through specially requested financial support from FHA and the
Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as Recurring Budget to avoid any
deterioration in the functioning of the rehabilitated road and to guard against any
possible hydrological problems. Maintenance agency / contractor will be required
to follow procedures similar to those for the construction contractor concerning
proper disposal of construction waste, control measures, for waste fuel, oil and
lubricants and adoption of health and safely measures for personnel.
4.5 Management of Social Impacts
To assessment and address the social aspects of the project, a separate social
assessment has been conducted, during which social impacts and their
mitigation have been identified in detail. In addition, social impacts will be
managed through the Social Framework Agreement (SFA), which will be made
amongst RE as representative of the FHA, the Contractor and the Communities
living in the vicinity of the project area.
The SFA will be drafted and signed when the project is finally approved and the
implementation commences. A draft illustrative agreement has been provided
which may be updated, if necessary. .
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4.6 Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP)
Main instrument of recognition of the Environmental Impact is the Environment
Management Plan (EMP) of which Environmental Management Monitory Plan
(EMMP) is a component. Implementation of the EMP will be the contractual
obligation of the Contractor. For that the Contracted will engage a full time
technical staff capable of a carrying out the prescriptions of the EMP as
contractual obligations under the contract document. The Engineering
Supervision Consultants will have on their team a full time professional level
Environmental Expert to provide an overall professional cover to the
environmental monitoring process and the procedures and initiate required
reports and point out any gaps in the implementation of the mitigation measures
or enforcement of the prescriptions of the EMP. In FHA there is an
Environmentalist, which will monitor and evaluate (M&E) application of
environmental measures at detailed design, bidding and construction stages. The
result of M&E activities will be included as routine element of reports prepared by
the Project Manager for FHA.
The monitoring program will comprise site inspection designed to determine
contractor’s compliance or otherwise with EMP and applicable regulations and
statutes.
Monitoring program designed to provide quality assessments of the
environmental parameters under pre and post project condition are not proposed.
It is however to be noted that:
♦ Project impacts will be identified by site inspections and in discussion with
site incharge(s) RE and local communications
♦ The project is a localized activity and changes in the environment are
likely to be minimum.
♦ Except for some unanticipated factors, originating from offsite facilities,
the project is not likely to cause significant discomfort/disturbance to
communities. For offsite facilities, if needed, inspections (and response to
complaints, if any) will indicate whether any further action needs to be
taken or not.
The proposed site inspections by the Consultants Environmentalist and the FHA
will be carried out on regular basis as per their own time schedules, but not
necessarily as minimum level of M&E activities by each monitoring agency the
program outlined in Table 8.1 below should be observed.
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Table 8.31: Minimum Monitoring Plan
Project Phase Proposed Minimum Inspections
Pre–Construction
♦ One visit to main project site
♦ One visit each to proposed Borrow site, Camp site,
Material Depot site, Proposed machinery yard and
other proposed sites.
♦ One visit to each community
♦ One visit to proposed water sources
Construction
♦ Visits to main project site at 20%, 50%, 75% and
100% completion stage.
♦ One visit to other project sites every quarter.
♦ Two visits per quarter in response to complaints
Post Construction
♦ One visit to each construction site (part) site during
construction.
♦ Two visits to each component site 12–18 months after
the completion of the highway
♦ Two visits per quarter on response to any complaints
It is also anticipated that additional inspection will be required in response to any
complaints by local communities. So another two visits per quarter may be
budgeted for M&E personnel. All officers concerned with M&E will prepare their
own M&E Implementation Plans for information of all concerned. All M&E
personnel will be given optimal mobility and flexibility to implement their M&E
implementation plans.
4.7 Visits / Inspection Authorization
For the inspection process to function, access to the project and other related
sites must be guaranteed. Accordingly, the contract documents and operating
documents will incorporate a phrase with similar intent to that outlined below:
♦ Any officer authorized in writing by Project Manager / FHA or
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), may at any time enter any
premises whether prescribed or otherwise, and may:
Examine and inspect equipment, control equipment, monitoring
equipment or plant. Take samples of any pollutants that are
emitted, discharged or deposited, or are likely to be or are of a
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class or kind that are usually emitted, discharged or deposited
from such premises.
Examine any books, records or documents relating to the
performance or use of such equipment, control equipment,
monitoring equipment or plant or relating to the emission,
discharge or deposit from such premises.
Photograph such premises as he/she considers necessary or
make copies of any book, records or documents seen in the
course of such examination.
4.8 Roles and Responsibi l i t ies
4.8.1 Management Responsibi l ity
Responsibility for environmental management during the construction phase of
the Project will rest with various agencies under the umbrella of FHA.
(i) The Implementation Agency The Contractor his qualified and Technical
Staff trained in implementation of EMP
and employed on whole line basis.
(ii) Supervising Agency Supervision Consultant through a
Professional Level Environmental Experts
giving a professional cover to entire
exercises, employed on full time basis.
(iii) Monitoring Agency Deputy Director Environment as part of
FHA.
(iv) General Assistance to all
above agencies in their
respective tasks
Resident Engineer of the Project will
facilitate communications, logistics and
data collection as and when required.
(v) External Monitoring An Independent Environmental Monitor
(IEM) engaged by FHA.
(vi) Donors Monitoring Donor may monitor the EMP
implementation through his monitoring
personnel / team.
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(i) The Implementing Agency
Implementing Agency for the Monitoring Plan will assume overall
responsibility for ensuring:
(a) that while executing the contract and undertaking the construction
all environmental norms, regulations and requirements
promulgated by Environmental Protection Council (EPC) and
Pakistan Environmental Protection (PEPA) Agency, with respect
to the work site and adjacent areas are fully respected and
implemented;
(b) that all the mitigating measures for adverse impacts are duly and
timely implemented in letter and sprits. For that daily, monthly and
annual check lists must be formulated and maintained.
Various design readjustments made as mitigations to arrest certain
avoidable adverse impacts are fully documented and faithfully
implemented. All mitigation and precautionary measures prescribed in
EMP will be implemented meticulously and well in time and duly reflected
in the progress reports. For this task a well qualified Environmental
Engineer and his support staff will be hired by the Contractor. Financial
requirements for the purposed task will be included in the BOQ by the
contractor.
(ii) Supervising Agency
The Project Manager as the Head of Consultants for Engineering
Supervision will be the Supervising Agency and will be responsible for the
timely and sound execution of activities given in an acceptable sequence
under the project. The Consultants Team will include a full time
Environmental Expert, who will give a professional cover and practical
support to the entire Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation activity
throughout the Project during its implementation. Finances for this will be
provided by the Consultation from within the Consultation Fees for the
Project by including necessary man months in overall consultancy time
request.
(iii) Monitoring Agency
An Environmentalist is already on the staff of FHA, as part of Project
Management set up, to monitor project performance. His function
pertaining to Environmental Monitoring will be:
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(a) Deputy Director Environment and his support staff will monitor the
EMP implementation as frequently as possible.
(b) The Deputy Director Environment will review monthly, quarterly
and annual progress reports from contractor as vetted by the
project consultants.
(c) The Deputy Director will function coordination with RE.
(d) The Deputy Director will prepare and submit periodical Progress
and Monitoring Reports to donors as per their schedules and will
get conducted the External Project Monitoring or Evaluation by
external monitor or nominee of the donor. In this task he will seek
assistance / guidance from Consultants / Environmental Expert of
the consultants team. Finance to cover all expanses of the Deputy
Director Environment will be provided in the project Budget.
(iv) Logistic Support
RE will provide or arrange the logistics including communication,
transport and accommodation to all visiting persons/teams experts from
any of the above monitoring units and will coordinate with contractor(s) to
facilitate the visits / inspections. For all Monitoring and Evaluation
activities in the field the RE will act as a focal point.
(v) Summary of Finances for Various Agencies
As provided above in different paragraphs, following is the summary of
Finances for various tiers of EMP implementation, monitoring and
evaluation, process:
Agency Financial Agreement
Contractor’s Technical Staff for EMP
implementation and allied logistics.
