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Standards AndCodes

Presented By:Muhammad Nasir AliUET LAHORE mnasirali64@gmail.com

ContentsWhat are standards?Types of standardsSpecifications of standards with examplesWhat are Codes?Types of codesCodes specification with examples

What is Standard? A document that provides requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics used consistently to ensure an organizational purposes about their products.Standards are everywhere in everything.

Types of StandardsInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO) Japanese Industrial Standard(JIS)The American Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME) National Aerospace Standards (NASM )United States Military StandardSociety of Automotive Engineers (SAE)British Standards Institution (BSI)ASTM International American Society for Testing and Materials.

Specifications with ExamplesISO Standards

Welding Fabrication StandardsISO 9001EN 729EN ISO 3834

Use and field of application of EN ISO 3834This International Standard is structured in five parts: EN ISO 3834-1: Guidelines for selection and use; EN ISO 3834-2: Comprehensive quality requirements; EN ISO 3834-3: Standard quality requirements; EN ISO 3834-4: Elementary quality requirements; EN ISO 3834-5: Normative references to fulfil the requirements of EN ISO 3834-2, EN ISO 3834-3 and EN ISO 3834-4.

Welding processMaterialApplicable standardArc welding, manual andpartly mechanisedSteelEN 287 1, ISO 9606-1Aluminium and aluminium alloysISO 9606-2 (EN 287 2)ISO 9606-3Nickel and nickel alloysISO 9606-4Arc welding, fully mechanisedand automaticAllEN 1418 (ISO 14732)Underwater weldingAllISO 15618-1 and 2

Fastener SpecificationsStandards for Fasteners from AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

ASTM Fastener StandardsASTM A194ASTM A307ASTM A325ASTM A394ASTM A563

Type O Tower BoltsHughes Brothers Type O Tower Bolts are manufactured in accordance with ASTM A394.

Ordering InformationBT 6 4-1/2 - 3-1/4

Designates type "O" tower boltThe first digit in decimal equivalent(see chart on next pages)Bolt length in inchesFull body length in inches

DecimalEquivalencyChartFractionDecimalHUGHES1/4".223/8".331/2".555/8".663/4".777/8".881-1/8"1.12511

Square Head BoltsHughes Brothers Square Head Machine Bolts are manufactured in accordance with ASTM A36 steel.

Ordering Information B 7 1 6 - 6

Designates square head machine boltsFirst digit in decimal equivalentBolt length in inchesThread length in inches

ASTM Steel StandardA514 steel

A514 steelThetensile yield strengthof A514 alloys is specified as at least 100ksi(689MPa) for thicknesses up to 2.5 inches (63.5mm) thick plate.ultimate tensile strength at least 110ksi (758Mpa). Plates from 2.5 to 6.0 inches thick have specified strength of 621MPa (yield) and(689896MPa) (ultimate).A514 steels are used where a weldable, machinable, very high strength steel is required to save weight or meet ultimate strength requirements.

International Organization for Standardization(ISO) Specifications

ISO/TR 29381:2008

Metallic materials -- Measurement of mechanical properties by an instrumented indentation test -- Indentation tensile properties.ISO/TR 29381:2008 describes methods for evaluating tensile properties of metallic materials using an instrumented indentation test.

ISO 13314:2011

Mechanical testing of metals -- Ductility testing -- Compression test for porous and cellular metals.ISO 13314:2011 specifies a test method for compressive properties of porous and cellular metals with a porosity of 50 % or more. Compressive tests can be carried out at ambient temperature under quasi-static strain rate conditions.

Overview of ISO 9001 and ISO 14001

ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 in briefISO 9001 and ISO 14001 are among ISO's most well known standards ever. They are implemented by more than a million organizations in some 175 countries.ISO 9001 helps organizations to implement quality management.ISO 14001 helps organizations to implement environmental management.

ISO 9001 is for quality management Quality management means what the organization does to :ensure that its products or services satisfy the customer's quality requirements andcomply with any regulations applicable to those products or services. enhance customer satisfaction, andachieve continual improvement of its performance

ISO 14001 is for environmental management. This means what the organization does to:minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by its activities, to conform to applicable regulatory requirements, and toachieve continual improvement of its environmental performance.

Processes, not products Both ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 concern the way an organization goes about its work.They are not product standards.They are not service standards.They are process standards. They can be used by product manufacturers and service providers.

Processes, not products (cont.)Processes affect final products or services.ISO 9001 gives the requirements for what the organization must do to manage processes affecting quality of its products and services.ISO 14001 gives the requirements for what the organization must do to manage processes affecting the impact of its activities on the environment.

Resources

What Are Codes?

Codes

A standard is a code when it has been adopted by one or more governmental bodies and is enforceable by law, or when it has been incorporated into abusiness contract

Material classification MC-codesISO P SteelISO M Stainless steelISO K Cast ironISO N Non-ferrous materialsISO S HRSA and TitaniumISO H Hardened steel

MC code structure

The structure is set up so that the MC code can represent a variety of workpiece material properties and characteristics using a combination of letters and numbers.

