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COOPERATION BETWEEN
RESEARCH INSTITUTES &
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
ICLEI World Congress – Seoul, South Korea – April 9, 2015 ANI DASGUPTA, GLOBAL DIRECTOR, WRI ROSS CENTER FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES, WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE (WRI)
Photo : Andrew Stokols
Sources: Land use and emissions, UN-HABITAT. Infrastructure needs, Resilient Cities. Air pollution and traffic fatalities, WHO; IEA. 2008. World Energy Outlook 2008. Paris: International Energy Agency; Communitas Coalition, 2014. Universal Access to Affordable Housing. CO2 figure: UN-HABITAT
>70% OF ENERGY-RELATED
CO2 EMISSIONS
3.7 M ANNUAL PREMATURE AIR
POLLUTION DEATHS
1.2 M ANNUAL TRAFFIC
FATALITIES
+2.5 billion people, a 63% increase EXPECTED INCREASE IN URBAN POP. BY 2050
2
THE URBAN CHALLENGE Risky business-as-usual
Source: OECD Environmental Outlook 2050, World Economic Forum, Infrastructure figure Global Infrastructure Basel. Photo by Andreas/Flickr
THE URBAN POTENTIAL A window of opportunity to get cities right
80% CITIES’ SHARE OF GLOBAL GDP
$5 TRILLION ANNUAL GLOBAL INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT NEEDED OVER NEXT 20 YEARS
75% OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE IN 2050 YET TO BE BUILT
3
Urban population +70%
GHG Emissions +65%
Traffic deaths +180%
Land area +500%
0%
100%
200%
300%
400%
500%
600%
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Percentage Change Expected from 2010
CURRENT TRENDS ARE UNSUSTAINABLE
Sources -- Urban population: NCE. 2014. Cities paper on Transformative Urban Growth; Prosperity: MGI. 2011. Mapping Our Urban World; GHG Emissions: Global GHG Calculator. 2014; Land area: Scientific American. 2012; Traffic deaths and injuries: WHO. 2013. Linear projection from Global Status Report on Road Safety data.
4
Cities are key to global sustainability.
Cities needed to meet a 2-degree scenario to address climate change.
Photo: Asian Development Bank/Flickr
WE NEED SOLUTIONS, BUT ALSO KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO IMPLEMENT THEM
Institutions Partnerships Financing
5
HOW DO WE CHANGE COURSE? Towards livability, productivity, sustainability
NEED FOR BOTH SCALE AND CUSTOMIZATION
Visuals: BRTData.org, T. Policanti/EMBARQ Mexico
Scaling for GLOBAL impact
LOCAL customization
6
PARTNERSHIPS
Source: WRI
The key to delivering both LOCAL and GLOBAL impact
• Global platforms like city networks (ICLEI, C40) allow rapid scaling of solutions and knowledge sharing
Scaling for GLOBAL Impact
• Working with city governments, local businesses, bus driver unions, planners for 10+ years in key cities
Customized LOCAL Solutions
Mexico City DF
7
0"
40"
80"
120"
160"
200"
0"
5"
10"
15"
20"
25"
1965" 1970" 1975" 1980" 1985" 1990" 1995" 2000" 2005" 2010"
Cum
ulat
ive
Num
ber o
f Citi
es"
New
Citi
es"
NUMBER OF CITIES WITH BUS PRIORITY SYSTEMS
Partners:
2000: Bogotá (TransMilenio)"
1974: Curitiba"1968: Liège"
Source: BRTData.org, February 2015. City counted at start year for bus system.
2007: Istanbul BRT"
2009: Ahmedabad BRT"
2002: Mexico City"
9
.org
Source: WRI
HOW DID THIS HAPPEN?
High-profile successes
Knowledge sharing
Conferences
National funding mechanisms
10
Source: BRTData.org, WRI
Guangzhou, China
BRT IN 190 CITIES AROUND THE WORLD
iBus-Indore, India Ahmedabad, India Bogota, Colombia
Mexico City, Mexico
11
Photo: Mexico City
• 19 million people • 22 million trips per day • 4,000 deaths per year due to pollution • No coordinated transport policy at the
federal, state, and municipal levels
MEXICO CITY, 2002 13
FORMING A PARTNERSHIP
Source: EMBARQ Mexico
WRI partners with Mexico City, Ministry of Environment to find solutions to city’s pollution and transport problems
2002: Center for Sustainable Transport (now EMBARQ Mexico) formed
WRI performs research, financial analyses, arranges site visits for city officials to view existing BRT systems in Curitiba and Bogota
14
Source: EMBARQ Mexico, Dario Hidalgo
BRINGING PRIVATE SECTOR “ON BOARD”
• Individual owners of minibuses initially oppose new BRT
• Government negotiates with microbus owners to consolidate into a single company
• EMBARQ Mexico supports this process: – technical assistance – financial calculations
15
Photo Source: EMBARQ Mexico
• Coalition convinces Secretary of Transport and Mayor of Mexico City of the feasibility of BRT
• 2005: First 20 km line of BRT system (called Metrobús) unveiled on a primary arterial road in Mexico City
SUPPORTING LOCAL GOVERNMENTS 16
METROBUS TODAY
Source: EMBARQ Mexico
• 1 million daily ridership • 5 lines in service, 6th in
construction, 7th announced
• Integrated system connects to existing metro network
• 122,000 tons of CO2 reduced annually
• Reduced vehicle accidents by 20%
17
GLOBAL PLATFORMS FOR SCALING SOLUTIONS Global Protocol for Community-scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GPC)
18
FRAMEWORK
GPC is the first, global standard to consistently measure city-level emissions.
- Accounting - Reporting - City-wide
Source: WRI
19
WHY GPC?
Source: World Energy Outlook
Different types of measurements
Account for only a portion of emissions
Unclear if targets will be met
Incomplete data limits investment
Unable to relate to national
climate action
WITHOUT GPC
One measurement Consistently account for all
emissions
Emissions trajectory will understood
Good data drives investment
Can measure city’s contribution to national action
WITH GPC
20
LEAD AUTHORS
Over 30 years experience in promoting sustainability worldwide
Represent 70 mega and innovative cities across the globe
Represent >1,200 local governments across the globe
21
Photo Source: EMBARQ Brasil
GOVERNANCE PROCESS
• Advisory Committee • Transparent Trials • Pilot cities selected
from all over the world • Rio de Janeiro
(pictured) becomes one of first cities to implement standards
22
October 2011 Launched GHGP City Project
Year 2 (2013): 60+ cities use GPC to measure emissions
Year One (2012) Launched GPC Pilot Version 1.0
100+ cities adopt GPC
Year 3 (2014): Publish GPC Final Version, Convene 100 cities to adopt the GPC
HOW DID WE GET HERE? 23
TESTED IN PILOT CITIES + WIDELY ENDORSED
Photo: Juliana Swenson/The Climate Group
Tested and scaled in 35 cities on 6 continents �
24
Endorsed by the Compact of Mayors �
CONSISTENLY CREATING SYSTEMATIC KNOWLEDGE
Photo; Andrew Stokols, Pictured: Seoul Dongdaemun Design Plaza
solutions evaluate adapt
re-evaluate scale
25
PARTNERSHIPS =
SUSTAINABLE LOCAL SOLUTIONS