Cost provided in BOQ as
per PC–1.
Consultants Environmental Expert, the
support staff and allied logistics.
Included as Consultants
Fees in Consultants Costs
as per PC–1.
Environmental staff of FHA staff
Consisting of Deputy Director Environment
and Deputy Director Sociology, the
support staff and allied logistics.
Included in FHA Budget
estimate as per PC–1.
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Resident Engineer Included in FHA Budget as
per PC–1.
Donor External Monitoring Mission Included in donor
procurement costs.
(vi) Checklists for Environmental Monitoring
For the purpose of conducting environmental monitoring, the following
checklists will be prepared and used at the site:
1.0 Campsite Checklist
1.1. Location of Labor Camps, Material dumps, equipment
yards and approach roads to be selected properly.
1.2. Pollution from diesel and other oil spills from machinery
suitably controlled
1.3. Smoke from burning of waste material or burning firewood.
1.4. Soil Compaction due to Labor Camps and machinery
yards.
1.5. HIV/AIDS and infection diseases in Labor employees and
nearby public.
2.0 Borrow Area and Quarries Checklist (for each site)
2.1 Impact of taking borrow material from earth borrow site.
2.2 Access to other construction materials.
3.0 Waste Material Disposal
3.1 Site for disposal of waste construction material selected
appropriately.
3.2 Material and Construction waste left behind, after the road
construction is completed.
3.3 Diesel and other fluids spilling over to the construction site
machinery.
4.0 Construction Site Checklist
4.1 Adjustments with unstable locations appearing during
construction made.
4.2 Limitations of Construction sites resolved appropriately.
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4.3 Earthen embankment or concrete work edge scouring
recurred suitably.
4.4 Discharge to unstable slopes or leakages on construction
controlled.
4.5 Any damage / discharge diversion of water to any
spur/bund avoided.
4.6 Any discharge spill or dumping on any building or house
on the river bank to be checked and mitigated.
4.7 Protection of construction from floods in main river or
stream(s) crossing the road.
4.8 Effect on surface flow conditions in case of rain.
4.9 Dust smoke and other polluting impacts from construction
machinery.
4.10 Dust or other pollutants from stored material / spoil heaps.
4.11 Noise from use of old or outdated machinery.
4.12 Noise due to blasting in hilly tract
4.13 Public safety at construction site.
4.14 Health and safety of labor and employees at construction
site.
5.0 Water Extraction Point Checklist
5.1 Impacts on source of construction water.
5.2 Impacts on sources of surface water.
5.3 Impacts on sources of Ground water.
5.4 Impacts on sources of Drinking water.
6.0 Road Checklist
6.1 Drains, paths roads crossed by moving machinery and the
damage suitably repaired.
6.2 Impacts on roads used for transport of construction
material.
6.3 Impact of stone quarrying.
7.0 Operational Checklist
7.1 Strict application of prescribed Monitoring and Engineering
Plan.
7.2 Continuous evaluation of design efficiency.
7.3 Understanding and training of operational manual.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
7.4 Environmental Annual Audit.
7.5 Regular Maintenance.
7.6 Staff Welfare.
7.7 Continued Public Consultation.
7.8 Continued gender issues and women consultation.
7.9 Refresher Courses for operational staff.
7.10 Staff and labor Colony reconstruction.
7.11 Construction of some additional / support structures.
8.0 Biological Checklist
8.1 Damage to Flora.
8.2 Damage to Fauna.
8.3 Damage to Fisheries.
8.4 Impact on adjacent open lands.
8.5 Impact on migratory birds, using the river as their habitat.
8.6 Impact on Endangered species.
9.0 Sociological Checklist
9.1 Impact on existing services, education, health, electricity,
water supply, communication.
9.2 Impact on local ethnicity, tribal tension, community rivalries
and canal water disputes.
9.3 Impact on land ownership / land tansure system.
9.4 Adverse effect on cultural and Archaeological heritage.
9.5 Chance find during construction.
9.6 Graveyards or burials.
9.7 Employment.
9.8 Women status, exposure to employment and education
opportunities
9.9 Cultural reunion through better communication.
9.10 Market opportunities.
9.11 Recreation opportunities and Tourism.
10.0 General Check List
10.1 Is EIA complete
10.2 Is EIA, IEE, Training complete
Frontier Highway Authority 12June 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
10.3 Is SHE Management complete
This monitoring plan will cover the Project Implementation period, which
will be 24 months commencing hopefully by July 2011. In case the
commencement is delayed, project period will slide forwarded.
4.9 Institutional Arrangements
The existing organogram of the FHA is already adequate (see Figure – 8.1)
wherein a Deputy Director Environment is already functioning. The Consultants
will have a professional level Environmental Expert on their panel.
4.9.1 Reporting and Supervision
The Environmental Supervision Consultant (ESC) will receive information from
Contract’s Environmentalist in the form of periodical reports as well as inspection
notes based upon his monitoring and inspection at the project site. This
information will make a basis for Environment Section of FHA for their further
reporting. Those can be confirmed by visiting the site. All reports will be location
and activity specific. The reports will especially identify areas of contractor’s non–
compliance with the EMP and provide guiding remarks on actions to be taken.
The significance of the non–compliance will also be noted. Periodically, the FHA
will have to prepare and submit periodical reports to the donor. Copies of these
reports will also be sent to the Project Manager as well as the Project Director for
their information and necessary action. The non compliance by contractor will be
linked with the system of payment of bills by classifying the non compliances as
minor, moderate or major depending upon the period over which the non
compliance is continued. Within one month the non compliance is minor, after
two months it is moderate and after three months it becomes major.
Figure 8.7: ORGANOGRAM FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF EMP
Frontier Highway Authority 13June 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
The Environmental Expert, in his routine reports, will include a summary status of
activities relating to the EMP. As and when necessary, supplemental reports with
greater detail than the routine reports should also be prepared. These reports will
reinforce the information for the Environmental staff on FHA who may use it for
sending additional reports to the donor.
FHA will also engage Independent Environmental Monitor (IEM) to periodically
verify the effective implementation of the ESMP.
The Supervision Consultants through their Environmental Expert will be
responsible for environmental supervision. Their Supervision Plan for the Project
will include provisions for the participation of donor environmental staff in
supervision missions, as appropriate and subject to available funding to review
progress in implementation of the EMP. The performance of the Project Manager
in the implementation of these activities under the Project will be a standard
element of supervision mission reports, including these from the Early
Implementation Assessment, and the Implementation Completion Mission.
4.10 Mitigation Plans
Table 8.32: Environmental Impacts during Construction Phase
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Mitigation Measure
Contract and Social Framework Agreement
(SFA) ClausesImplementation Supervision Monitoring
1. LAND RESOURCES
Frontier Highway Authority 14June 2011
Frontier Highway Authority
Donors Environmental Monitoring Mission
(DEMM)
Contractor’s Environmentalist
Contractor
Environmental Supervision Consultant
(ESC)
Deputy Director Environment (DDE)
Project Director
Independent Environment Monitor
(IEM)
Donor
Resident Engineer (RE)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Mitigation Measure
Contract and Social Framework Agreement
(SFA) ClausesImplementation Supervision Monitoring
1.1 Site for disposal of waste construction material
Controlled disposal of the waste construction material on agreed site per agreed method. The area to be leveled and contoured after disposing excess material. No waste will be thrown in the river or other water bodies.
Contractor’s obligation as defined in the Tender and Contract Documents
Contractor in Collaboration with RE
Supervision Consultants through Environmentalist of supervision consultant (ESC)
(i) Deputy Director Environment (DDE)(ii) Independent Environmental Monitor (IEM)(iii) Donor’s Environmental Monitoring Mission (DEMM)
1.2 Landslides, or unstable soil
Local readjustments in foundation treatment or any other small changes will be allowed to the contractor by the Resident Engineer (RE). Contractor will make all arrangements to avoid any land slide caused by the construction activities; remedial actions will be undertaken in case of any such slide.
