Rural electrification by Lakshmi.Nidoni-Seminar report final

RURAL ELECTRIFICATION THROGH SOLAR AND WIND HYBRID SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

In India, more than 200 million people live in rural areas without access to grid-

connected power. Over 80,000 villages remain to be un-electrified, because it is difficult

to supply electricity due to inherent problems of location and economy. The cost to install

and service the distribution lines considerably high for remote areas. Also there will be a

substantial increase in transmission line losses in are addition to poor power supply

reliability. In most of the remote and non electrified sites, extension of utility grid lines

experiences high capital investment, high lead time, low load factor, poor voltage

regulation and frequent power supply interruptions. Hence, a convenient, cost-effective

and reliable power supply is an essential factor in the development of any rural area.

Thus, to overcome all the disadvantages possessed by the conventional method of

electricity generation and transmission distributed energy generation is being preferred

and promoted.

There are several ways by which electricity can be generated locally using

renewable sources such as solar, wind, biogas, etc. At present, standalone solar

photovoltaic and wind systems have been promoted around the globe on a comparatively

larger scale. These independent systems cannot provide continuous source of energy, as

they are seasonal. Therefore, suitable energy storage systems will be required for these

systems in order to satisfy the power demands. Usually storage system is expensive and

the size has to be reduced to a minimum possible for the renewable energy system to be

cost effective. The cost effective solution would be hybrid power systems which can

reduce energy storage requirements.

For villages, where we can get abundant source of sun rays and wind blow, we

can use a hybrid technique employing energy. This can technique releases the

requirement of the electricity from conventional sources. Lot of research is reported for

exploration of renewable sources. It has been small photovoltaic systems generators in the

capacity range of 200-600 watts can be economically viable established that in

comparison to petrol generators is economically viable if the life cycle cost approach and

environmental benefits are considered. Wind energy systems for irrigation and milling

have been in use since ancient times and since of 500-600 watts. Though the initial

investment for solar PV power plants is high, it the beginning of the 20th century it is

being used to generate electric power. Windmills for water pumping have been installed

in many countries particularly in the rural areas. Small wind turbines called aero-

SIET, VIJAYPUR DEPT. OF EEEPage 1


generators can be used to charge large batteries. Typically, winds are stronger during the

winter and spring months, then fall off during the summer months. The opposite is true

with sunshine, which is strongest in the summer, but affected by more cloudy days during

the winter and spring. It doesn't take a lot of clouds to have a significant effect on solar

output. A hybrid system can help overcome the seasonal variations of wind and sunlight

to give a more balanced output from alternative energy system. This papers presents

design and implementation of small solar –wind hybrid system which can feed a rural

load without any interruption

One of the primary needs for socio-economic development in any nation in the

world is the provision of reliable electricity supply systems. In Nigeria, the low level of

electricity generation in Nigeria from conventional fossil fuel has been the major

constraint to rapid socio-economic development especially in rural communities. Moreso,

about sixty-five percent (65%) of 140million Nigeria populace are rural dwellers with

majority of them living far-off grid areas. These rural dwellers are mostly farmers whose

socio-economic lives can only be improved when provisions are made to preserve their

wasting agricultural products and provide energy for their household equipment such as

refrigerator, fan, lighting etc. There is also such a need to provide electricity for e-

information infrastructures in our rural communities to service school, rural hospital, rural

banking and rural e-library. Hence, there is the need to develop an indigenous technology

to harness the renewable energies in Sun and Wind to generate electricity.

Electricity is most needed for our day to day life. There are two ways of electricity

generation either by conventional energy resources or by non-conventional energy

resources. Electrical energy demand increases in word so to fulfill demand we have to

generate electrical energy. Now a day’s electrical energy is generated by the conventional

energy resources like coal, diesel, and nuclear etc. The main drawback of these sources is

that it produces waste like ash in coal power plant, nuclear waste in nuclear power plant

and taking care of this wastage is very costly. And it also damages the nature. The nuclear

waste is very harmful to human being also. The conventional energy resources are

depleting day by day. Soon it will be completely vanishes from the earth so we have to

find another way to generate electricity. The new source should be reliable, pollution free

and economical. The non-conventional energy resources should be good alternative

energy resources for the conventional energy resources. There are many non-conventional



energy resources like geothermal, tidal, wind, solar etc. The tidal energy has drawbacks

like it can only implemented on sea shores. While geothermal energy needs very lager

step to extract heat from earth. Solar and wind are easily available in all condition. The

non-conventional energy resources like solar, wind can be good alternative source. Solar

energy has drawback that it could not produce electrical energy in rainy and cloudy

season so we need to overcome this drawback we can use two energy resources so that

any one of source fails other source will keep generating the electricity. And in good

weather condition we can use both sources combine.



CHAPTER 2: SOLAR WIND HYBRID SYSTEM2.1. Renewable Energy Sources: Indian ScenarioThe estimated potential of various Renewable Energy sources in India by IREDA is

shown in table-1

Table 2.1: Renewable Energy potential in India.

