Submitted to: Submitted by: Assignment no: Roll no:

Semester:

Session:

11/2/2015

Types of road medians Types of medians on the basis of purpose

MOHAMMAD awaisCIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, UCE&T BZU

DO NOT COPY

Above Table Shows Different Properties Of Different Shaped Structural Steels.

DO NOT COPY

Applicable ASTM Specifications for Plates and Bars Applicable ASTM Specifications for Various Structural Shapes Steel Properties

DO NOT COPY

Standard Specifications of Different Structural Steels

Below are tables which shows different mechanical and chemical properties of different structural steel’

A36MCarbon Structural Steel Commonly Used In Projects.

Physical PropertyDensity  7,800 Kg/m3 (0.28 Lb./Cu in)

Mechanical PropertiesYoung's Modulus(E)

 200 GPa (29,000,000 Psi)

Shear Modulus(G)

 75 GPa (10,900,000 Psi)

Poisson's Ratio

0.32

Elongation At Breakage

20% In 200mm & 23% In 50mm

Yield Strength

A36 Steel In Plates, Bars, And Shapes With A Thickness Of Less Than 8” (203 mm) Has A Minimum Yield Strength Of 36,000 Psi (250 MPa) And Plates Thicker Than 8” Have A 32,000 Psi (220 MPa) Yield Strength.

Ultimate Tensile Strength

A36 Steel In Plates, Bars, And Shapes With A Thickness Of Less Than 8” (203 Mm) Has An Ultimate Tensile Strength Of 58,000–80,000 Psi (400–550 MPa) And Plates Thicker Than 8” Have A Same Ultimate Tensile Strength.

Electrical Resistance

0.0000153 ohm/om

Temperature Effect

 A36 Bars And Shapes Maintain Their Ultimate Strength Up To 650°F. Afterward, The Minimum Strength Drops Off From 58,000 Psi: 54,000 Psi At 700°F; 45,000 Psi At 750°F; 37,000 Psi At 800°F.Component Elements Properties

Carbon, C .29%

Copper, Cu >=.20%

Iron, Fe 98%

Manganese, Mn

.80% To 1.2%

DO NOT COPY

Phosphorous, P

.040%

Silicon, Si .15%To.4o%

Sulphur, S .050%

UsageFabricated FormsA36 is produced in a wide variety of forms, including:

Plate Structural Shapes Bar SheetMethods of JoiningA36 is readily welded by all welding processes. As a result, the most common welding methods for A36 are the cheapest and easiest: shielded metal arc welding (SMAW, or stick welding), gas metal arc welding (GMAW, or MIG welding), and oxyacetylene welding. A36 steel is also commonly bolted and riveted in structural applications.

A529MHigh-Strength Carbon-Manganese Steel Of Structural Quality.

Mechanical PropertiesGrade 50 [345] Grade 55 [380]

Ksi [MPa] Ksi [MPa]

Tensile strength, min

70 [485] 70 [480]

Tensile strength, minv

100 [690] 100 [690]

DO NOT COPY

Yield strength, min

50 [345] 55 [380]

Elongation in 8 in. [200mm],min, %

18 17

Elongation in 2 in. [50 mm],min, %

21 20

Elements component propertiesA maximum of 1.50 % manganese is permissible, with an associated reduction of the carbon maximum of 0.01 percentage point for each 0.05 percentage point increase in manganese.

Element Composition, % Grades 50 [345] and 55 [380]

Carbon, max 0.27

Manganese, max 1.35

Phosphorus, max 0.04

Sulfur, max 0.05

Silicon, max 0.40

Copper, min, when copper is specified 0.20

DO NOT COPY

A572MA572 Is A High Strength Low Alloy Steel Plate Used In A Variety Of

Structural Applications. It Is Produced In Grades 42, 50, 60 & 65—The Grades Representing The Yield Strength. The Most Common Grade Chapel Stocks Is Grade 50 Which Is Produced Up To 4” Thick. Anything Over 4” Is

Made To A Grade 42, Although We Often Stock It Modified To Reach The 50 Ksi Min Yield. On Requirements For This Please Inquire. We Also Stock

Grade 60 In Limited Quantities.