Contractor’s obligation as defined in contract and the Tender document
Contractor and RE
ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
1.3 Location of camps, materials, equipment and special approach routes and roads
The contractor will, in consultation with RE, select the location of all these facilities within the state land. The camp/other site facilities will be established on a flat land without much natural vegetation, at least 250 m away from the communities. Satellite imagery can also be used to select the suitable sites, to record the pre-construction conditions, and to monitor the condition of these sites during and after the construction phase.
Contractor’s obligations to locate these sites in agreement with RE as per contract and community obligation as per SFA
Contractor and RE
ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
Frontier Highway Authority 15June 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Mitigation Measure
Contract and Social Framework Agreement
(SFA) ClausesImplementation Supervision Monitoring
1.4 Any natural disasters such as heavy rains, floods and earthquakes
Contractor in consultation with RE and local community will resolve the issues, in the best interest of the FHA. Neither party will, however, be held responsible for any force majeure.
Contactor’s obligation defined in the Tender and contract data and SFA with community
Contractor and RE
ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
1.5 Rehabilitation of project extraction sites and storage materials
The borrow areas will be selected after obtaining approval from the RE. The contractor will ensure that the borrowing does not cause slope instability, loss of soil/land productivity, uneven terrain, and altered drainage. Wherever possible/necessary, these places will be leveled and planted with trees using appropriate planting technology/methodology.
Contactor’s obligation defined in the Tender and contract data
Contractor and RE
ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
1.6 Stabilization of slopes on earth fill works
Appropriate design for protection and minimizing effects of cross flow of streams.Contractor to take all necessary measures for stabilization of slopes.
Preferably whole of problem ought to be mitigated through design For any further eventuality, it is contractor’s obligation to minimize the impact
Contractor and RE
ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
1.7 Agriculture land destruction
Cuts, fills, digging and borrow operations to be controlled. Disposal of waste material to be controlled.any damage to the agriculture land and/or crops to be compensated.
Contractor’s obligations refrain from entering into unauthorized agricultural land to be defined in the contract document clearly. Also clause in SFA
Contractor and RE
ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
1.8 Contamination from diesel and other spills from construction machinery
Contractor will apply strict rules on his workers and labor to ensure that no spill or leakages
Contractor’s obligation defined in the Tender and contract data
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Mitigation Measure
Contract and Social Framework Agreement
(SFA) ClausesImplementation Supervision Monitoring
are caused. All fuels, oils and bitumen will be stored appropriately, with concrete padding and bunding for containment in case of leakage. The contractor will employ the general criteria for oil and leakage at construction sites, as per standards set forth by “Guide Lines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management” issued by International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Associate
1.9 Damage to Roads, Cross Drainages
Contractor will prepare standard operating procedures and impose strict control over operators and drivers of all types of vehicles to minimize any damage to roads or structures. Should any damage take place, the contractor will carry out repairs immediately. An effective sinology and a good traffic plan can reinforce the instructions to drivers.
Contract document and drawings to clearly spot such points and contract document may make it contractor’s obligations to make temporary arrangements.
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
1.10 Earthen embankment or concrete work edge scouring on the Protection Bunds or on main sill structure
Edge scouring of earthen embankments or concrete work must first be dealt at design stage. Wherever such a situation is anticipated, aprons should be provided
Contract document and drawings to indicate such spots and to make it contractor’s obligation to not to allow scouring.
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
Frontier Highway Authority 17June 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Mitigation Measure
Contract and Social Framework Agreement
(SFA) ClausesImplementation Supervision Monitoring
to secure edges and specifications must be kept of high standards. During the construction phase this aspect should be addressed through appropriate construction methodology and employing appropriate techniques such as protection walls and rip rap. Contractor will repair all damages to the earthen embankments, concrete works, or pavement edges caused by the construction works.
1.11 Release of Construction Water and Dumping of Soil
The contractor will make adequate arrangements to avoid such leakages, uncontrolled releases, and dumping of soil/rubbles. Should such leakage develop, the contractor must remain fully prepared to immediately control the discharge. The contractor will be liable to pay for or repair such damages.
Provision in the Tender and contract documents and drawings
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
1.12 Any Discharge, Spill or Dumping in Graveyards or Burials
The contractor will take all precautionary measures to forestall any uncontrolled release of effluents or dumping of soil/rubbles into any graveyards, shrine or any other religiously sensitive
Contract document, drawing and community obligation in Social Framework Agreement (SFA)
Contract and RE and Community
ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
Frontier Highway Authority 18June 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Mitigation Measure
Contract and Social Framework Agreement
(SFA) ClausesImplementation Supervision Monitoring
place. The contractor will be liable to repair and/or compensate any damage to such places caused by the construction activities.
1.13 Any discharge spill or dumping onto any building or house on the bank of the road
It must be protected by a wall, retaining walls or rip–rap works as the case may be
Contract document and drawing
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
1.14. Impact on Roads/Infrastructure
The contractor will be responsible to repair any damage caused to the local infrastructure by the construction activities. Water sprinkling will be carried out where necessary to minimize dust emissions.
Contract document and drawing
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
1.15. Impacts of stone quarrying
The government-approved quarry will be selected after obtaining approval from the RE. It will be ensured that the quarrying does not significantly affect the slope stability, top soil, and natural vegetation of the area.
Contract document and drawing
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
1.16. Soil Compaction due to Labor Camps and Machinery Yards
The contractor will restore the area under its temporary facilities. Photographs taken at the time of establishment of these facilities will be used for this purpose.
Contract document and drawing
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
2. WATER RESOURCES2.1 Impact of Sourcing of Construction Water
The contractor will procure water from a source approved by the RE, and if necessary, after obtaining the community consent. It will be ensured
Contract Documents and Contractor’s obligations
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
Frontier Highway Authority 19June 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Mitigation Measure
Contract and Social Framework Agreement
(SFA) ClausesImplementation Supervision Monitoring
that this procurement of water does not negatively affect the communities or other water users.
2.2 Diesel and other fluids spilling over to streams water from construction machinery
The contractor will make all necessary arrangement to avoid any leakages or spills of fuels, oils and chemicals. In case of any accidental leakages, the procedures presented in Section 7.2.5 will be applied
Contractor’s obligations to be clearly defined in contract document
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
2.3 Protection of construction work from flood river or any ephemeral streams
A suitable flood warning system is required to alert the whole implementation unit to adapt ways and means to adapt safeguards against flesh floods in the river or ephemeral streams. The contractor will make fool proof arrangements in advance to protect the on going construction works from floods, as per information received from the meteorological department or any other type of flood warning system.
Contractor’s obligation and drawings to keep contractor alert equipped against any such eventuality. He must be in touch with flood information centre.
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
2.4 Obstruction of flow of water across road
The road design will include adequately designed bridges and culverts at the appropriate locations. The contractor will ensure that these water bodies/water courses are not blocked during the construction phase.
Contractor’s obligation and coordination. Provisions in SFA to prepare communities.
Contract and REXEN of the area
ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
2.5. Impacts No untreated Contractor’s obligations Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA
Frontier Highway Authority 20June 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Mitigation Measure
Contract and Social Framework Agreement
(SFA) ClausesImplementation Supervision Monitoring
on Surface Water effluents will be released to the environment. For the toilet waste, the contractor will establish/install appropriate waste treatment system (such as septic tanks and soaking pits – appropriately sized and located) at the site facilities (offices, camps, others). The waste water from kitchen and toilets can be released in soaking pits or used for plantation/water sprinkling. Oily water must be passed through a settling tank. The contractor will prepare a waste management plan and have it approved by the RE.
to be clearly defined in contract document
(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
2.6. Source of Drinking Water
It will be ensured that the drinking water sources of the communities are not affected. The contractor will repair/replace/compensate for any damages caused by the construction activities.
