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Zip Line Safety and Engineering
Zip Line Safety and Engineering
Presented by
Peter Cochetas
Director of Engineering and Development
Head Rush Technologies
1
What will be covered
Types of Zip Lines
Types of Zip Line braking and how they affect Profit
Gravity, drag, eddy current, terminal braking
Dynamic terminal braking
When does a Zip line become a Zip line?
Risks and speed suggest there is a difference between these terms
High Speed Zip Line
Over 45 mph line speeds
20 mph arrival
Zip Line
Over 30 mph line speeds
6 mph arrival
Low Speed Zip Line (Canopy Tour)
Below 30 mph line speeds
6 mph arrival
Fishingquepos.com
Grousemountain.com
Just talk about speeds and arrival speeds
3
Balancing Risk with Profit with Customer Thrills
Revenue
Risk
Chance of Incident (1/x)
Cost of Incident (litigation, EMS, etc.)
Severity of Incident ($$$)
Overhead and Logistics
Throughput
Conversion
Infrastructure Costs
Experiential: Customer experience
Dangerous and Risky client (negative income client)
1 negative = 10 positives
Formula with bullets under it, list functionality and experiential
4
Safe Braking Strategies
Safely arresting speed is the largest concern with Zip lines
Maximize Revenue, Throughput, Experiential
Minimize Risk
EAD: Emergency Arrest Device
Required per ACCT standard (over 6mph Arrival)
Braking High speed lines requires a finite set of braking strategies
Gravity Braking
Drag Braking
Terminal Braking (Fixed Impact, Dynamic Impact)
Benefits Maximum Thrill, High Durability, Marketing, Length of Ride, High Market Price, Consistent performance/reliability*
Downsides Can detract from scenic views, cost of installation, wind variance, service and maintenance
5
Gravity Braking
Gravity Braking requires specific design criteria and careful thought
Cornerstonedesignsinc.com
Deflection, Wind Drag, and Friction can radically alter arrival speed and distance
This can create a very negative throughput problem and kill profitability and customer satisfaction
The more the variables are controlled by cable size the higher the cost and the elimination of any benefits associated with Gravity Braking
Center cable arrival is viable but can be slow and logistically difficult
6
Drag Braking
Creating Air or Frictional Drag during descent can help mitigate speed.
Speed scrubbing vs speed limiting
Drag Braking Types
Air Drag Devices
Friction Braking
Hydraulic, Eddy Current, & Centrifugal Friction Drag Brakes
Dimensionziplines.com
Hyperzoomlover.com
Eddy Current Braking
Zipflyer.com
Multiple brake types exist
Primary Benefit = Increase the safe limits of the high speed system
Yields: Increased Revenue ($$/Ride), Lower Risk, Increased Experiential
Primary Detractor = Increased Cost, potentially increased Overhead (maintenance and upkeep)
Trolleys can cost upwards of $2000 USD per unit and service cost of $250 per unit per annum.
8
Zip Line Terminal Braking
Terminal braking is the process of arresting the speed of a rider near the terminal end of the zip line to a complete stop.
Types
Friction knots
Kinetic energy
Brake blocks
Spring packs
Belay Assisted
Zipkea.com
Backyardplayplaces.com
Verticaledgeentertainment.com
Describing the dynamics of speed on a zip line are key here. Spend some time on quantifying frictional losses
9
Terminal Braking Key Challenges
High speeds result in high variances
Potential Energy (PE) = Kinetic Energy (KE) + Losses
Losses
Drag
Wind resistance
Cable deflection
Zipline.wvu.edu
Kinetic Energy Equation Applied
Assumptions
Equal losses per rider
60kph arrival velocity
150kg Rider
50kg Rider
Conclusion: Only dynamic braking accounts for high variance
KE= m v^2 --- Joule=(kgm^2/s^2)
150kg rider moving @ 60kph (16.66 m/s) represents 41.6kJ
50kg rider moving @ 60kph (16.66 m/s) represents 13.87kJ
However, due to drag and afore mentioned variables it is more likely: 50kg rider moving @ 45kph (12.49 m/s) represents 7.8kJ
Even in the best case this is a 66% variance in brake force required to arrive at zero. In the realistic case this over an 80% variance.
