• Non fossil biogenic resources• used by humans for multiple purposes: 1. to produce food, 2. substantial products, 3. energy carriers.

BIORESOURCE POOL

PLANTS

MICROORGANISMS

LIVING NON- LIVING

ORGANIC

INORGANIC

CATEGORIES

PRIMARY BIORESOURCES• Generated for specific application-oriented purpose: forestry, Agriculture,

aquaculture

SECONDARY BIORESOURCES• Generated during primary processing In industrial processing as by-

products or residues During maintenance of large green areas.

TERTIARY BIORESOURCES• Occur as residues  in small amounts at the generation place which are Not

genuine. Shows Uncontrolled modifications, e.g. Degradation during storage, may have taken place.

QUATERNARY BIORESOURCESOccur after a product is used and can be distinguished according to the time frames of their generation after start of utilization into short-, mid-, and long-term categories.

VALUE OF BIORESOURCES

DIRECT VALUE

AGRICULTURE

BIOPRODUCTS

MEDICINES

INDIRECT VALUE

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

MEDICINAL

RESOURCES

50% medicinal compounds obtained from plants.

Fungi :eg Penicillium Bacteria: eg Streptomyces

Anticancer drugs: Madagascan periwinkle

Catharanthus roseus xample

HURDLES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

Quality assurance of raw materials with respect to heavy metals and toxicity

Genotypic Variation

Low level of metabolites

Plants Identity

Long growth period

ALTERNATE OPTION ENDOPHYTES

It is established that plants harbor microorganisms, collectively known as ENDOPHYTES.

WHY ENDOPHTYES

?

Grows intra or intercellular in the tissues of higher plants

Form a symbiotic

relationship with their plant host

Unobtrusive

Asymptomatic on the plants in which they live

• Release metabolites to attack any antagonists or lyse affected cellsDIRECT

• Induces host defense mechanisms.• Promotes growth example;

production of phytohormones, synthesis of siderophores

INDIRECT

PROTECTION MECHANISM OF ENDOPHYES

Source: http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0944501313002140-gr1.jpg

STRATEGY

EVIDENCE

interferes with the multiplication of cancer cells

Reduces their growth and spreading

Works as a anticancerous drug

PLANTYew bark tree

(Taxus brevifolia)

ISOLATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUND

Taxomyces andreanaeTAXOL (PACLITAXEL

TAXOL(PACLITAXEL)

Approximately 300 000 plant species growing in unexplored area on the earth are host to one or more endophytes.

ENDOPHYTES AS PROMISING SOURCE OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS1.Chemical

synthesizer inside plants

2.Plays role as a selection system for

microbes

3.Source of novel organic natural

metabolites

Bioactive substances with low

toxicity toward higher organisms.

4.Exhibits a variety of biological

activities.

BIOACTIVE METABOLITES

properties

• Agrochemicals • Antibiotics• IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS• Antiparasitics • Antioxidants• Anticancerous• INSECTICIDAL• Antimicrobial

BIOACTIVE SECONDARY METABOLITESUnique structure

• Alkaloids• Benzopyranones• Flavonoids• Phenolic acids • Quinones, steroids• Terpenoids, tetralones

IMMUNOSUPPRESANT DRUGS

Class of drugs that suppress or reduce the strength of the body’s immune system. They are also called anti-rejection drugs. Primary use is to lower the body’s ability to reject a transplanted organ, such as a

liver, heart or kidney.

Advantages:

Body recognizes a transplanted organ as a foreign mass.

This triggers a response by the body’s immune system to attack it.

By weakening the immune system, immunosuppressant drugs decrease the body’s reaction to the foreign organ.

The drugs allow the transplanted organ to remain healthy and free from damage.

Immunosuppressant drugs also are used to treat autoimmune diseases such as lupus Examples: botryosphaeria dothidea , imuran,neoral, sandimmune, sangcya

MECHANISM OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS

Wait! I have taken immunosuppressive drug. 4.

Whats your last wish?

Oho! Dat means he can kill me

1.

2.

3.

5.

HOW IMMUNOSUPPRESANTS ARE VIABLE FOR HUMAN WELFARE USAGE?

1.

2. XENOGRAFTING

Source: http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Xenotransplantation3.jpg

IMMUNOSUPPRESANT

• Subglutinol A

• Collutellin A

• Botryosphaeria dothidea

COMPOUND

• α pyrone diterpenoid

• Colletotrichum dematium (ENDOPHYTE FUNGUS)

• Botryosphaeria dothidea

ENDOPHYTE

• Fusarium subglutinans

• Pteromischum sp. (GROWS IN tropical forest in Costa Rica)

• BAK-I [bark of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Beneth (Bignoniaceae)]

PROPERTY

• exhibits osteogenic activity

• compete with estrogen binding to ERs

• Colutellin A inhibited CD4+ Tcell activation of interleukin 2

• splenocyte proliferation studies showed that BAK1 suppressed the T cell proliferation by 50%

IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS ISOLATED FROM ENDOPHYTES

INSECTICIDAL

An insecticide is a substance used to kill INSECTS. The mode of action describes how the pesticide kills or inactivates a pest hree types of insecticide:1. Natural insecticides, such as nicotine, pyrethrum and neem extracts, made by plants as defenses against

insects.2. Inorganic insecticides, which are metals. 3. Organic insecticides, which are organic chemical compounds, mostly working by contact

Advantages:

Serves as an effective tool in modern crop management

Reduction in yield loss

Proved to be environmental benign alternative to chemical spray

Reduction in potential exposure of non targeted organism

Increased reduction in green house gas effect and enrichment of soil health

High toxicity and specificity towards targeted organism

MECHANISM and HUMAN WELFARE OF INSECTICIDAL

Source: http://muou.sc.mahidol.ac.th/images/mechanism_bt.jpg

Source: http://www.merck-animal-health-usa.com/binaries/indoxacarb_tcm96-153775.jpg

INSECTICIDAL

• Achnatherum inebrians

• Cycloepoxylactone

• Nodulisporium spp.

• Trichodermin

COMPOUND

• Achnatherum inebrians

• Cycloepoxylactone and cycloepoxytriol B

• Nodulisporic acid

• Trichodermin

ENDOPHYTE

• Isolated from drunken horse grass

• fungus Phomopsis sp. (Valsaceae) (isolated from leaves of Laurus azorica)

• Nodulisporium spp.

• Trichoderma harzianum (an endophytic fungus living in Ilex cornuta)

PROPERTY

• Heat tolerance to pathogenic fungi

• inhibit the growth of an anther smut fungus (Microbotryum violaceum) and a soil inoculant bacterium (Bacillus megaterium),

• Active against larvae of blowfly by activating glutamate gated Chlorine channels.

• Protect against the Solanaceous plant pathogens

INSECTICIDAL ISOLATED FROM ENDOPHYTES

Phenylpropanoids medicinal use:Anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive properties

Podophyllotoxin (C22H22O8): analogs are clinically relevant mainly due to their cytotoxicity and antiviral activities and are valued as the precursor to useful anticancer drugs like etoposide, teniposide

Mycorrhizin A, (+)-cryptosporiopsin isolated from endophytic Pezicula strainswere reported as strongly fungicidal and herbicidal agents,and to a lesser extent, as algicidal and antibacterial agents

Besides antioxidant activity, Pestacin (C15H14O4) and isopestacin, 1,3-dihydroIsobenzofurans presented:Antimycotic and antifungal activities

MULTIPOTENT PROPERTIES OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS