WATER INJ / TREATMENT FOR TIGHT OIL EORSHONN ARNDT, CNRL EXPLOITATION ENGINEER DEECEMBER 10, 2014 CALGARY, AB, CANADA

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Ordos Basin

Permeability

EOR Choices for LTO

Enhanced(Water(Flood(•  Cyclic(•  Advanced(Gas(Injec8on(•  N2(or(CO2(misc(•  HC((WAG)(•  Air(Injec8on(Biochemical(•  MEOR(•  Enzyme(Flooding(Thermal(•  Steam(Injec8on(

Low((

Tight( Low( Moderate( High(0.1( 1( 10( 100(

Water(Flood(Chemical(Gas(Injec8on(Biochemical(Perm(Modifiers(((((((((

Primary(/w(fracs(Other?(((((((((((

Req’s Water

Req’s Water

Req’s Water

ORDOS BASIN CHINA

Reference 1

Reservoir

Pressure 2.94 - 6.38 MPa (Low), Temp 40 - 80 C

Oil Properties

Visc 1.48 - 4.3 cP, 0.693-0.8 g/ml, GOR low

Formation Water (mg/L)

Ca 6712-19 002, K/Na 6985 - 39 439, Ba 120 - 1693

Mg 18 - 1266

Salinities 70 000 - 132 000

CL 39 228 - 80 907

HCO, CO3, SO4 low

Case Study: Advanced WFJing’an Oilfield, Ordos Basin

Permeability 0.5 - 2 mD

Porosity 8 - 13%

Depth 1690

Reservoir Pressure 10.51 MPa

Primary Recovery 8-10%, AWF incr RF~ 3-5%

Wuliwan

Reference 1

Losing Energy

Early Water Breakthrough

Optimal 40 - 50 m3/d

Nanliang

Drill injectors 6 months before producers

Case Study: Frac Injectors?Ansai Oil Field, Ordos Basin

In 1990, 44 Wells not fractured with W/H injection pressures of 6.1 MPa.

23 Neighbouring wells were frac’d and injection pressures were 5.9 MPa.

Additionally, why convert frac’d producers to injectors?

Conclusion: Water injection will open up natural fractures…do not exceed frac pressure that will lead to early break through!

Reference 1

Case Study: Low Sal WF

Reference 2

Xi Feng Oilfield Permeability 1.12 mD

Porosity 10.7%

Clay Content 11.4-34.3% (34% Smectite)

Pore Throat Radius 0.05-.29 um

Reservoir Temp 65 C

Oil Density 0.81 g/cm3

Oil Visc 9 cP

Salinity 58 430 mg/L (Ca 2460, Mg 317)

Low Sal Water

A. 5569 mg.L (Ca 200, Mg 30)

B. 2784 mg/L (Ca 100, Mg 15)

No movable fines Results: Improved %OOIP by 13.3%

Need NF treatment or brackish source!

Restricted)Pore)Throat)

Grain) Boundary)Layer)Forms)(Adsorp:on)of)Fluids))

Grain)- - - -+ + + +

POTENTIAL DAMAGE TO RESERVOIR & WELLBORE

Injector

Producer

Well Bore • Large particles >33% ave Pore Throat i.e. 2 mD, Particles>0.5 um will plug.

Near Well Bore • Clay Swelling • Adsorption (chemicals / ions) • Injected small particles • Bacteria

Well bore / Near Well Bore • Damage from non compatible drilling / completions / WO fluids • Artificial fracs potential channels for injection fluid • Water Blocks (if Swi < Swirr)

Reservoir (natural filter) • Plastic Deformation of Matrix • Gas Break out from Oil

Water Front

Well Bore Damage Particle size > 33% Pore Throat

Reference 3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13

Near Well Bore Damage Particle size >7% & < 33% Pore Throat

Can also improve Injectivity with pressure pulsing or seismic stimulation

Reference 3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13

Formation Damage Particle size <7% will pass through

Reference 1

Water Specifications Water Floods

(1)Inlet polymer compound water oil content: less than or equal 2000mg/L; (2)Inlet treated water floating content: less than or equal 200mg/L; (3)Compound in the treated water content: less than or equal 450mg/L (4)Viscosity of the polluted water: 0.75 to 2.0mPa.s (testing conditions: rate of

shear is 7.53S-1 , temperature 45 degree) (5) Water density: 1000Kg/cbm (6) Oil density: 840 ~860 Kg/cbm (7) Water temperature: 40~42 deg C.