Contractor’s obligations to be clearly defined in contract document
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
2.7. Effect on Surface Flow Conditions
Design Engineer will ensure provision of appropriately sized side drains, to avoid negative impacts on the local drainage pattern. Contractor will follow the design specifications meticulously. During the construction phase, the contractor will
Contractor’s obligations to be clearly defined in contract document
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
Frontier Highway Authority 21June 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Mitigation Measure
Contract and Social Framework Agreement
(SFA) ClausesImplementation Supervision Monitoring
make temporary drains and embankments where necessary to channel the runoff appropriately.
3. AIR QUALITY AND NOISE POLLUTION3.1 Dust and smoke and other potential pollutants from construction machinery
The contractor will ensure that its vehicles, machinery, and generators are properly designed and maintained, and comply with the applicable NEQS. The asphalt plant will not be operated without properly functioning dust control system such as wet scrubber. Water will be sprinkled where necessary to control the dust emissions.
Contractor’s obligation defined in the Tender and contract documents
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
3.2 Dust or other pollutants from stored materials and spoil heaps
The material being transported or stored at the stockpiles will be kept covered where necessary to avoid dust emissions.
Contractor’s obligation defined in the Tender and contract documents
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
3.3 Smoke from burning of waste materials or burning of firewood in the labor camp.
The contractor will use clean and smoke free fuel in the labor camp. Cutting and burning trees / shrubs for fuel will be prohibited. Instead gas cylinders should be used in the labor camp for cooking purposes. Similarly waste burning will not be allowed. The contractor will prepare waste management plan and have it approved by the RE.
Contractor’s obligation defined in contract and Tender documents to refrain from burning waste material and fuelwood and to provide substitute for fuelwood e.g. gas cylinders
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
3.4 Noise control from use of old or
The contractor will strictly follow the
Contractor’s obligation defined in the Tender
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM
Frontier Highway Authority 22June 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Mitigation Measure
Contract and Social Framework Agreement
(SFA) ClausesImplementation Supervision Monitoring
outdated machinery NEQS for ambient noise. All necessary measures such as noise barriers will be taken to reduce the noise particularly near the communities. Rock basting near the communities will be avoided to the extent possible. The local communities will be informed about the rock basting. The personal protective equipment (PPE) will be provided to the construction workers and its usage will be made mandatory.
and contract documents (iii) DEMM
3.5. Physical Loss of Any Stream or Water Body
No dumping will be allowed in a stream or a water body. All streams running across the road will have culverts or causeways. All streams running parallel to road will be embanked.
Contractor’s obligation defined in the Tender and contract documents
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
4. Biological Resources4.1 Damage to Biological resources during construction
No clearance of vegetation or killing, hunting, or trapping of wild animal will be allowed. Compensation will be paid for any tree cutting on the private land. Compensatory tree plantation will be carried out and for each tree removed, five saplings will be planted. The Project will ensure appropriate care and monitoring of this plantation. Camps and other temporary facilities will be established
Contractor’s obligation in the contract to respect wildlife, Forest and Fisheries Laws.A special clause incorporated in the contract documents to respect and conserve biodiversity and conserve its terrestrial as well as aquatic habitat.To provide necessary Sign Boards to make labor, visitors and all concerned aware of their obligations towards Biota.
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
Frontier Highway Authority 23June 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Mitigation Measure
Contract and Social Framework Agreement
(SFA) ClausesImplementation Supervision Monitoring
in a manner that minimizes loss of natural vegetation including trees. Borrow material will be obtained without causing any damage to the natural vegetation.
4.2 Damage to Biological resources during construction
Special checks from time to time in collaborator with local communities
To facilitate inspections by Wildlife, Forest and Fisheries Officers to ensure a proper implementation of the relevant laws.To involve communities through SFA
Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA(ii) IEM(iii) DEMM
Table 8.33: Social Impacts
Social Risk Mitigation Responsibility Construction Stage
Land to be Acquired on permanent BasisThe 10.5 km road section (chainage 30+424 to 40+924) from Sharifabad to Kanju is owned by FHA. The relevant revenue record is attached as Annexure–16. The available RoW is 50 feet, (25 feet on both sides from the centre of the road). Consequently, there will be no acquisition of private proprietary land on permanent basis as the FHA has sufficient ROW to undertake the road improvement works.
As no compulsory land acquisition is involved, conflicts between the EA, the contractors and landowners are unlikely.
Temporary Land AcquisitionLand required for establishing contractor’s facilities including camp, workshop, plants, borrowing earth material and dumping excess spoil will be acquired directly from private landowners by the contractor. The provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 will not be invoked, as the acquisition of the land will be temporary and will be covered by short–term lease agreements between the landowners and contractors under the approval of the Project Engineer. Rental terms will have to be negotiated to the satisfaction of the landowners concerned.
♦ The staff of the FHA and supervisory Consultants will monitor the process of restoration and ensure, through the terms of the construction contracts, that landowners are compensated according to the terms of the lease agreements, and the restoration actions agreed upon by the contractors are duly carried out. The photo–documentation of the existing land prior to temporarily acquisition should be available, which will be beneficial to resolve the restoration conflicts between the landowner and contractor.
Contractor, PE, DD (North) FHA
Construction
Frontier Highway Authority 24June 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Social Risk Mitigation ResponsibilityConstruction
Stage♦ Similarly, prior to the
commencement of construction activities, the Contractor will carry out base line survey for selecting the camp sites, dumping sites, public and community / private owned utilities, in conformity with the requirements of SIA study. The contractor will submit a development plan to the Engineer–in–charge and local government for its scrutiny and approval.
Contractor / PE Pre–Construction
♦ Project facilities, viz., construction camp and workshop will be located at a minimum distance of 500 m from existing plantation, and settlements, etc. This limit will be 1000 m in case of batching plant.
Contractor / PE Pre–Construction
♦ As far as possible, waste / barren land i.e. areas not under agricultural, residential or forestation use, and natural areas will be used for borrow material (if required) and setting up project facilities.
Contractor / PE Construction
♦ Where the use of agricultural land is unavoidable for borrow of earth material, the top 30 cm of the plough layer will be stripped and stockpiled for redressing the land after the required borrow material has been removed. In case deep ditching is carried out, the top 1 m layer of the ditching will stripped and stockpiled. The ditch will initial filled with scrap material from construction then leveled with the stockpiled topsoil to make it even with the rest of the area. It shall be ensured that the scrap does not contain any material that may produce obnoxious material that would contaminate soil or water resources.
Contractor / PE Construction
♦ Barren lands or valley side slopes will be used for dumping the excavated spoil material. Appropriate sites have to be located along the road for this activity.
Contractor / PE Construction
Frontier Highway Authority 25June 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Social Risk Mitigation ResponsibilityConstruction
Stage♦ These facilities will be regularly
monitored and cleaning activities implemented during operation phase to improve the cross drainage facilities of area.
DD (Notrth),FHA Operation
Increased risk of accidents caused by partial closure of road during construction♦ During construction activities,
traffic flow will be disturbed. At sections passing through populated areas, there will be limited scope for providing diversion tracks for the mobility of local and thorough traffic that will increase the risk of accidents.
♦ Proper site specific measures will be carried out in consultation with supervisory consultants to ensure the safety of population residing along and around the project corridor. Site specific Traffic Management Plans (TMPs) will be prepared and implemented by the Contractor with the approval of the Project Engineer.
Contractor / PE Construction
♦ Taking necessary measures to ensure the safety of traffic during construction, including barricades (including signs, pavement markings, flags, and lights) erected as required by the FHA and set up as per local regulations.
Contractor / PE Construction
♦ Coordinating construction work such that part of the carriageway at a time is upgraded leaving the other part available to serve one way traffic. Construction work will be carried out in small stretches instead of a long stretch.
Contractor / PE Construction
♦ As a result of road improvement the traffic volume will increase during operation stage, there may be safety hazards for the locals residing along the edge of the road as well as vehicular traffic.
♦ During operation stage FHA will make arrangements with some organization / contractor for proper maintenance and operation of the road. Periodic inspections will be made by contracted firm to identify the problem areas and their remedial measures. For this purpose the firm should be fully equipped and there should be contingency plan in case of any emergency / natural disaster.
FHA Operation
Problems to Health and Safety of Labor and Employees on Construction Work and Provision of Safety Equipment to Workers on Site.♦ Occurrence of accidents /
incidents during the construction activities, particularly from excavation activities is common. The workers and general public residing along the project corridor or near the work sites will particularly be at risk.
♦ Complying with the safety precautions for construction workers as per International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 62, as far as applicable to the project contract.
Contractor / PE Construction
Frontier Highway Authority 26June 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Social Risk Mitigation ResponsibilityConstruction
Stage♦ Training of workers in
construction safety procedures, social awareness, equipping all construction workers with safety boots, helmets, gloves, and protective masks, and monitoring their proper and sustained usage.
Contractor / PE Construction
♦ Contractor staff while on work may get injuries.
♦ Contractor will ensure the provision of medicines, first aid kits, vehicle, etc. at the camp site.
Contractor / PE Construction
Gender Issues♦ According to the findings of the
socioeconomic survey, the rural women normally use the open field latrines and their privacy may suffer due to the project activities. Moreover, they actively participate in other outdoor socioeconomic activities such as livestock rearing, bringing of potable water, etc which may also be affected by the project activities.
♦ The Contractor will select the specific timings for the construction activities particularly near the settlements, so as to cause least disturbance to the local population particularly women.
Contractor / PE Construction
♦ The Contractor will carry out the construction activities in such a way that the open field latrine usage timings by the local community particularly women, should not be affected. The normal timings to use the toilet facilities by the rural women are early in the morning and at late in the evening. So, the Contractor will have to take care of these timings.
Contractor / PE Construction
♦ The induction of outside labor may create social and gender issues due to the unawareness of local customs and norms. It may also cause hindrance to the mobility of local women for working in the field, herding livestock, picking fuel wood, etc.
♦ Contractor will take due care of the local community and observe sanctity of local customs and traditions by his staff. Contractor will warn the staff strictly not to involve in any un–ethical activities and to obey the local norms and cultural restrictions particularly with reference to women.
Contractor / PE Construction
♦ During construction activities, if privacy of the nearby households is affected, the Contractor will inform the house owner to make some arrangements. Similarly, Contractor will take care as much as possible that the construction activities should not affect the privacy particularly with reference to women.
Contractor / PE Construction
Frontier Highway Authority 27June 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Social Risk Mitigation ResponsibilityConstruction
StageSocial Conflicts and Employment of Locals on the ProjectThe presence of outside construction workers may cause some degree of social disruption and even active disputes with the local community as a result of social / cultural differences. This particularly relates to the disruption of the privacy of women working in the fields or even in the yards of their houses, should the house lying at lower elevation than the working sites. Likewise the risk of theft of the community assets by the Contractor workers and vice versa may occur.
♦ Good relations with the local communities will be promoted by encouraging Contractors to provide opportunities for skilled and unskilled employment to the locals, as well as on–the–job training in construction for young people. Contractor will restrict his permanent staff to mix with the locals to avoid any social problems.
♦ The Contractor will warn the workers not to involve in any theft activities and if anyone would involve in such type of activities, he will have to pay heavy penalty and would be handed over to police. Similarly, at the time of employing, Contractor has to take care that the workers should be of good repute. The Contractor camp will be properly fenced and main gate will be locked at night with a security guard to check the theft issues from community side.
Contractor / PE Construction
Rise in the Prices of Essential CommoditiesDue to induction of outside labour for project works, the demand for basic items will increase thereby causing an increase in the prices of essential commodities
The project will exert no negative impacts on the prices of essential commodities. It is estimated that project will employ about 120 skilled and un–skilled staff. Most of the un–skilled labour will be recruited from the local areas. As such there will be no extraordinary increase in the demand for essential or other commodities. The Contractor, will, however, be required to maintain the field camps supplies from the main Mangora market.
Contractor Construction
Use of Local Water Supplies and Other Common Resources♦ Local water supplies will be
required to meet campsite and construction requirements, bringing its use into competition with the use by the local communities.
♦ The contractor will explore the alternative water resource so that the existing community water resources are not impacted. No existing water source under the use of community will be exploited by the Contractor for campsite facilities as well as construction purposes.
Contractor Construction
Frontier Highway Authority 28June 2011
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery ProjectEnvironment Impact Assessment
Social Risk Mitigation ResponsibilityConstruction
Stage♦ Local water may be affected due
to implementation of project both in quantity as well as quality.
♦ Availability of water for campsite facilities and construction purposes will be ensured by the Contractor prior to start of construction activities. As per Local Government Act, the contractor will seek approval from the local government for exploitation of the water resources.
Contractor / PE / Local Govt.
♦ The Contractor will be required to maintain close liaison with local communities to ensure that any potential conflicts related to common resource utilization for project purposes are resolved quickly.
Contractor
♦ The contractor will prepare guidelines for the workers for minimizing the wastage of water during construction activities and at campsites.
Contractor
Possibility of Spread of HIV / AIDS Amongst the Project labor and Adjoining Population
♦ Contractor to arrange HIV / AIDS awareness programs in the field camps on regular basis by a qualified expert / doctor.
♦ Contractor will provide recreational facilities such as playing volleyball of football after the work hours.
♦ Similarly, he will provide indoor recreation in terms of radio and TV at the eating place.
♦ The Contractor will ensure regular medical check–up of the camp staff from a qualified doctor on fortnightly basis. If any person found affected with any of the transmittal diseases will be immediately shifted from the camp to the hospital for detailed check–up and treatment. The cost will be borne by the Contractor.
♦ Contractor will restrict his permanent staff to mix with the locals to avoid any social and health problems.
Recreational Facilities for Public ♦ The Contractor will ensure the restoration and rehabilitation of construction and camp sites on completion of the project.
Contractor Post Construction
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Social Risk Mitigation ResponsibilityConstruction
Stage♦ FHA will develop parks
particularly for children and ladies at appropriate sites along the road to provide them better recreational opportunities. This will also attract the outside tourists as well, thus increasing the incomes of the local people through increased socio–economic activities.
FHA Post Construction
♦ FHA should carry out tree plantation along the road.
Restricted Mobility♦ During the construction phase
the general mobility of the local residents and their livestock in and around the project area is likely to be hindered. Likewise access to the natural resource may be affected. This particularly implies to the women and children.
♦ The contractor will ensure that the mobility of the local communities and their livestock is not hindered by the construction activities. The contractor will provide crossing points at the road at appropriate places to facilitate the people for going across the road for their daily works and having free access to the natural resources.
Contractor / PE Construction
♦ Construction activities, particularly excavation and movement of haul truck and machinery may disrupt the existing tracks leading from the main road to settlements. This will limit the accessibility of the local population to the main road.
♦ Generally the contractor will avoid using the village tracks for hauling the construction material. However, if it is unavoidable, the existing ones will be widened, overlaid with shingle or surface treated to accommodate local as well as contractors traffic under the approval of the Project Engineer.