DO NOT COPY

Mechanical Properties A572 Gr 50: Tensile: 65 ksi minYield: 50 ksi minElongation: 16% min in 8” 19% min in 2” (for plates wider than 24”)

Mechanical Properties A572 Gr 60: Tensile: 75 ksi minYield: 60 ksi minElongation: 16% min in 8” 15% min in 2” (for plates wider than 24”)

Mechanical Properties A572 Gr 42: Tensile: 60 ksi minYield: 42 ksi minElongation: 18% min in 8” 22% min in 2” (for plates wider than 24”)

Properties Of A572M Grade 50 Structural Steel.Physical Properties Metric English CommentsDensity 7.85 g/cc 0.284 lb./in³ Typical of ASTM Steel

Mechanical Properties Metric English CommentsHardness, Brinell 135 135 based on conversion from tensile strength

Hardness, Rockwell B 74 74 based on conversion from tensile strength

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 450 MPa 65300 psiTensile Strength, Yield 345 MPa 50000 psiElongation at Break 18 % 18 % in 200mm 21 % 21 % in 50 mmBulk Modulus 160 GPa 23200 ksi Typical for steel

DO NOT COPY

Shear Modulus 80.0 GPa 11600 ksi Typical for steel

Chemical Properties of A572M Grade 50 SteelComponent Elements Properties Metric English CommentsCarbon, C <= 0.23 %

<= 0.23 %Iron, Fe 98 %

98 %Manganese, Mn 1.35 % 1.35 %Phosphorous, P <= 0.040 % <= 0.040 %Component Elements Properties Metric English CommentsSilicon, Si <= 0.40 %

<= 0.40 % varies with plate thicknessSulfur, S <= 0.050 %

<= 0.050 %

A588MA588 is a high-strength low-alloy steel plate used in structural applications

such as bridges and buildings. Its advantage over A572 50 is its “weathering” ability, which provides atmospheric corrosion resistance and ultimately longer life in applications where exposure to elements will be a

factor. We generally stock this material as A588 Gr A & B in plates.

PROPERTIES OF A588M STEEL

DO NOT COPY

Physical Properties Metric English CommentsDensity 7.87 g/cc 0.284 lb. /in³ Typical of steel

PLATES AND BARS OF DIFFERENT THICKNESS (A588M)

(1Ol.6 mm) (101.6 to

127.0mm) (127.0 to203.2mm)

Tensile strength, min, psi (MPa) 70 000 67 000 63 000 70 000(485) (460) (435) (485)

Yield point, min, psi (MPa) 50 000 46 000 42 000 50 000

Elongation in 8 in. or 200 mm, min, %(345)l8"·c, d

(315) (290) (345)18inc

hElongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min, % 21c,d 21'·" 21inc

h

Chemical Components of A588M STRUCTURAL STEEL

APPLICATIONSA588 steel plate is used for products that are exposed to the elements. These include:

DO NOT COPY

Bridge plates Gusset plates Freight cars Transmission and telecommunications towers Housing and enclosures

SIZES 3/16 – 8” 50K yield to 4” 46K yield over 4-5 42K yield over 5-8

A709MASTM A709 covers the requirements for structural steel for bridges. Grade 50 steel of this specification requires a minimum yield strength of 50 ksi.

Physical DataDensity (lb / cu. in.) 0.284Specific Gravity 7.9

Physical DataSpecific Heat (Btu/lb./Deg F - [32-212 Deg F]) 0.105Melting Point (Deg F) 2750Thermal Conductivity 360Mean Coeff Thermal Expansion 6.6Modulus of Elasticity Tension 30

DO NOT COPY

Modulus of Elasticity Torsion 11This specification covers carbon and high-strength low- alloy steel structural shapes, plates, and bars and quenched and tempered alloy steel for structural plates intended for use in bridges. Seven grades are available in four yield strength levels as follows: Grade U.S. [SI] Yield Strength, ksi [MPa] 36 [250] 36 [250] 50 [345] 50 [345] 50S [345S] 50 [345] 50W [345W] 50 [345] HPS 50W [HPS 345W] 50 [345] HPS 70W [HPS 485W] 70 [485]

GradePlate Thickness,

in. [mm]

Structural Shape Flange or Leg

Yield Point or Yield

Strength,B

ksi

Tensile Strength, ksi [MPa]

Minimum Elongation, %

Reduc- tion of

Plates and BarsC,E ShapesE

8 in. or 200 mm

2 in. or 50 mm

8 in. or 200 mm

2 in. or 50 mm

36 [250]

50 [345]

50S [345S]

50W [345W] and HPS 50W [HPS 345W]

HPS 70W

[HPS 485 W] HPS 100W

[HPS 690W]

to 4 [100], incl

to 4 [100], incl

G

to 4 [100], incl

to 4 [100], incl

to 21⁄2 [65], incl

over 21⁄2 to 4

[65 to 100], inclM

to 3 in. [75 mm], incl over 3 in. [75 mm] all

all

all

G

G

G

36 [250] min

36 [250] min

50 [345] min

50–65 [345–450]HI

50 [345] min

70 [485] minB

100 [690] minB

90 [620] minB

58–80 [400–550]

58 [400] min

65 [450] min

65 [450]H min

70 [485] min

85–110 [585–760]

110–130 [760–895]

100–130 [690–895]

20

...