SL.NO POTENTIAL ENERGY SOURCE

01 SOLAR 20,000W/sq.cm

02 WIND 20,000MW

03 SMALL HYDRO 10,000MW

04 OCEAN THERMAL 50,000MW

05 TIDAL 10,000MW

06 BIOGAS 12 MILLION PLANTS

07 BIOGAS BASED

COGENERATION

3500MW

08 MSW 1000MW

India is potentially one of the largest markets for solar energy in the world. The

estimated potential of power generation through solar photovoltaic system is about 20

MW / Sq.km in India. There is more than enough solar radiation available around the

world to satisfy the demand for solar power systems. The proportion of the sun’s rays that

reaches the earth’s surface is enough to provide for global energy consumption 10,000

times over. On average, each square meter of land is exposed to enough sunlight to

produce 1,700 kWh of power every year. It is useful for providing grid quality, reliable

power in rural areas where the line voltage is low and insufficient to cater to connected

load. The Govt. of India is planning to electrify 18,000 villages by year 2012 through

renewable energy systems especially by solar PV systems. This offers tremendous growth

potential for Indian solar PV industry. The Govt. of India had a target of achieving 150

MW installed capacity in year 2007. It presented a tremendous business opportunity in

manufacturing of solar modules and other components Wind energy is the kinetic energy

associated with the movement of atmospheric air. It has been used for hundreds of years

for sailing, grinding grain, and for irrigation. Wind energy systems convert this kinetic

energy to more useful forms of power. Wind energy systems for irrigation and milling



have been in use since ancient times and since the beginning of the 20th century it is

being used to generate electric power. Windmills for water pumping have been installed

in many countries particularly in the rural areas. During periods of low winds or calm,

wind turbine can produce only limited power. On cloudy days, solar system is likewise

limited in its ability to produce power. Seasonal variations of sun and wind is shown in

fig.1.Seasonal variation in wind and sun means there are periods where system may be

limited in how much power it can produce. So there is need to find a way to offset the dog

days of summer and the rainy days of winter.

Fig. 2.1-Seasonal variations of sun and wind

Fortunately, one can utilize a hybrid system of wind and solar to capture the

strengths of each system, while at the same time overcoming the weaknesses of each

system, to create a balanced approach to producing energy. And as a bonus, for those

days where both wind and sun are available, there is increase in production over what a

single system could provide. This type of installation is particularly applicable for rural

areas where there are hilly areas from which wind and solar energy is available in

abundant respects. Thus the plant integrates benefits of PV and wind energy. The project

can also be applied in urban area but the overall cost for this project would be more than

the mains power supply installation. Therefore the methodology is particularly applicable

in rural areas only.



2.2 Solar-generated Electricity – Photovoltaic

The Solar-generated electricity is called Photovoltaic (or PV). Photovoltaics are solar

cells that convert sunlight to D.C electricity. These solar cells in PV module are made

from semiconductor materials. When light energy strikes the cell, electrons are emitted.

The electrical conductor attached to the positive and negative scales of the material allow

the electrons to be captured in the form of a D.C current. The generated electricity can be

used to power a load or can be stored in a battery.



Fig. 2.2: Schematic diagram of Hybrid solar-wind power source

Photovoltaic system is classified into two major types: the off-grid (stand alone)

systems and inter-tied system. The off-grid (stand alone) systems are mostly used where

there is no utility grid service. It is very economical in providing electricity at remote

locations especially rural banking, hospital and ICT in rural environments.

PV systems generally can be much cheaper than installing power lines and step-down

transformers especially to remote areas.



Solar modules produce electricity devoid of pollution, without odour, combustion, noise

and vibration. Hence, unwanted nuisance is completely eliminated. Also, unlike the other

power supply systems which require professional training for installation expertise, there

are no moving parts or special repairs that require such expertise.



CHAPTER 3.INTEGRATED POWER GENERATION

SYSTEM BASED ON WIND ENERGY -PHOTOVOLTAIC

SOLAR ENERGY- SOLAR PANEL WITH NANO-

ANTENNATo eliminate the drawbacks of individual renewable power generation system like

Solar and Wind, we design a new electricity or power generating system by integrating

the wind energy sources, Photovoltaic solar energy and Solar energy with Nano-antenna

simultaneously, so that power supply remains continuous without any sort of interruptions

or load shedding.

The aim of this work is design and implementation of a Hybrid power generation

system using wind energy photovoltaic solar energy- solar energy with Nano-antenna for

continuous (24*7) power generation.