The sheer nature of this energy equation suggests that only dynamic systems can apply
Dont forget to mention that these riders will actually arrive at different velocities
11
Dynamic Terminal Zip Line Braking
Types of Dynamic Brakes
Air Systems (high cost)
Hydraulic Systems (high cost)
Dynamic Centrifugal Clutch (high maintenance)
Operator (high risk)
Spring pack (low experiential
Tripadvisor.com
Principles of Hydraulics Fluid dynamics increase friction with force and speed
Risk Low, Risk Factor Low, Maintenance High, Cost High = Profitable
Centrifugal Friction highly variable risk based on maintenance
12
Dynamic Eddy Current Braking System ZipSTOP
13
Dynamic Braking Considerations
9 Mistakes You Dont Know Youre Making That Are Keeping Your Zip Line From Success (And How to Fix Them!)
Always use an EAD
Introduce the White paper on the 9 mistakes
14
zipSTOP Brake Loads
150 kg 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Rider00.40.81.19799300991769791.58700117982981981.96068197559267772.31512335617290432.64842792621941752.95998897962673933.24996750711984683.51897211099927183.76786889815433673.99766691176262694.20944712797113054.404317192483814.58338191460266494.74772378156249444.89839008074581095.03638452289409075.16266201536522745.27812568676648475.38362554417664725.4799583234044965.56786821152075455.64804820234162545.72114190321809085.78774565357319665.8484108471665395.90364637422863315.95392111845377065.99966645873554246.04127873741102756.07912166630960466.11352864956332286.14480500829082836.17323009719679316.19905930705573126.22252595015226896.24384302817595946.26320488393867876.28078873969726816.2967561259073236.31125420497613386.3244169950822486.33636649943472736.34721374649750566.35705974673673166.36599637138932026.37410715862163896.38146805226684146.38814807811266416.39420996247048916.39971069750069886.40470205750624016.4092310701417456.41334044622394656.41706897157386366.42045186407468646.42352109889326526.42630570458868896.42883203261926896.43112400255978676.43320332515396316.43508970515277676.4368010257270886.43835351609258316.43976190384583366.44103955338175026.44219859164419886.44325002235255886.44420382974680456.4450690728017956.44585397077720586.44656598089239016.44721186884490126.44779777282691316.44832926163486866.4488113874139256.44924873352972396.4496454580152986.45000533300019456.45033178049178266.45062790484491986.45089652222541696.4511401873447346.45136121771792676.45156171567368296.45174358832427426.45190856568410896.45205821710819286.45219396620602396.45231710437208336.45242880306106336.452530124924136.45262203391178976.45270540443912656.45278102970037186.45284962921167356.45291185565364876.45296830107869386.45301950254196396.45306594720951676.45310807699213216.45314629274883616.45318095810005686.45321240288666246.4532409263077556.45326679976702796.45329026945477056.45331155869004566.45333087004532056.45334838727375636.45336427705746286.45337869059337526.45339176503180766.45340362478137666.45341438269270996.45342414113219666.45343299295597916.45344102239347626.45344830584882616.45345491262787356.45346090559762156.45346634178442186.45347127291659376.45347574591662726.45347980334766996.45348348381852156.45348682235101566.45348985071326286.45349259772193936.45349508951648786.45349734980784726.45349940010407156.45350125991499286.45350294693786446.4535044772257596.45350586534032196.45350712449033736.45350826665741026.45350930270998286.4535102425067536.45351109499048646.45351186827310836.4535125697128996.45351320598450686.45351378314246476.45351430667880176.45351478157530516.45351521235092126.45351560310475856.45351595755509166.45351627907474426.45351657072318656.4535168352756426.45351707524949796.45351729292826276.4535174903832916.45351766949349596.45351783196322786.45351797933849186.45351811302165866.4535182342848116.45351834428184826.45351844405946286.45351853456710426.45351861666601156.45351869113740946.4535187586899416.45351881996641466.45351887554991516.45351892596935536.45351897170450966.45351901319057756.45351905082232776.45351908495784886.45351911592196276.45351914400931476.45351916948717366.45351919259797766.45351921356164136.45351923257764786.45351924982694586.45351926547367426.45351927966672276.4535192925411466.45351930421945416.45351931481277326.453519324421906200.327337831975896891.46541733016528372.4998775