18

...

18

...

...

...

23

..

21

...

21

19K

18K

16K

20

20

18

18

18

...

...

...

21

19

21F

21

21J

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

L

L

HPS 100W [HPS 690W] 100 [690]

DO NOT COPY

A See specimen orientation and preparation subsection in the Tension Tests section of Specification A6/A6M. B Measured at 0.2 % offset or 0.5 % extension under load as described in Section 13 of Test Methods A370. C Elongation and reduction of area not required to be determined for floor plates.D For plates wider than 24 in. [600 mm], the reduction of area requirement, where applicable, is reduced by five percentage points.E For plates wider than 24 in. [600 mm], the elongation requirement is reduced by two percentage points. See elongation requirement adjustments in the Tension Tests section of Specification A6/A6M.F Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm: 19 % for shapes with flange thickness over 3 in. [75 mm].G Not applicable.H The yield to tensile ratio shall be 0.87 or less for shapes that are tested from the web location; for all other shapes, the requirement is 0.85.I A maximum yield strength of 70 ksi [480 MPa] is permitted for structural shapes that are required to be tested from the web location.J For wide flange shapes with flange thickness over 3 in. [75 mm], elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm of 18 % minimum applies.K If measured on the Fig. 3 (Test Methods A370) 11⁄2-in. [40–mm] wide specimen, the elongation is determined in a 2-in. or 50-mm gage length that includes the fracture and shows the greatest elongation.L 40 % minimum applies if measured on the Fig 3 (Test Methods A370) 11⁄2-in. [40-mm] wide specimen; 50 % minimum applies if measured on the Fig. 4 (Test MethodsA370) 1⁄2-in. [12.5-mm] round specimen.M Not applicable to Fracture Critical Tension Components.

A913MA913, first established in 1993, is the Standard Specification for High-Strength Low- Alloy Steel Shapes of Structural Quality, Produced by the Quenching and

Self-Tempering Process (QST). The QST-process is an improvement of "Thermo-Mechanical Controlled Processes" (TMCP) that have been known since the

seventies. The QST-process has been developed in the eighties in order to satisfy the market demands for steel shapes exhibiting a combination of three important

DO NOT COPY

properties previously incompatible for heavy shapes:

• high yield strength and high ultimate tensile strength,• good toughness at low temperatures,

• Excellent weldability.

A913 defines Grade 50 [345 MPa], Grade 60 [415 MPa], Grade 65 [450 MPa] and Grade

70 [485 MPa]. Currently Grades 50 and 65 are available in the U.S. Tables 1 and 2 show the chemical composition and the tensile properties of A913 Grades 50 and

65 in accordance withASTM A913 (ASTM 2001).

Chemical composition

Maximum content in %Grade 50 Grade 65

Carbon 0.12 0.16Manganese 1.60 1.60Phosphorus 0.040 0.030Sulfur 0.030 0.030Silicon 0.40 0.40Copper 0.45 0.35Nickel 0.25 0.25Chromium 0.25 0.25Molybdenum 0.07 0.07Columbium 0.05 0.05Vanadium 0.06 0.06Carbon Equivalent 0.38 0.43

Tensile propertiesGrade Yield Strength

Min.Tensile StrengthMin.

Elongation (%), Min.200 mm 50 mm

50 50 [345] 65 [450] 18 2165 65 [450] 80 [550] 15 17

DO NOT COPY

Main Advantages of A913 Grades vs. Hot Rolled Grades to A36, A572 and A992

ToughnessSince the Northridge earthquake, it has been generally recognized that a sufficient level of toughness is required in order to avoid the initiation and propagation of cracks in the brittle fracture mode. A913 requires on a standard basis that material shall conform to a minimum average CVN toughness value of 40 ft.lbf [54 J] at 70°F [21°C] – based on CVN specimens extracted at the location according to A673, being 1/4th of the flange thickness at 1/6th of the total flange width. Thereby all A913 grades have a guaranteed minimum toughness, whereas no requirement for toughness is found in the main texts of ASTM A36, A 572 and even A992