Contractor / PE Construction
Table 8.34: Operational Phase
1. Strict application of prescribed Monitoring & Engineering plan
Resident Engineering Executive Engineering Duty bound
Works done through contractor to according to strict specification and in commutation with communities
Resident Engineer / XEN Incharge of Highway
Officer(s), authorized by FHA and Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2. Continuous evaluation of design efficiency
Resident Engineering Executive Engineering Duty bound
Works done through contractor to according strict specification and in communication with communities
Resident Engineer / XEN Incharge of the dual Highway
FHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whosever is i/c of Supervision
3. Understanding and training of operational manual
Resident Engineering Executive Engineering Duty bound
Works done through contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communities
Resident Engineer / XEN Incharge of the dual Highway
FHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whichever is i/c of the road
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4. Environmental Annual Audit
Resident Engineering Executive Engineering Duty bound
Works done through maintenance contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communities
Resident Engineer / XEN Incharge of the dual Highway
FHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whichever is i/c of the road
5. Regular Maintenance
Resident Engineering / Executive Engineering Duty bound
Works done through maintenance contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communities
Resident Engineer / XEN Incharge dual Highway with the assistance of maintenance
FHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whosever is i/c of the road
6. Staff welfare Resident Engineering Executive Engineering Duty bound
Works done through contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communities
Resident Engineer / XEN Incharge with the assistance of contractor
FHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whosever takes over as i/c of the road
7. Continued Public Consultant
Resident Engineer / Executive Engineering Duty bound
Works done through contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communities
Resident Engineer / XEN Incharge of the Highway with the assistance of contractor
FHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whosever is I/c of the road
8. Continued Gender issues and women Consultants
Resident Engineer / Executive Engineering Duty bound
Works done through contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communities. To have gender-neutral policy
Resident Engineer / XEN Incharge of the Highway with the assistance of contractor
FHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whosever takes over the management and maintenance of the road
9. Refresher courses for the operational staff
Resident Engineering Executive Engineering Duty bound
Works done through contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communities.
Resident Engineer / XEN Incharge Highway assisted of Consultant
FHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whoever takes the management and maintenance of the road
4.11 Environmental Monitoring
4.11.1 Compliance Monitoring
The environmental monitoring will be carried out with the help of checklists
prepared on the basis of the Mitigation Plans given in Tables 8.2 and 8.3. These
checklists will be filled by the contractor’s environment specialist on a regular
basis, and provided to the ESC. All non-compliances recorded in the filled
checklists will be followed up for remediation. The summary of filled checklists,
non-compliances and remedial actions will be included in the progress reports.
4.11.2 Effects Monitoring
FHA will engage a competent consultant to conduct effects monitoring on a
periodic basis. The effects monitoring plan is provided in the Table 8.5 in the
following pages. The overall objective of the effects monitoring is to ensure that
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the key environmental parameters in the project area remain within the
acceptable limits specified by the National Environmental Quality Standards
(NEQS) (and other relevant benchmarks) throughout the project execution. For
this purpose, the Independent Environmental Monitor (IEM) will carry out the
periodic sampling, monitoring, and analysis of the key environmental parameters
specified in the EMP and provide their results to the FHA.
4.11.3 Third Party Monitoring
FHA will engage a suitable consultant to carry out environmental audit of the
Project on a six-monthly basis. During these audits, the EMP compliance and its
effectiveness will be assessed. This monitoring will help identify weaknesses in
the EMP implementation and also recommend the corrective measures.
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Table 8.35 : Effects Monitoring Plan
Project Stage Parameters DetailsApplicable Standard
Location Frequency Duration
Air Quality
Pre-construction
PM10, SO2, NOX, CO
15 m downwind from the edge of the pavement and asphalt plant location
NEQS for Ambient Air Quality;
WHO
Three locations along the road, and near the asphalt plant site
Once; prior to construction commencement
Continuous 24 hours
Construction PM10, SO2, NOX, CO, HC
40 m downwind from Hot Mix Plant and Asphalt Plant
NEQS for Ambient Air Quality;
WHO
Three locations along the road, and near the asphalt plant
Once in 4 months Continuous 24 hours
PM10, SO2, NOX, CO, HC
15 m from pavement NEQS for Ambient Air Quality;
WHO
Stretch of highway where work is in progress
Once in 4 months Continuous 24 hours
Water Quality
Pre-construction
Pb, BOD5, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, TDS
Community water sources
NEQS for Drinking Water; WHO
5 locations near the CoI-2 (RoW, campsite, asphalt plant site)
Once about a fortnight before contractor mobilization
-
Construction Common ions, Pb, BOD5, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, TDS
Community water sources
NEQS for Drinking Water; WHO
5 locations near CoI-2 (number of locations to be determined according to requirement)
Once in 4 months -
Common ions, TSS, TDS, Turbidity
River water near the CoI-2
NEQS/other relevant standards
5 locations near CoI-2 (number of locations to be determined according to requirement)
Once in 4 months -
32 parameters Waste effluents from NEQS camps, asphalt plant and offices Once in 4 months -
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Project Stage Parameters DetailsApplicable Standard
Location Frequency Duration
per the NEQS camps, asphalt plant and offices
Noise
Pre-construction
Noise level on dB(A) scale
15 m from edge of pavement /site for other facilities
NEQS standards for Ambient Noise; WHO
Three locations along stretch of highway where work is in progress; near asphalt plant site; near camp site
Once about a fortnight before contractor mobilization
24 hours
Construction Noise level on dB(A) scale
7 m from equipment / machinery
NEQS; WHO At equipment yard, asphalt plant and construction site
Once in 4 months 24 hours
Noise level on dB(A) scale
15 m from edge of pavement /other facilities
NEQS standards for Ambient Noise; WHO
Three locations along stretch of highway where work is in progress; near asphalt plant site; near camp site
Once in 4 months 24 hours
Soil
Construction Oil and grease Relevant international standards
Three locations in equipment yard and other locations specified by SC
Once in 4 months -
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4.12 Environmental and Social Trainings
The capacity building and awareness raising of the project staff for the
environmental and social aspects is critically important to ensure effective
implementation of the EMP and its various elements particularly EMMP. The
Supervision Consultants and contractor will be responsible to impart these
trainings. The indicative training plan is presented in Table 8.6, which will be
finalized by the Supervision Consultants.
Table 8.36: Environmental and Social TrainingsContents Participants Responsibility
General environmental and socioeconomic awareness;
Environmental and social sensitivity of the project area;
Key findings of the EIA;
Mitigation measures;
EMMP;
Social and cultural values of the area.
Selected project management staff
ESC
General environmental and socioeconomic awareness;
Environmental and social sensitivity of the project area;
Mitigation measures;
Community issues;
Safety issues;
Awareness of transmissible diseases
Social and cultural values.
All site personnel ESC and Contractor’s Environment Specialist
EMMP;
Safety issues;
Waste disposal
Construction crew Contractor’s Environment Specialist
Road safety;
Defensive driving;
Waste disposal;
Cultural values and social sensitivity.
Drivers Contractor’s Environment Specialist
Camp operation;
Waste disposal;
Natural resource conservation;
Safety
Housekeeping.
Camp staff Contractor’s Environment Specialist
Restoration requirements; Waste disposal
Restoration teams ESC and Contractor’s Environment Specialist
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4.13 Environmental and Social Management Budget
The environmental and social management cost includes tree plantation program
and health and safety measures. The environmental monitoring cost has been
worked out on the basis of Effects Monitoring Plan is given in Table 8.7. As the
project is schedules to be completed in two years, therefore, environmental
monitoring cost has been worked out for two years. The staff responsible for
operation of the project road will be trained to implement environmental
safeguard in post construction period and respective cost has been worked out.
The total environmental and social management cost including the resettlement
cost is estimated to be about Rs. 28.4 Million.
Table 8.37: Cost Estimates for Environmental Management
Environmental Component QuantityAmountPak Rs.
Details/Basis
i). Tree Plantation 400 238,000 Cost includes plantation and maintenance up to three years
ii) Health & Safety Measures L.S 200,000 Lump sum
viii). Miscellaneous Cost L.S. 100,000 Lump sum
i). Air Quality Monitoring 30 900,000 30 samples @Rs. 30,000/sample
ii) Water Quality Monitoring 50 750,000 50 samples @Rs. 15,000/sample
iii) Noise Level Monitoring 40 200,000 40 samples @Rs. 5,000/sample
iv.) Soil Tests 18 1,170,000
Training 1,000,000 Lump sum
External Monitoring 2,500,000
Resettlement Cost 21,341 ,319
(see Table 8.8 below)
Total Environmental and Social Management Cost
28,399,319
Table 8.38: Resettlement Cost
Sr. No.
Description UnitRate per Unit (Rs)
QuantityTotal Cost in Pak.