2. Outlet water parameter requirement (1) Oil removal stage outlet water oil content & floating particle content: less than or equal 50mg/L. (2) Filtering stage(final outlet water ) oil content: less than or equal 20mg/L; Floating particle content: less than or equal 20mg/L; Floating particle diameter average mean: less than or equal 2 micron. 3. Required production treatment cost. The total cost to the station roughly 3.0RMB/ton, equals USD0.44/ton.

III. Oil field inject water quality standard

1. Water driven oil field injected water quality standard Currently DaQing oil field regular injecting water carries the industrial standard issued by National Petroleum & Gas General Corporation <<Particles of Classic Rocks Oil Reserve Injecting Water Standard>> (Table 1) ((SY/T 5329-94) and DaQing Oil Co. Ltd issued enterprise standard << DaQing Oil Reserve Injecting Water Standard>> (Q/SY DQ0605-2000) (Table 2).

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Oilfield Water Technical Requirements China Also consider water compatibility & scaling tendencies & other impurities that affect injectivity.

Frac Fluid Req’s

<100 ppm<1 um

<30 ppm

<10 cells / mL

Water Treatment Technologies

Suggested Configurations for Tight Oil

1. Skim Tank - DAF/DGF or EC - MMF - UF - chem inj

Add NF or WAC to remove divalents for Low Salinity flooding

Final Thoughts

1. Put a reservoir in front of your reservoir (i.e. filtration). Damage may not be reversible!

2. Mother nature (formation / water quality) drives water treatment solutions.

3. It’s critical to inject early and keep the water flowing (i.e. maintain reservoir pressure).

References:  1.    Advanced  Water  Injec0on  for  Low  perm  Reservoirs  Ran  Xinquan  Petroleum  Industry  Press  2013  2.    Coreflood  study  of  low  salinity  effects  in  low  permeability  sandstone  reservoirs,  Wu  Jiazhong  et  al  2012  3.    A  new  methodology  that  surpasses  current  bridging  theories,  VIkers  et  al  2006  4.    Injec0on  Water  Quality  -­‐  A  Key  Factor  to  Successful  Waterflooding,  Bennion  et  al    JCPT  June  1998  5.    Produced  Water  Treatment  in  Hydraulic  Fracturing,  Martex  et  al  2013  Canadian  Business  Conference  6.    Forma0on  Damage,  King  et  al,  March  14,  2009  presenta0on  7.    Enhanced  Oil  Recovery  Injec0on  Waters,  Collins  et  al,  1982  US  DOE  8.    Iden0fying  Op0mum  Techniques  for  Parafin  Control,  Schuler,  March  2014  9.    SPE  122189  Improving  Water  Injec0on  in  a  Mature  Field,  Cavallero  et  al,  2009  10.    Water  and  Fluid  Based  Reten0on  in  Low  Perm  Media,  Bennion  et  al,  2006  11.    Study  and  Applica0on  of  Waterflood  Protec0on  Technology  in  Developing  Low  Perm  Reservoirs,  Zhang  et  

al,  2013  12.    Decompression  adn  Augmented  Injec0on  during  Waterflooding  Development  in  Low  Perm  Reservoirs,  

Zhang  et  al,  2012  13.    Mechanisms  and  Effec0ve  Preven0on  of  Damage  for  Forma0ons  with  Low-­‐Porosity  and  Low-­‐Permeability,  

Yan  et  al,  2012  14.    Product  Descrip0on  –  Shengl  Oilfield  Water  Treatment  for  Low  Perm  Reservoirs  15.    SPE893731  Oil  Recovery  with  HZ  Waterflooding,  Osage  COunty  Oklahoma  2004,  Westermark  et  al  16.    New  Field  Water  Treatment  for  Produced  Water  Reuse  in  Fracing  Tipton_Steven,  July  9,  2013  presenta0on