Codes Specification With examples

ISO P Steel

Unalloyed steel P 1.1-1.5Low alloyed steel P 2.1-2.6High alloyed steel P 3.0-3.2

ISO P steel Example 1:The codeP1.2.Z.ANPis the ISO-code for steel1is the material group unalloyed steel2is the material sub-group for carbon content >0.25% 0.55 % C Zis the manufacturing process: forged/rolled/cold drawn ANis the heat treatment, annealed, supplied with hardness values

ISO N Non-ferrous materials

Alluminium based N1.1-4.6Magnesium based N2.0.C.UTCopper based N3.1-4.5Zinc based N4.0.C.UT

ISO N (non ferrous) Example 2N1.3.C.AGNis the ISO-code for non-ferrous metals1is the material group aluminium3is the sub-group aluminium with Si content 1-13%Cis the manufacturing process: castingAGfor the heat treatment: ageing

ISO M Stainless steelFerritic and martensitic stainless steel P5.0-5.1Austenitic and super-austenitic stainless steel M1.0-2.0Duplex stainless steel M 3.41-3.42

ISO M stainless steel ExampleM.3.1.C.AQM is ISO code for stainless steel3 is for material group duplex steel1 is for sub group of material in which ferrite is >60%C is for manufacturing process cast manufacturedAQ is for annealed or quenched annealed (heattreatment)

ISO K Cast iron

Malleable Cast Iron (MCI) K 1.1-1.2 and Grey Cast Iron (GCI) K 2.1-2.3Nodular Cast Iron (NCI) K 3.1-3.5Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) K 4.1-4.2Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) K 5.1- 5.3

ISO K cast iron ExampleK3.3.C.UTK is ISO code for cast iron3 is for material group nodular3 is for material sub group perliticC is for manufacturing process cast manufacturedUT is for untreated (heatreatment process)

ISO S HRSA and Titanium

HRSA (heat resistant super alloys) materials S 1.0-3.0Titanium S 4.1-4.4

ISO S HRSA & Titaniumexample S4.4.Z.AG S is for ISO S group4 is for material group titanium based4 is for material sub group beta alloysZ is for manufacturing process forged/rolled/cold drawnAG is for aged (heat treated)

ISO H Hardened steel

Steel(extra hard) H1.1-4.3Chilled cast iron H2.0.4Stellities H3.0.5Ferro TIC H4.0.6

ISO H Example H1.3.Z.HAH is for ISO H hardened steel1 is for material group steel(extra hard)3 is for material sub group in which hardness level is 60Z is for manufacturing process forged/rolled/cold drawnHA is for hardened+tempered(heat treatment)

Ethical Behaviour

Submitted by: 2013-ME-390 2013-ME-389 2013-ME-365 2013-ME-379Submitted to: Mam Samina

contextEthicsEthical BehaviorAlternative ViewsCode of ethicsHow ethical dilemma complicate workplaceHow can ethical standards be maintainedManagement ethics typesSources of ethical viewsOverlap model of law moral and ethicsHow companies manage ethics

What is EthicsEthics involvesHaving guidelines for human behaviorStudying moral choices and valuesChoosing between right and wrong

What is ethical behaviourEthics Code of moral principles.Set standards of good and bad as opposed to right and wrongEthical behavior What is accepted as good and right in the context of the governing moral code

Law, values, and ethical behavior:Legal behavior is not necessarily ethical behaviorPersonal values help determine individual ethical behaviorTerminal valuesInstrumental values

Alternative Views of Ethical Behavior

What is code of ethicsA code of ethics isA systematic set of rules and procedure used to guide the behavior of an individual, a business or a cultureThe code of ethics is in writing and available to everyone who is expected to abide them

How do ethical dilemmas complicate the workplace?An ethical dilemma occurs when choices, although having potential for personal and/or organizational benefit, may be considered unethical.Ethical dilemmas include:DiscriminationSexual harassmentConflicts of interestCustomer confidenceOrganizational resources

Ethical behavior can be rationalized by convincing yourself that:Behavior is not really illegal.Behavior is really in everyones best interests.Nobody will ever find out.The organization will protect you

Factors influencing ethical behavior include:The personFamily influences, religious values, personal standards, and personal needs.The organizationSupervisory behavior, peer group norms and behavior, and policy statements and written rules.The environmentGovernment laws and regulations, societal norms and values, and competitive climate in an industry.

How can high ethical standards be maintained?Checklist for dealing with ethical dilemmasStep 1. Recognize the ethical dilemmaStep 2: Get the factsStep 3. Identify your optionsStep 4. Test each option: Is it legal? Is it right? Is it beneficial?Step 5. Decide which option to followStep 6. Double-check decision by asking the spotlight questions: How would I feel if my family found out about my decision? How would I feel about this if my decision were printed in the local newspaper?Step 7. Take action.

Types of Management EthicsImmoralRecognize the ethical issues involved and choose to do the wrong thing. MoralRecognize the ethical issues involved and choose to do the right thing.AmoralDo not consider the ethical implications of an action or believe that ethics are irrelevant.

Major Sources of Ethical Values in Business

The Overlap Model of Law, Ethics and MoralsWhile all three approaches of law, ethics, and morals attempt to give us guidance as to the propriety of our conduct, they do not always give us the same answers.

DefinitionsEthics: Rules of conduct based on consensually-accepted standards of behavior. (Conventional Approach)Morals: Absolute Precepts of personal behavior based on religion or philosophy. (Principles Approach)Law: Formal standards that permit or forbid certain behaviors.

How Companies Manage EthicsSeven Steps: Establish compliance standards and proceduresCode of ConductEthical oversight occurs at high levels of managementDo not delegate authority to persons who are prone to engage in criminal behaviorUse background checks

Communicate standards to all employeesEthics Training ProgramsEstablish Monitoring and ethical auditing systemsConsistently enforce standardsImmediately after an offence take steps to prevent future offences