WeldabilityWeldability of structural steel is commonly characterized by the carbon equivalent (CE). A913 steels respect very restrictive CE max. Values of 0.38 % for Grade 50 resp. 0.43 % for Grade 65. Due to the very low CE values, these steels are easily weld able. As such, Welding Code AWS D.1.1 allows these grades to be welded without preheating – at temperatures over32°F and provided fillers metals with low hydrogen (H8) are used. It is to be noted that the main texts of ASTM A36, A572 do not limit the CE. A992 has a specified max. CE of 0.47% for shape groups 4 and 5.

Supplementary Advantages of A913 Grades for Seismic ApplicationsOn top of the general advantages of A913 steels, described in the previous chapter, A913 has been modified by the addition of "Additional Supplementary Requirements" that provide engineers with all the necessary guarantees for a safe seismic design. These features are:

• Yield point of A913 Grade 50 can be restricted to 65 ksi maximum. (S75.1)• Yield to tensile strength ratio of A913 Grade 50 can be limited to 0.85 maximum. (S75.2)

The upper limit of the yield strength of Grade 50 helps the designer to control the formation of the plastic hinge in the beams under earthquake loads. Particularly when used in combination with columns in Grade 65, it also guarantees that the actual yield strength in the column will be always higher than the actual yield strength in the beams, and thus the strong column - weak beam concept is always satisfied.

DO NOT COPY

• Groups 4 and 5 shapes are available in conformance with so-called AISC Supplement 2. This requirement specifies a CVN toughness minimum average value of 20 ft.lbs [27 J] at 70 °F [21°C] on a specimen taken from the core of the web-flange intersection.

This requirement is to ensure that heavy shapes have the necessary toughness trough-out the section when submitted to a high level of stresses, particularly for welded members in tension. Latest SAC/FEMA recommendations extended this requirement to shapes of size group 3 with flanges 1 ½ in. or thicker.

Charpy V-notch impact energiesCVN testat 70°F [21°C]

A913 Grade 50

ft. lbs.

A913 Grade 65

ft. lbs. Average 176 [238] 167 [226]Standard deviation 22 [30] 25 [33]Min. 101 [136] 91 [124]Max. 225 [304] 231 [312]

A992MA992M Is A Structural Steel For Making The Structural Shapes (W-Section) For

Construction Of Building Frames.

Below are the properties of A992M structural steel.

Physical PropertyDensity 7,800 Kg/m3 (0.28 lb./cu in)

Mechanical PropertiesElongation At Breakage

18% In 200mm & 21% In 50mm

Yield Strength

345 MPa (50 ksi)

Ultimate Tensile Strength

450 MPa (65 ksi)

maximum 0.85

DO NOT COPY

yield-to-tensile strength ratio

Why A992M?ASTM A992 is currently the most available steel type for structural wide-flange beams. The industry's technical institute describes the standard thus: "ASTM A992 (Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi) is the preferred material specification for wide-flange shapes, having replaced ASTM A36 and A572 grade 50. There are a couple of noteworthy enhancements with ASTM A992. Material ductility is well defined since a maximum yield-to-tensile strength ratio of 0.85 is specified. Additionally, weldability is improved since a maximum carbon equivalent value of 0.45 (0.47 for Group 4 and 5 shapes) is required. ASTM A992 is written to cover all hot-rolled shapes.

DO NOT COPY

ASTM STEELS FOR SHEETS AND PLATESASTM A606CHARACTERISTICS ASTM A606 plate, a High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steel plate, is 20-30% lighter than carbon steel and exhibits up to four times the atmospheric corrosion resistance of common structural carbon steel. When it is exposed to external conditions, the steel plate develops a weathered orange-brown oxide that is resistant to corrosion, increasing its life and durability. It is weld able, formable, punch able, and Machin able using the proper techniques.Cor-Ten is a trade name associated with A606. This group of alloys under the name of Corten is also known as weathering steel due to its rust-like appearance when exposed to weathering over time.

APPLICATIONSA606 plate is used for bridges, telecommunications and transmission towers, freight cars and housings that require durability and a high strength-to-weight ratio.

A606 Availability

A606 steel plate is desirable where savings in weight or added durability are important, with enhanced atmospheric corrosion resistance.

A606 is supplied in two types:Type II contains 0.02% minimum copper based on cast or heat analysis (0.18% minimum copper for product check).