370868923.13792704303872983.44739009724176793.5463431827426873.52008577601870253.42082342323058123.27956236075186383.11498854993270152.93868255246261742.75802678015479152.57783362182669022.40128116762890322.23046976986964342.06676567340045821.91102135407032781.76372209090783641.62508688947527261.49514017244674191.3737640956721461.2607375813068721.15576594404169941.058503652821130.968571948911435390.885572522935502260.80909811815809840.738740704320588910.674097713563597380.614776722023755770.560398881934106470.510601349841002030.465038910750729950.423384961798467960.385331989790104630.350591653063826670.318894558364188510.28998980699364940.263644370811015440.2396423471957880.217784132549854040.197885545954718130.179776927983886530.163302234218506090.148318138493381990.13469315723061770.122306803199336070.111048774618492020.100818183567348069.1522826114683084E-28.3078495358703958E-27.5408337620732013E-26.8442251303259607E-26.2116327385785798E-25.6372330127625589E-25.1157216268027099E-24.6422690830693357E-24.2124797527974246E-23.8223541702329236E-23.4682543745764877E-23.1468720956191847E-22.8551995841295665E-22.5905028960931969E-22.350297447409732E-22.1323256649768831E-21.9345365703268034E-21.7550671411023785E-21.5922253066518403E-21.444474442488174E-21.3104192388089513E-21.1887928273556579E-21.0784450588850879E-29.7833183281352421E-38.8750538725554523E-38.051054662445347E-37.3035128655908662E-36.6253423404776246E-36.0101122409670395E-35.4519866762731718E-34.9456698798950767E-34.4863563938722442E-34.069685819255122E-33.691701712478017E-33.3488142608649324E-33.0377663877831319E-32.755602977642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Distance (meters)
g Loads on Rider
Rider Trolley with T Handle Impact1
zipSTOP Braking Considerations
Impact Dynamics
Reference brake curve printout Get this printout form Megan
16
Redirection Line Distance 100 kg Rider
1 meter00.40.81.19899650495884891.59350058991490991.98031704187711192.35735620715529942.72340747934956933.07781599022745933.42026428094519513.75064329349863274.0689771097416884.37537793997424634.67001819798943534.953112483676955.22490550257376195.4856636652368685.73566904312572225.97521488113480546.20460216925773716.42413695565434046.63412819325900396.83488598090330967.02672010403652177.2099388089708547.38484776377944837.55174917196039627.71094101388425827.86271639722251698.00736300188987838.14516260810447618.2763906983657138.40131612573413388.52020084195349098.63329967980887688.74086018475543558.84312249134291418.94031924034669429.03267553282799269.12040891760710089.20372940885986079.28283953075020569.35793438619824169.42920174705908569.49682216315599359.56096908777409749.62180901737954929.67950164348353689.73420001472148229.78605070736464819.83519400262397179.88176406924380229.92588915001592489.967691750971372510.00728883212875810.04479199879286510.08030769250585510.11393738085550910.14577774544041910.17592086738092410.20445440984699410.23146179715029410.25702239001748810.28121165672571110.30410133983927810.3257596183393610.34625126498594710.3656377987940110.38397763254393910.40132621528018410.41773616978197310.43325742501623710.44793734360583710.46182084436605910.47495051997938410.48736674989305810.49910780853624110.5102099689635410.52070760204010510.53063327128993110.54001782353417810.5488904754500110.55727889618308910.56520928614838110.57270645215460210.57979387898749310.58649379758630210.59282724994646910.59881415087961910.60447334675966310.6098226713811610.61487899905317410.61965829504864810.62417566352604810.62844539303645610.63248099972579310.63629526833812710.63990029112240210.64330750474115710.64652772527617610.64957118142227610.65244754595691210.65516596556959410.6577350891317310.66016309448401110.66245771381514910.66462625770253510.66667563788220410.66861238881249110.67044268809274510.67217237579566810.6738069727690710.67535169796017210.67681148481309210.67819099678761510.67949464204512510.68072658734517310.68189077119415810.68299091628541610.68403054126810210.68501297188035610.68594135148043610.68681865100778910.68764767840440710.68843108752524510.68917138656499910.68987094602710510.69053200625953110.69115668458059310.69174698201683210.69230478967385910.69283189475992710.6933299862809910.69380066042498710.69424542565215910.6946657075073310.69506285316919210.69543813575089310.69579275836539410.69612785796841910.69644450899102810.69674372677333110.69702647081012110.69729364781868810.69754611463851310.69778468097200110.69801011197494710.69822313070491410.69842442043530510.69861462684246510.6987943600727510.69896419669613310.69912468155255610.69927632949689510.69941962704809410.69955503394771410.69968298463286310.69980388962819810.69991813686142610.7000260929065310.70012810415863710.70022449794432310.7003155835708710.70040165331783310.70048298337408910.70055983472335410.70063245398100310.70070107418486110.70076591554250510.70082718613744910.70088508259649110.70093979072034410.70099148607956110.70104033457768510.70108649298341110.70113010943345210.70117132390774910.70121026867852310.70124706873460810.70128184218244810.70131470062500210.70134574951980810.70137508851733410.70140281178071210.7014290082878610.70145376211698510.70147715271635910.70149925515925610.70152014038484400.163668915987948440.732708665082641871.25384432111868181.59466449484433541.79211304120985891.89892131561750111.95069849706898731.96848573525757691.96455801188702961.94625663779773481.91813614146687981.88313514008963991.84322394139903341.79977267828027961.75376713953140211.70593922605844051.6568480956006261.60693198390674621.5565421067383561.50596533502280661.45543967561156951.40516504772760161.35531092774525331.30602187606864391.25742161175713481.20961607920134791.16269580768975871.1167377700736191.07180688332076231.02795725061229160.985233214933727950.943670273430702090.903295887270363920.864130211470758860.826186761867380710.789473031189748880.753991062538568960.719737985948812660.686706521902375360.654885454403153820.624260075383085140.594812601661242720.566522565350403680.539367178414157160.513321672002345690.488359611179110640.464453185692831840.441573477487162580.41969070572758960.39877445018685320.37879385389189130.359717806004048290.341515105937327920.324154609764271790.307605359973143590.291836699652414270.276818372176346250.262520607451321440.248914195762613230.235970550231301480.223661758853417660.211960627059347210.200840711679441230.190276347155040020.180242664794956150.17071560581191420.161671928837252680.153089212551408170.144945854030779390.137221063349870640.129894854944199280.122948036191403350.116362193622795190.110119677144353260.104203582610982929.8597733045519886E-29.3286658795293909E-28.8255576852786496E-28.3490369568156794E-27.897756293625563E-27.4704304634055543E-27.0658341948226025E-26.6827999727836304E-26.3202158463903091E-25.9770232602109119E-25.6522149156669955E-25.3448326704422941E-25.053965480879778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Braking Distance (meters)
g Loads on Rider
Trolley Impact Comparison
Consistency: A Driving Factor in Brake Performance
Affects of consistent braking
Pivot mount
Pulley
Redirection line
Trolley
Consistency
lowers risk, overhead, logistics
Increase experiential
Dual Stage Braking: Glacier View Alaska
Promo video is on the server/folder
19
Creative Terminal Braking Configurations
Talk about spring inclusion systems Sketch independently
20
The Cost/Benefit Evaluation
High speed lines
Low speed lines
Lower speed lines reduce risk (Risk is the driving expense factor)
Lower speed can equal lower revenue
Dependent upon ride and entertainment value
More difficult to differentiate
Can be a lower perceived thrill
Lower speed is more accessible to the core money spending client
Data shows this client will spend more and take larger perceived risk if the systems have multiple visible safety factors this often means putting in the same safety systems as high speed lines to realize this revenue
Lower price point can be appropriate but doesnt necessarily reflect in build build cost
21
In the next hour
Micah Salazar and Peter Cochetas presenting on:
QuickJump Devices, Platforms, Towers, and other Head Rush Products
Some Creative uses of Devices in adventure courses and amusement
Flightline What is it, how is it different from QuickJump, and how its used
ROI What can Head Rush devices do for you in terms of adding profitability to your park
Increased Revenue with Decreased Risk!
Special Thanks to All those that contributed Slides or Video and special thanks to the following companies
And special thanks to all my staff and helpers at Head Rush You guys Rock!
g-Force Ziplines
Question & Answer