Rupee
1. Trees No. 1200 93 111,600
2. Crops
(a) Maize Acre 9369 1.30 12,180
(b) Wheat Acre 12186 1.30 15,842
Sub Total Crops Acre – 174 28,022
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Sr. No.
Description UnitRate per Unit (Rs)
QuantityTotal Cost in Pak.
Rupee
3. Structures No. 26 6,345,637
4. Cost of Utilities
(a) Electric Poles No. 35,000 100 3,500,000
(b) Telephone Poles No. 15,000 52 780,000
5. Sub Total Utilities No. 4,280,000
6. Allowances to PAPs Rs. 7,488,060
7.Compensatory Plantation
Rs. 595 400 238,000
8. Training CostsLump Sum
100,000
9.Cost of hiring Consultants for External Monitoring
Lump Sum
2,000,000
10Cost of hiring Consultants for 3rd Party Validation
Lump Sum
750,000
TOTAL RESETTLEMENT COSTS 21,341 ,319
4.14 Recommendations
4.14.1 Avoidance
Based upon the lessons learnt from the past experience regarding Highways the
FHA designers or their design consultants will avoid any model which may
become environmental hazard at any stage.
4.14.2 Contractor’s Obligations
The following conditions should be included, in addition to general conditions
provided for environment protection in the Tender Document to be followed by
the Contract Document as essential clauses:
♦ Clause regarding disposal of waste construction material
The Contractor will in consultation with and with the approval of Resident
Engineer (RE) of the Project, select and abide by the selection, a site for
disposal of waste construction material. Contravention to this clause may
tantamount to non–compliance to contract and the Contractor will be
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responsible for removing the material dumped on a wrong site, at his own
expense and pay a fine for his negligence.
♦ Clause regarding adjustment with unstable locations appearing
during construction especially the foundation
In case an unstable location appears during construction, especially the
foundation, of the road, contractor will immediately inform the Resident
Engineer expressly providing full technical details about the problem. The
RE will inspect the site; preferably the same day the report is received
and will, if necessary, agree to make modifications and changes in the
design to stabilize the situation such as change in the depth of
foundation. Contractor will not make any changes in the specification
without express approval of RE. Contravention to this provision will mean
unauthorized construction carried out for which RE will issue dismantling
orders.
♦ Clause regarding Location of Labor Camps, Material Dumps /
Depots, Equipment and Machinery Yards, approach roads and
routes
State land is available for location of Labor Camps, Material Depots,
Equipment and Machinery Yard, Link Road or other activities related to
these matters. The Contractor will choose particular sites within the
overall campus indicated in consultation with RE. These activities will not
be allowed outside the state land, located on either side of highway. If the
Contractor chooses to locate his facilities on a private land, he will himself
be responsible for any compensation, resettlement or rehabilitation
process and related costs and RE or FHA will not be involved in acquiring
or using the land in making any payments for doing so.
♦ Clause regarding Rehabilitation of Construction and extraction sites
The Contractor will carry out construction work exactly on the same site
and according to the same design as provided in the Tender Documents.
Also the camps site, the material depot, the machinery and equipment
yard, link roads, borrow areas will, after the completion of construction, be
restored and rehabilitated and brought to at least the same condition, in
which these were handed over to the contract. A set of photographs and
a video tape film will be prepared to show the pre–construction sites and
post construction rehabilitated sites. For any contravention of this clause
the final payments and the securities deposited will not be released.
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♦ Clause regarding drainage, paths, roads, Linear Fixtures crossed /
damaged by Machinery moving to and from the construction sites
During the construction, if the Contractor’s vehicles moving to and from
the construction site(s) cause any damage or disruption of services
pertaining to drainage systems, paths, roads linear fixtures e.g.,
transmission lines and fences, the Contractor, will get the damage
repaired and services restored within 24 hours of the damage, failing
which the RE will get an assessment of the damage and losses and debit
that amount to Contractors account and the next payment will be made to
Contractor after deducting the debited amount.
♦ Clause regarding earthen embankments or Concrete Work vicinity
scouring
All such spots where there is a possibility of scouring of earthen
embankments or concrete work edge as mentioned in the Tender
Document and quality included in this Construction Contract, the
Contractor will protect by protection walls and stone rip–rap work, failing
which the payment of the Contractor will be withheld.
♦ Clause regarding discharge spill or dumping on any building,
House, graveyard, archaeological site (established or newly found),
unstable slopes, un-compacted embankment or leaking into
construction area
The Contractor will be contractually bound to not to allow or cause
discharge spill or dumping on any building house, graveyard,
archaeological site (established or newly found), unstable slopes, un-
compacted embankment or leakage into the construction area. Any such
failure will be duly noted by RE during site inspections and contractor will
immediately remedy the situation failing which the payment of the
contractor will be with–held and the damage so caused will be debited to
contractor’s account under the contractual provisions.
♦ Clause regarding Diesel and other fluids spilling over to stream
water or open areas from construction machinery
The Contractor will ensure that his construction machinery s always in
first class working order and no spilling of Diesel or any other fluids into
the water stream or open areas, is caused by the defective machinery of
the Contractor. For any such spill the Contractor will pay the
environmental compensation to be assessed by RE in consultation with
Pak–EPA and the said amount will be debited towards the payment of the
Contractor.
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♦ Clause regarding protection of construction work from floods
The Contractor will throughout the construction work, manage to keep an eye on the flood position of the river and will remain in touch with Flood Control Centre and remain equipped with means and equipment for taking protective measures to protect the works under construction. FHA will not be responsible for any damage caused by floods and any works washed away will be reconstructed by the Contractor at his own cost within the tenure of the contract.
♦ Clause regarding providing proper diversion of water from
uncontrolled crossing the road
The Contractor will, in consultation with RE provide proper diversion to water flowing cross stream, and by collaboration with local communities as per SFA and preparing them for any such diversions or closures. Losses caused to construction work due to poor or mismanaged stream flow diversion will be considered as negligence on the part of contractor any damages or losses caused due to this negligence will be borne by the contractor.
♦ Clause regarding control on air quality by not allowing Machinery to
cause dust, smoke or noise pollution
The Contractor will not cause deterioration of air quality by using old or ill maintained machinery which raise excessive dust, produce excessive smoke or cause excessive noise pollution. The Contractor will follow strict standards of maintenance of machinery, provide qualified and trained drivers and operations for the vehicles. The Contractor will also sprinkle water on kacha roads to be used as link roads, and sites where the earth is to be dumped. And the Contractor will provide protective masks to his work force. Failure to do so will be taken as serious contravention of the contract and will cause the payment to be deferred till the correction of the situation.
♦ Clause regarding control on dust or other pollutants from Stored
materials, V material depots or spoil heaps
The Contractor will:
locate his material depots and spoil dump as far away from the villages / community “Hujras” as possible.
keep all such materials covered for effective control of the fugitive dust.
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Failing to do the Contractor will bear the cost which may have to be incurred on arranging remedy to defaults.
♦ Clause regarding use of outdated machinery
The Contractor will obtain a certificate from Vehicle Examiner working under the RE but paid by the Contractor, that all the machinery employed is either new or in first class fitness condition so as not to cause smoke or oil leakages. RE will not allow the use of any outdated machinery.
♦ Clause to Protect the Biological Resources
The Contract will ensure that:
Unnecessary and out of bound activities/movements are not done outside the campus allotted to him for setting–up the labor camp, material depots and machinery yard.
(a) No fire arms are carried by any of the employees or labor.(b) All Forest, Wildlife and Fisheries Laws are fully respected and
abided by the Contractor and his work force.(c) The Biodiversity is respected and saved on its terrestrial, aquatic
and aerial habitats.(d) Necessary sign boards are displayed to make labor, visitors and
members of public to remind them of their obligations towards Biota.
(e) Inspections by Wildlife, Forest and Fisheries Officers are facilitated in camps to facilitate a proper implementation of relevant Laws.
