TIN AND IT’S ALLOYSPRESENTED BY

AZEEZ AKEEM ABIODUNHENRY K WEEFAR

Lecturer: Dr. A.R Adetunji

OUTLINESChemical properties of TinPhysical properties of TinTin and its AlloysTin based solder alloysMelting and solidification of tin alloy (Bronze)Application of Tin and its alloyConclusionReferences

Chemical Properties of Tin

Tin has atomic number 50, and its atomic weight is 118.71. It has the electronic configuration of 4d105s2 5p2. Accordingly tin is tetravalent in many of its compounds.

Physical properties of Tin Tin (Sn) is a relatively soft and ductile metal

with a silvery white color.It has density of 7.29 g/cm3Low melting point of 231.88oC It is allotropic in natureIt is normally extracted from Cassiterite (SnO2)

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TIN AND ITS ALLOYSTin form many alloys with several metals:Bronze: Is an alloy consisting primarily

of copper, commonly with about 12% tin and often with the addition of other metals (such as aluminium, manganese, nickel or zinc).

Source:gotascent.wikia.com

TIN AND ITS ALLOYS CONT’DBabbitt (metal):This is also called Bearing

metal and is one of several alloys used for the bearing surface in a plain bearing.

Galinstan: Is a commercial liquid metal alloy whose composition is taken from a family of eutectic alloys mainly consisting of gallium, indium, and tin.

Lead tin telluride: Lead tin telluride, also referred to as PbSnTe or Pb1-xSnxTe, is a ternary alloy of lead, tin and tellurium, generally made by alloying either tin into lead telluride or lead into tin telluride.

TIN AND ITS ALLOYS CONT’DNiobium-tin: Niobium-tin (Nb3Sn) or triniobium-tin

is a metallic chemical compound of niobium (Nb) and tin (Sn), used industrially as a type II superconductor.

Pewter: Is a malleable metal alloy, traditionally 85–99% tin, with the remaining consisting of copper, antimony, bismuth and sometimes, less commonly today, lead. Silver is also sometimes used. 

TIN AND ITS ALLOYS CONT’DRose's metal: Rose's metal consists of 50%

bismuth, 25–28% lead and 22–25% tin. Its melting point is between 94 °C (201 °F) and 98 °C (208 °F). The alloy does not contract on cooling.

Silicon-tin: Silicon-tin or SiSn, is in general a term used for an alloy of the form Si(1-x)Snx. The molecular ratio of tin in silicon can vary based on the fabrication methods or doping conditions.

Terne: Is an alloy coating that was historically made of lead and tin used to cover steel, in the ratio of 20% tin and 80% lead.

TIN AND ITS ALLOYS CONT’DBearing alloys: Alloys of tin with about 7 percent

antimony and 3 percent copper have proved to be the best materials for plain bearings running against a steel shaft.

Bell metal: Is a hard alloy used for making bells and related instruments, such as cymbals. It is a form of bronze, usually in approximately a 4:1 ratio of copper to tin (e.g., 78% copper, 22% tin by mass).

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Tin based Solder AlloysLead-based solders had dominated the solder market until recently with the advent of tin-based solder. The decline is as a result of toxicity of lead. Tin-Lead: An alloy of 61.9% tin and 38.1% lead

melts at 326oF (183oC). This is the eutectic composition of the tin-lead solder. An alloy of 60% tin and 40% lead is commercially available and is close enough to the eutectic alloy.

Tin-Antimony: This family of solder alloy has a higher tensile strength and lower creep than the tin-lead solders. The most common alloy is 95% tin and 5% antimony.

Tin based Solder AlloysTin-Antimony-Lead: Antimony is added to tin-

lead solders in amount up to 6% to increase the strength and mechanical properties of the alloy. Tin-antimony-lead solder alloys can be used when higher joint strength is required.

Springwelding.en.ecplaza.net

Melting and Solidification of tin alloy (Bronze)

Let us look into the solidification of tin alloy for example bronze (88% Cu and 12% tin). Pure copper melts at 1083oC while pure Sn melts at a low temperature of 231.88oC.Bronze with a tin content of 12% is located in the equilibrium diagram.

There are four basic temperatures area of transformations (1000oC, 799oC, 586oC, 520oC, 350oC)

Melting and Solidification of tin alloy (Bronze)

Source: www.Calqlata.com

1000oC

799oC586oC

350oC

Melting and Solidification of tin alloy (Bronze) cont’d.

The first stage takes place in temperature range 1000° C to 799 ° C.

The solid solution is a substitution solid solution of tin in copper. It has a face-centered cubic lattice. The second stage takes place at temperature 799 ° C:

Melting and Solidification of tin alloy (Bronze) cont’d.

In further cooling down at temperature 586 °C is going on eutectoid disintegration of phase:

High temperature intermetallic phase is an electron compound Cu5Sn, which has a body centred cubic lattice and electron concentration of 3/2. Another high-temperature intermetallic phase is the electron compounds Cu31Sn8. Cu31Sn8 has a body centred cubic lattice and electron concentration 21/13.

Melting and Solidification of tin alloy (Bronze) cont’d.

After the end of eutectoid disintegration consists the alloy structure of a solid solution, the mixture of phases ( + ).

At the temperature of 520 ° C disintegrates phase by eutectoid reaction:

Melting and Solidification of tin alloy (Bronze) cont’d.

Phase is the Cu31Sn8 electron compounds

with complex cubic lattice. Because there is a

large tin microsegregation therefore phase

is deposited on the grain boundaries of

phase.

Applications of Tin and its Alloys

Source:www.itri.co.uk

CONCLUSIONTin is an important element in bronze formation.

Bronze was a catalyst for early civilization.

Larger part of the tin produced today go into the

production of solders which are very important in

electronics.

REFERENCES  http://www.britannica.com/technology/tin-processing retrieved on 26th August,

2015. "British Museum, "Scope Note" for "copper alloy"" . British Museum. Retrieved

25th August 2015. "Bronze Disease, Archaeologies of the Greek Past" . Retrieved 25th August 2015  A. Alavudeen; N. Venkateshwaran; J. T. Winowlin Jappes (1 January 2006). 

A Textbook of Engineering Materials and Metallurgy . Firewall Media. pp. 136–. ISBN 978-81-7008-957-5. Retrieved 25th August 2015.

http://www.carnmetals.co.uk/tin.htm retrieved on 25th August, 2015 http://alasir.com/reference/solder_alloys/ retrieved on 25th August, 2015 Welding and metal fabrication by larry Jeffus page447 http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e05030.html retrieved on 25th

August, 2015 MACHUTA Jiří ,NOVÁ lva

(http://www.metal2015.com/files/proceedings/21/papers/3695.pdf) “Monitoring of copper alloys structures during solidification and cooling of casting”

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