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Environment and Biodiversity

IntroductionBackground

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Analysis

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What is Environment ?Surroundings or conditions in which an organism lives or operate. climate , weather , Natural resources survival , development , Evolution Components of Environment. BioticAbiotic

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Components of Ecosystem

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What is an Ecosystem ?

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Types of an Ecosystem

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The term ecosystem was coined by A.G. Tansley in 1935.

Study of Ecosystem is known as Ecology First coined by German biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1869.

Ecological Niche : The term niche means the sum of all the activities and relationships of a species by which it uses the resources in its habitat for its survival and reproduction.

The process by which communities of plant and animal species in an area are replaced or changed into another over a period of time is known as ecological succession. Primary succession Secondary succession

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Major Habitats :Ahabitatis anecological orenvironmental area that is inhabited by a particularspeciesof animal,plant , or other type oforganism

Terrestrial Estuarine Ocean Freshwater

Home Range : Home rangeis the area in which an animal lives and travels Ecotone : Anecotoneis a transition area between two biomes

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Biomes : continuous area of similar Climatic or geographic conditions

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Levels of Ecological Organization

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Biosphere

HydrosphereAtmosphereLithosphereBiosphere

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Energy Flow Through EcosystemFood chains and energy flow are the functional properties of ecosystems which make them dynamic. The biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem are linked through them.

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Transfer of food energy from green plants (producers) through a series of organisms with repeated eating and being eaten is called a food chain . Each step in the food chain is called trophic level

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Types of food chain Grazing food chainsDetritus food chain Food Web Trophic levels in an ecosystem are not linear rather they are interconnected and make a food web. Thus food web is a network interconnected food chains existing in an ecosystem.

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Ecological pyramidEcological pyramids are the graphic representations of Trophic levels in an ecosystem.

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Pyramid of numbers

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Pyramid of biomass : Represents total standing crop biomass at each level ,Standing crop biomass is the amount of the living matter at any given time

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Upright pyramid of Biomass

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Pyramid of energy

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Biomagnifications

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Question Answer Q : 1 A pesticide which is a chlorinated hydrocarbon sprayed on food crop. The food chain is : Food crop Rat Snake Hawk .In this food chain , the highest concentration of the pesticide would accumulate in which of the following ? Pre (2010)

a) Food crop c) Snake b) Rat d) Hawk

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Q-2 What would happen if phytoplankton of an ocean is completely destroyed for some reason ? Pre. (2010)The ocean as a carbon sink would be adversely affectedThe food chains in the ocean would be adversely affected The density of ocean water would drastically decrease

Select the correct answer using codes given below: a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1,2 and 3

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Q : 3 Vultures which used to be very common in Indian countryside some years ago are rarely seen nowadays. This is attributed to Pre.(2012)

The destruction of their nesting sites by new invasive species A drug used by cattle owners for treating their diseased cattleScarcity of food available to themA widespread , persistent and fatal disease among them

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Q: 4 With reference to food chains in ecosystems, consider the following statements :

A food chain illustrates the order in which a chain of organisms feed upon each other.Food chains are found within the populations of a species.A food chain illustrates the numbers of each organism which are eaten by others. Pre. (2013)Which of the statements given above is /are correct ?a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 onlyc) 1 , 2 ,3 d) none of these

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Q : 5 Which of the following terms describes not only the physical space occupied by a organism , but also its Functional role in the community of organisms ? Ecotone b) Ecological niche c) Habitat d) Home range

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Q 6: Which one of the following is the process involved in photosynthesis? (2014)

a)Potential energy is released to form free energyb)Free energy is converted into potential energy and storedC) Food is oxidized to release carbon dioxide and waterd) Oxygen is taken, and carbon dioxide and water vapour are given out

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Q : 7 Lichen succession Lichens, which are capable of initiating ecological succession even on a bare rock, are actually a symbiotic association of(2014)

algae and bacteriaalgae and fungibacteria and fungifungi and mosses

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Q: 8 Which of the following adds/add carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on the planet Earth? (2014)

1)Volcanic action2)Respiration3)Photosynthesis4)Decay of organic matter Select the correct answer using the code given below.a) 1 and 3 onlyb) 2 onlyc) 1, 2 and 4 onlyd) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Q: 9 Which one of the following is the correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing productivity ?Oceans , Lakes , grasslands , mangrovesMangroves , oceans , grass-lands , lakesMangroves , grasslands , Lakes , oceansOceans , mangroves , lakes , grasslands

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Q: 10 Many transplanted seedlings dont grow because The new soil does not contain favourable mineralsMost of the root hairs grip the new soil to hardMost of the root hairs are lost during transplantationLeaves get damaged during transplantation

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Q:11 With reference to the food chains in ecosystems , which of the following kinds of organism know as decomposer ?1 Virus2 Fungi 3 BacteriaSelect the correct answer using the codes given below.1 only b) 2 & 3 onlyc) 1 & 3 only d) 1,2 & 3

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Water Cycle

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Carbon cycle

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Nitrogen cycle

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