Type IV contains additional alloying elements and provides a level of corrosion resistance substantially better than that of carbon steels with or without copper addition. When properly exposed to the atmosphere, Type 4 steel can be used bare, or unpainted, for many applications.

THICKNESS

WIDTH LENGTH

A606 3/16" – 4" 48" – 120" 96" – 480"

DO NOT COPY

TYPICAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Carbon, % 0.22 - 0.26

Manganese, % 1.25 - 1.3

Sulphur, % 0.04 - 0.06

TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Tensile Strength ksi 70

Yield 2% Offset ksi 40

Elongation 22% min in 2”

HSLAS PROPERTIESHigh yield and tensile strength steelsDescription

Steels in the HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) range are hardened by a combination of precipitation and grain size refining, resulting in high strength with low alloy content. This enhances weldability and choice of coatings, since these steels exhibit neither weld zone softening nor grain coarsening. These grades are particularly suitable for structural components such as suspension systems and chassis and reinforcement parts.

For their respective yield strength levels, these steels all exhibit excellent cold forming and low-temperature brittle fracture strength (starting at grade 320).

The entire range of HSLA steels offers good fatigue strength (suspension arm, shock tower) and impact strength (longitudinal beams, cross members, reinforcements, etc.).

Because of their mechanical strength, the weight of reinforcement and structural components can be reduced.

The HSLA range of products is available in hot and cold rolled grades. The various grades are identified by their yield strength.

DO NOT COPY

Hot rolled HSLA grades can be given a Class 1 hot-dip galvanized coating according to the EN 36503 standard (post-galvanizing).

Applications

The steels in the HSLA range are suitable for structural parts such as suspension systems, reinforcements, cross members, longitudinal beams, chassis components, etc. The mechanical properties of hot rolled HSLA steels and their excellent cold forming performance and low-temperature brittle fracture resistance support cost-effective solutions for many parts and sub-assemblies for which weight, thickness and size reduction are sought, such as:

chassis components; wheels; slide rails; Cross members.

Classifications Weathering steels: steels which have better corrosion resistance. A common example

is COR-TEN. Control-rolled steels: hot rolled steels which have a highly deformed austenite

structure that will transform to a very fine equiaxed ferrite structure upon cooling. Pearlite-reduced steels: low carbon content steels which lead to little or no pearlite,

but rather a very fine grain ferrite matrix. It is strengthened by precipitation hardening.

Acicular ferrite steels: These steels are characterized by a very fine high strength acicular ferrite structure, a very low carbon content, and good hardenability.

Dual-phase steels: These steels have a ferrite microstruture that contain small, uniformly distributed sections of martensite. This microstructure gives the steels a low yield strength, high rate of work hardening, and good formability.

Microalloyed steels: steels which contain very small additions of niobium, vanadium, and/or titanium to obtain a refined grain size and/or precipitation hardening.

A common type of micro-alloyed steel is improved-formability HSLA. It has a yield strength up to 80,000 psi (550 MPa) but only costs 24% more than A36 steel (36,000 psi (250 MPa)). One of the disadvantages of this steel is that it is 30 to 40% less ductile. In the U.S., these steels are dictated by the ASTM standards A1008/A1008M and A1011/A1011M for sheet metal and A656/A656M for plates. These steels were developed for the automotive industry to reduce weight without losing strength. Examples of uses include door-intrusion beams, chassis members, reinforcing and mounting brackets, steering and suspension parts, bumpers, and wheels.

SAE gradesThe Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) maintains standards for HSLA steel grades because they are often used in automotive applications.

SAE HSLA steel grade compositionsGrade % Carbon (max) % Manganese (max) % Phosphorus (max) % Sulfur (max) % Silicon (max) Notes942X 0.21 1.35 0.04 0.05 0.90 Niobium or vanadium treated

DO NOT COPY

945A 0.15 1.00 0.04 0.05 0.90945C 0.23 1.40 0.04 0.05 0.90945X 0.22 1.35 0.04 0.05 0.90 Niobium or vanadium treated950A 0.15 1.30 0.04 0.05 0.90950B 0.22 1.30 0.04 0.05 0.90950C 0.25 1.60 0.04 0.05 0.90950D 0.15 1.00 0.15 0.05 0.90950X 0.23 1.35 0.04 0.05 0.90 Niobium or vanadium treated955X 0.25 1.35 0.04 0.05 0.90 Niobium, vanadium, or nitrogen treated

