Presented by-

PRATIM

CHAKRABORTTY

(PDC- 16TH

BATCH)

ROLL NO.- 45

What is ‘Power Grid’?

This is a Network of Electrical

Transmission Lines, connecting

multiple of Generating

Stations to loads throughout India.

NEW Grid

South

Grid

South

West

North

East

Northeast

Five Regional Grids

Five Frequencies

October 1991

East and Northeast

synchronized

March 2003

West synchronized

With East & Northeast

August 2006

North synchronized With Central Grid

Central Grid

Five Regional Grids

Two Frequencies

MERGING

OF

MARKETS

Renewable: 25 GW

Installed Capacity: 200 GW

SR Synch By 2013-14

Inter – Regional

Capacity:

28 GW

What is ‘Smart Grid’?

A ‘Smart Grid’ is a form of Electricity Network,utilizing Digital Technology. A Smart Grid deliversElectricity from suppliers to the consumers byusing two-way digital communications to controlappliances at consumers' homes. It can saveenergy, reduce costs and increase reliability andtransparency. The "Smart Grid" is envisioned tooverlay the ordinary electrical grid with aninformation and net metering system that includesSmart Meters.

Smart Grid & Digital Metering

with Smart Metering

Advantages of ‘Smart Grid’

Many Smart Grid features readily apparent toconsumers such as Smart Meters serve the energyefficiency goal. The approach is to make it possible forenergy suppliers to charge variable electric rates sothat charges would reflect the large differences in costof generating electricity during peak or off peakperiods. Such capabilities allow load control switchesto control large energy consuming devices such as hotwater heaters so that they consume electricity when itis cheaper to produce. The other advantages are asfollows--

1. Modernisation of both Transmission &

Distribution system

A smart grid is an umbrella, that coversmodernisation of both the Transmission andDistribution. The modernization is directed at adisparate set of goals including facilitatinggreater competition between providers, enablinggreater use of variable energy sources,establishing the automation and monitoringcapabilities needed for bulk transmission atcross continent distances, and enabling the useof market forces to drive energy conservation.

2. Platform for advanced services

As with the other industries, use of robusttwo-way communications, advanced sensors,and distributed computing technology willimprove the efficiency, reliability and safety ofpower delivery and use. It also opens up thepotential for entirely new services orimprovements on existing ones, such as firemonitoring and alarms that can shut offpower, make phone calls to emergencyservices, etc.

3. Savings- Estimate & Assumptions

In the case of the telecoms aspect of Smart Grids, this ignores the possibility of bringing autonomy to a given appliance. Various companies have developed low cost systems which allow products to react to network fluctuations (Usually Network Frequency). This type of control is called “Dynamic Demand Management” (DDM). A feature of DDM being that-- It is low in cost, needed no Telecom Network and are available now.

Characteristics of a ‘Smart Grid’

It will be able to heal itself (Self Healing).

Motivate Consumers to participate actively with theGrid.

Resist Attack.

It will provide higher quality power that will save Money.

Accommodate all Generation and Storage options.

Enable Electricity markets to flourish.

It will run more efficiently.

It will be enable higher penetration of intermittentPower generation sources.

Self Healing

Using real time information fromembedded sensors and automatedcontrols to anticipate, detect, andrespond to system problems, a smartgrid can automatically avoid or mitigatepower outages, power quality problems,and service disruptions.

Consumer Participation

A smart grid is, in essence, an attempt to requireconsumers to change their behavior around variableelectric rates or to pay vastly increased rates for theprivilege of reliable electrical service during high-demand conditions. This enables consumers to bettercontrol “Smart Appliances” and “IntelligentEquipment” in homes and businesses, interconnectingenergy management systems in “Smart Buildings” andenabling consumers to better manage energy use andreduce energy costs.

Resist Attack

Smart Grid technologies can identify betterand respond to the man-made or naturaldisruptions. Real-time information enablesGrid operators to isolate the affected areasand redirect power flows around damagedfacilities.

High Quality Power

It is asserted that assuring more stable powerprovided by smart grid technologies will reducedowntime and prevent such high losses, but thereliability of complex systems is very difficult toanalyze and guarantee. A more practical approach toimproving reliability and power quality is to simplyfollow the well established and well documentedengineering principles.

Accommodate Generation Options

As smart grids continue to support traditional powerloads they also seamlessly interconnect fuel cells,renewable, micro turbines, and other distributedgeneration technologies at local and regional levels.Integration of small-scale, localized, or on-site powergeneration allows residential, commercial, andindustrial customers to self-generate and sell excesspower to the grid with minimal technical orregulatory barriers.

Enable High Penetration of Intermittent Generation Sources

Climate change and environmental concernswill increase the amount of renewable energyresources. These are for the most partintermittent in nature. Smart Gridtechnologies will enable power systems tooperate with larger amounts of such energyresources since they enable both the suppliersand consumers to compensate for suchintermittency.

Functions of a ‘Smart Grid’

Smart Grid Technologies

The bulk of ‘Smart Grid Technologies’ arealready used in other applications, such asManufacturing and Telecommunications andare being adopted for use in Grid operations.In general, ‘Smart Grid Technologies’ arebased on the following---

Integrated Communications

Some communications are up to date, but are not uniformbecause they have been developed in an incrementalfashion and not fully integrated. In most cases, data isbeing collected via modem rather than direct networkconnection. Areas for improvement include: substationautomation, demand response, distribution automation,‘Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition’ (SCADA),energy management systems, wireless mesh networks andother technologies, power-line carrier communications,and fiber-optics. Integrated communications will allow forreal-time control, information and data exchange tooptimize system reliability, asset utilization, and security.

Sensing & Measurement

Core duties are evaluating congestion and gridstability, monitoring equipment health, energy theftprevention, and control strategies support.Technologies include ‘Advanced MicroprocessorMeters’ (Smart Meters) and meter readingequipment, wide-area monitoring systems, DynamicLine Rating [Typically based on online readings byDistributed temperature sensing combined with‘Real Time Thermal Rating’ (RTTR) systems],electromagnetic signature measurement/ analysis,time-of-use and real-time pricing tools, advancedswitches and cables, backscatter radio technology,and Digital Protective Relays.

Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)

High speed sensors, called PMU distributedthroughout their network can be used to monitorpower quality and in some cases respond automaticallyto them. Phasors are the representations of thewaveforms of alternating current, which ideally in real-time, are identical everywhere on the network andconform to the most desirable shape.

Advanced Control

Power system automation enables rapid diagnosis ofand precise solutions to specific grid disruptions oroutages. These technologies rely on and contribute toeach of the other four key areas. Three technologycategories for advanced control methods are--Distributed Intelligent Agents (Control Systems),Analytical Tools (Software Algorithms and high-speedcomputers) and operational applications.

Vision of a Smart Grid

What is ‘SCADA System’?

SCADA is a concept that is used to refer to themanagement of data that can be used in developingprocess management criteria. The use of the termSCADA varies, depending on location. In NorthAmerica, SCADA refers to a distributed measurementand management system that operates on a large-scalebasis. For the rest of the world, SCADA refers to asystem that performs the same basic functions, butoperates in a number of different environments as wellas a multiplicity of scales.

Functions of ‘SCADA System’

The ‘SCADA System’ has the following functions:

1. Establishment of communications

Configure each RTU

Initialize each RTU with input/output parameters

Download control and data acquisition programs to the RTU

2. Operation of the communication Link

For master slave arrangement, poll each RTU for data and

write to each RTU

Log alarms and events to hard disk

Link input and outputs at different RTUs automatically

SCADA Hardware & Software

SCADA Hardware:

Supervisory Control and

Data Acquisition Systems usually have Distributed

Control System components. PLCs or

RTUs are also commonly used

SCADA Software:

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition software

can be divided into proprietary type or open

type. Proprietary software are developed and

designed for the specific hardware and are usually

sold together.

SCADA Communication

SCADA systems have traditionally used combinationsof radio and direct serial or modem connections tomeet communication requirements, although Ethernetand IP over SONET / SDH is also frequently used atlarge sites such as Railways and Power Stations. Theremote management or monitoring function of aSCADA system is often referred to as telemetry.

SCADA & Human Machine

Interface (HMI)

SCADA system includes a user interfacewhich is usually called Human MachineInterface (HMI). The HMI of a SCADA systemis where data is processed and presented to beviewed and monitored by a Human Operator.This interface usually includes controls wherethe individual can interface with the SCADAsystem.

A view in SCADA- HMI

Advantages of SCADA in ‘Smart Grid

System’

The Tolerant of attack – mitigates and stands resilient to physical andcyber attacks.

Provides power quality needed by 21st century users.

Fully enables competitive energy markets – real-time information, lowertransaction costs, available to everyone.

Optimizes assets – uses IT and monitoring to continually optimize itscapital assets while minimizing operations and maintenance costs – morethroughput per $invested.

Accommodates a wide variety of generation options – central anddistributed, intermittent and dispatchable.

Empowers the consumer– interconnects with energy managementsystems in smart buildings to enable customers to manage their energy useand reduce their energy costs.

Self-healing– anticipates and instantly responds to system problems inorder to avoid or mitigate power outages and power quality problems.

Future of ‘Smart Grid in INDIA’

Market prospect for companies looking for smart grid opportunities in India.

Key drivers for market growth for smart grids in India.

Key pilot projects being undertaken in India.

Overview of smart grid policies and regulations in India.