(f) Communities are given awareness and are involved in proper protection of the Biota inside and around the Project site.
(g) Any contravention to any of the above sub–clauses will be considered as breach of contract and lead to disqualification of the Contractor.
♦ Clause regarding respect for Socio–economic and Cultural Values
and physical cultural
The Contractor will be bound to:
(a) Ensure that no damage or disruption is caused to the social infrastructure or public services being provided to the people e.g., education, health, electricity supply, drinking water supply facilities for public gathering or religious congregations.
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(b) Ensure the Contractor or his employees remain above the local Tribal tensions especially the strife’s over distribution of canal water and use of aquatic life.
(c) Ensure that existing ownership of land around the Project is respected.
(d) Ensure that if some construction material has to procure from or through a member of local community, it must be by a proper Social Framework Agreement with social communities.
(e) Ensure that no damage or adverse effect is caused to archaeological (present or chance find) sites, graveyards and burial places.
♦ Clause regarding Public Safety, Health and Safety at Construct Site,
including measures against HIV/AID and Life insurance.
The Contractor will:
(a) put up temporary but prominent sign boards all of the project
activity area warning people against likely hazards which can be
caused due to certain activities. (Also to be reflected in SFA).
(b) arrange to run a proper campaign the labor camp, to make people
aware of the causes, mode of transmission and consequences of
HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases particularly Hepatitis and
Cholera.
(c) strengthen the existing BHU for the benefit of the labor as well as
the surrounding villages.
(d) ensure proper cleanliness and hygienic conditions at labor camps
by ensure a clean mess, proper drainage and suitable disposal of
solid waste. Inoculation against Cholera and Hepatitis will be
arranged at intervals as recommended by Health Department.
(e) keep all the camps, offices, material depots, machinery yards and
work site open for the inspection of health and safety measures,
and related documents and include in the contract document the
text regarding accessibility to the camps.
(f) provide proper overall, helmet and field boots and earplugs to
work as a precaution against any mishap, and interlink various
parts of the construction complex with local wireless telephones
also fitted the vehicles.
(g) Provide a group insurance cover to the workers and labor on
study on site or in the camp, against accidents, mishaps or loss of
life on duty.
♦ Clause regarding employment of Locals in the construction work
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The Contractor as an obligation of the Contract will employ, subject to
availability and work ability, maximum number of local labor for
construction work.
Note: The above clauses have been suggested from technical point of
view. These may be got vetted by qualified law officer before
incorporating them into the Tender Document or the Contract Document.
4.14.3 Social Frame Work Agreement (SFA)
A social Frame Work Agreement (SFA) will be signed through mutual open
consent between the local village leaders Project, Contractor and the Resident
Engineer (RE) of the Project. At least two confirmed leaders / elders will be
chosen from each of the villages situated adjacent to the area where construction
activity is going to be witnessed. These leaders / elders will constitute a villagers
committee and they will choose a Chairman from among themselves. The SFA
will be signed by the RE, the Contractor and by the Chairman of villager’s
committee from the village’s side. SFA will be drafted on the lines of legal
agreements signed amongst three parties and should preferably be on a
stamped paper to be provided by the RE at the project cost. All the mitigation
measures where reference to SFA has been made in the EMP, will be included in
the SFA. The FHA obligations through RE, village’s social obligations and
Contractor’s obligations will be listed separately. Copies of SFA will be kept by
RE, the villagers chairman and Ex–En i/c of the area and the Contractor. The
SFA will be considered as a natural follow up of the public consultation and
public hearing and an indication that FHA and the local people are mutually
facilitating the construction of new the highway Following draft SFA is suggested.
4.14.4 Social Frame Work Agreement
1. This is a sample Social Frame Work Agreement between Resident
Engineer (RE) and the villagers committee of the project Area.
VillageName
(Two of each village)Father’s Name
1.1
2
2.1
2
3.1
2
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4.1
2
5.1
2
6.1
2
7.1
2
8.1
2
9.1
2
10.1
2
2. We the committee of village leader / elders of the project area have
agreed unanimously to nominate
________________________________S/O ______________________
as our chairman ant authorize him to enter into an SFA with RE the
Project on our behalf and on his own behalf. We understand and pledge
that this SFA will be a binding us and the RE throughout the currency of
the construction work as well as the operational phase.
Signatures or LTI of the Chairman and the Members of the Villagers Committee.
SR. NO. NAME SIGNATURES / LTI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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3. By mutual consent it is agreed the FHA, their Consultants and
Contractors:
(a) Will not occupy any agricultural land or acquire any other land
during the construction of this project.
(b) Will not cause any damage or reduction in the water supply in the
stream flowing in the area through any of actions to the projects.
(c) Will not cause any disturbance to Forest Wildlife, any public
archeological heritage or a place of worship.
(d) Will not interfere in the social political or tribal balance of the area.
(e) Will / wherever possible, facilitate better services and supplies to
the area e.g. schooling, health, awareness on epidemic diseases,
HIV/AIDS, electricity and road/rail communication.
(f) (More commitments can be added if require)
Also, by mutual consent it is agreed that all the villagers residing in the
area influencing project (names of villages listed in para I above,
collectively and severally:
(a) Will not interfere in the location of labor camps, material depots,
equipment yards and all the approach roads to be used during
project construction phase, all of which will be located on the sate
land.
(b) Will not interfere if the FHA decides to shift the construction to on
a more suitable site as long as the activity remains on state land.
(c) Will not receive any discharge of water slurry or oil spills to any
graveyard or archaeological site.
(d) Will not cause any damage to wildlife, or fisheries forest resources
of the area. No villagers will be involved in killing, poaching or
hunting of animals.
(e) Will not allow reduction or official interference in our existing
services and facilities e.g. education, health, electricity, drinking
water supply, religious and social congregations.
(f) Will not allow any interference in our tribal, commercial or social
norms, and we understand that no land acquisition is involved
under the project.
(g) Agree that in case the contractor wishes to obtain some material
from the private lands or wishes to make use of any piece of land
outside the state land that would invoke a new agreement
between the villagers and the contractor and FHA or Govt of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa will not be involved in that in any way.
(h) Agree to respect and observe the cautions on the sign boards
displayed by project authorities and will not remove or cause to be
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removed any signboards or installations put up by the Resident
Engineer.
Note: Add more conditions if required as per the prevailing
circumstances.
This SFA has been signed this _____________day of _________, at
_________
Signatures Signatures
Resident Engineer Chairman Villager’s
Committee
(Name and address) (Name and Address)
Signatures Signatures
Local XEN Contractor
(Name and address) (Name and Address)
Counter singed
Signature
Project Director, FHA
(Name and address)
4.14.5 Operational Manual
However perfect the design may be and however meticulous the construction the
highway often fail to achieve their full objectives if there is no operation manual or
the provisions of the operation manual are not faithfully implemented. For post
construction phase of the project, it is recommended, that a broad based team of
experts is tasked to develop a comprehensive operation manual for the Highway.
The manual should also include a provision of continuous training of the staff
who have to be put on operational or maintenance duties. An effective monitoring
and evaluation (M&E) system should make an integral part of the operation
manual by way of providing a check list fro every operational and maintenance
stage. As provided in the EMP, following points must be included in the operation
manual:
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(a) Strict application of the prescribed M&E plan.
(b) Continuous evaluation of design efficiency.
(c) Training sessions for understanding and operating the manual.
(d) Annual audit of environment (comparison of what is happening vis-à-vis
set standards) to be conducted by an independent party.
(e) Regular maintenance.
(f) Staff welfare.
(g) Continuous public consultation and Public Relations (PR).
(h) Continue gender issues and women consultation.
(i) Refresher courses for the operational staff are recommended to train and
equip them for efficient implementation of the Operation Manual.
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Appendix A: Bibliography
1998 District Census Report of Swat
Atlas of Pakistan, Survey of Pakistan.
Design Drawings for Package-I, Phase-I, Sharifabad – Kanju Section of Chakdara to
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