960X 0.26 1.45 0.04 0.05 0.90 Niobium, vanadium, or nitrogen treated

965X 0.26 1.45 0.04 0.05 0.90 Niobium, vanadium, or nitrogen treated

970X 0.26 1.65 0.04 0.05 0.90Niobium, vanadium, or nitrogen treated

980X 0.26 1.65 0.04 0.05 0.90 Niobium, vanadium, or nitrogen treated

SAE HSLA steel grade mechanical properties

DO NOT COPY

Ranking of various properties for SAE HSLA steel grades

A1011MSS STEEL PROPERTIES

DO NOT COPY

A1011 sheet is capable of being bent at room temperature in any direction through 180° flat on itself without cracking on the outside of the bent portion.APPLICATIONS

Applications for ASTM A1011 sheet include: Agricultural implements Automotive components and frames Barrels and drums Structural parts and frames General fabrication

SIZES OF A1011 SHEET

Up to .375"

TYPICAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Carbon, % 0.02 - 0.15

Manganese, Max % 0.60

Phosphorus, Max % 0.03

Sulphur, Max % 0.035

TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

DO NOT COPY

Tensile Strength ksi 30 to 50

ASTM STEELS FOR BOLTSASTM A307ScopeThe ASTM A307 specification covers carbon steel bolts and studs ranging from 1/4″ through 4″ diameter. This is your everyday, run of the mill bolt specification often manufactured using A36 round bar. There are three grades A, B, and C* which denote tensile strength, configuration, and application. Refer to the Mechanical Properties Chart for the subtle strength differences within each grade.

A307 Grades

A307 Chemical Properties

A307 Mechanical Properties

A307 Recommended Hardware

DO NOT COPY

ASTM A325M PROPERTIES

ASTM A325 is an ASTM International standard for heavy hex structural bolts, titled Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength. It defines mechanical properties for bolts that range from 1⁄2 to 1-1⁄2 in diameter.The equivalent metric standard is ASTM A325M, which is titled Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated 830 MPa Minimum Tensile Strength. It defines mechanical properties for sizes M12–36.There is also a T version, which is used to refer to fully threaded bolts.This is a standard set by the standards organization ASTM International, a voluntary standards development organizations that sets technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services.

TypesThe type refers to the type of material used to make the bolt. The standard currently defines two types, however it previously defined the following three:Type 1: Medium carbon steel, boron steel, or medium carbon alloy steelType 2: Low carbon martensitic steel (withdrawn from the standard in 1991)Type 3: Weathering steelNote that independent of the material the bolt is quenched and tempered.

Connection typesThere are also three connection types defined:

SC: A slip critical connection. N: A bearing type connection where the threads are on the shear plane. X: A bearing type connection where the threads are not on the shear plane.

Mechanical properties These types of bolts are designed to be tightened to near their proof strength, in order to create significant bolt tension. The standard states that the bolts must be tightened to at least 70% of the tensile strength. These bolts use the same material as their common cousins (ASTM F568M for metric bolts), but have a thicker and wider head to more effectively distribute the load. This modified geometry is often referred to as heavy hex geometry.ASTM 325 bolts can be considered equivalent to Grade 8.8 bolts according to ASTM F568M.

Head markings and mechanical properties for metric sizes

DO NOT COPY

Head markings and mechanical properties for imperial sizes

ASTM A449 PROPERTIESScopeASTM A449 covers headed bolts, rods, and anchor bolts in diameters ranging from 1/4″ through 3″ inclusive. It is a medium strength bolt manufactured from a medium carbon or alloy steel that develops its mechanical values through a heat treating process. It is intended for general engineering applications.ASTM A449 is virtually identical in chemistry and strength to ASTM A325 and SAE J429 grade 5. However, A449 is more flexible in the sense that it covers a larger diameter range and is not restricted by a specific configuration.

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

References

books.google.com.pk/bookshttp://www.astm.org/industry/popular-metals-standards.htmlwww.wikipedia.com.pkhttp://www.chapelsteel.com/a36.http://www.matweb.comhttp://www.onealsteel.com/carbon-steel-plate-a588.htmlhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.a588.1979.pdfsections.arcelormittal.com/.../Histar_ASTM_A913_seismic_ncee_en.pdf

http://www.suppliersonline.com/propertypages/A70950.asphttp://www.leecosteel.com/a588-a606-steel-plate.htmlhttp://automotive.arcelormittal.com/saturnus/sheets/F_EN.htmlhttp://www.portlandbolt.com/technical/specifications/astm-a307/