Fig. 3.1: Integrated Electricity Generating System

The Solar-Wind with Nano-antenna Power Generation System is designed as

shown in Fig 3. It has some special equipment to charge the battery or the power storage

(accumulator) circuit. Control circuit ad-joint with electric power generating system

provides necessary control functions such as adding or summing up electric power

derived from more than one sources at a time i.e. solar and wind power simultaneously,



solar with Nano antenna and wind power. Simultaneously, over voltage protection,

amount of electric power directed to the load and the battery etc. Thus by implementing

Solar with Nano-antenna Wind-Lightning Integrating Power Generation System in a

compact package, we have an uninterrupted power supply at the minimum cost to all

places at all times. Moreover, we can avoid the accidental risk and causes by lightning to

human and nature both. This method ensures a highly practical oriented pollution free and

accident free inventory for electric power generation system. The electric power afforded

by this system is completely pure and secured form without any sort of environmental

pollution. Also it does not produce any greenhouse effect or acid rain or emit any kind of

poisonous gases or radiation etc.



CHAPTER 4.DESIGN OF HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEMFor designing of the hybrid energy system we need to find the data as follows

A. Data required for Solar System:

1. Annual mean daily duration of Sunshine hours

2. Daily Solar Radiation horizontal (KWH/m2/day)

B. Data required for Wind System:

1. Mean Annual Hourly Wind Speed (m/sec)

2. Wind Power that can be generated from the wind turbine

Fig. 4.1: Block diagram of energy generation system



Above figure 4.1 Shows the block diagram of the hybrid power generation system

using wind and solar power. This block diagram includes following blocks.

i. Solar panel

ii. Wind turbine

iii. Charge controller

iv. Battery bank

v. Inverter

4.1 Solar panelSolar panel is used to convert solar radiation to the electrical energy. The physical

phenomenon of PV cell is very similar to that of the classical diode with a PN junction

formed by semiconductor material. When the junction absorbs light, the energy of

absorbed photon is transferred to the electron-proton system of the material, creating

charge carriers that are separated at the junction. The charge carriers in the junction

region create a potential gradient, get accelerated under the electric field, and circulate as

current through an external circuit. Solar array or panel is a group of a several modules

electrically connected in series parallel combination to generate the required current and

voltage. Solar panels are the medium to convert solar power into the electrical power.

4.2 Wind turbineWind turbine is that system which extracts energy from wind by rotation of the blades of

the wind turbine. Basically wind turbine has two types one is vertical and another is

horizontal. As the wind speed increases power generation is also increases. The power

generated from wind is not continuous its fluctuating. For obtaining the non-fluctuating

power we have to store in battery and then provide it to the load.

4.3. Charge controllerCharge controller has a basic function that it control the source which is to be active or

inactive. It simultaneously charge battery and also gives power to the load. The controller

has over-charge protection, short-circuit protection, pole confusion protection and

automatic dump-load function. It also has the function that it should vary the power as per



the load demand. It add the both the power so that the load demand can fulfill. And when

power is not generating it should extract power from battery and give it to the load.

4.4. Battery BankWe have to choose battery bank size as per the load requirement so that it should fulfill

the requirement of load. For calculating the battery bank size we need to find following

data

4.4.1. Find total daily use in watt-hour (Wh).

4.4.2. Find total back up time of the battery

For increase in battery bank size we need to connect cell in series so that we can get the

larger battery bank size.

4.5 InverterWe have to choose greater rating inverter than the desired rating .The pure sign wave

inverter is recommended in other to prolong the lifespan of the inverter. Inverter is need

to convert DC power into AC power. As our load is working on the AC supply so we

need to convert it to DC power. The input voltage Output voltage and frequency, and

overall power handling depends on the design of the specific device or the circuitry. The

inverter does not produce any power. The power is provided by the DC source.



CHAPTER 5.LIFE CYCLE COST

Life cycle cost

Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of a hybrid system consists of initial capital investment,

the present value of operation and maintenance cost and the battery replacement cost. Life

cycle cost analysis is a tool used to compare the ultimate delivered costs of technologies

with different cost structures.

Example:-Consider, house consist of three rooms with 1 Tube, 3 CFL, 2 Fan & 1 T.V. as connected load.Table No.5.1 Total Consumption of House

Connected load Watt Hours Watt-hours

1 Tube 40 4 160

3 CFL 45 4 180

2 Fan 80 6 480

1 T.V 150 6 900

Total load 315

Maximum Demand= It is greatest demand of load on the house during a given period.

Diversity Factor= sum of individual max. Demand / Max. Demand of house

Total Consumption= 1620whApproximate consumption= 1.8kwh or 1.8units/dayConsumption per month= 1.8 x 30= 56units/monthMonthly bill=56 x 4=Rs.224/-Annual bill=224 x 12=Rs.2688/-Approximate annual bill=Rs.2800/- per annum

For solar panel:-



Solar panel watt capacity= 1.8kwh/7hours x 1.25=0.32142kw or 321.42watts per daySolar panel cost= 321.42 x 150=Rs.48, 213/- (as per table given below)

For wind generation:-For 800 w generation of electricity considering value from table,Wind System Cost=0.8 x 45,000= Rs. 36,000/-Total cost of solar and wind hybrid system= Rs 48213 + 36,000 + 8000 + 8000 = Rs. 1,00,213

Table No.5.2- Cost values of the economic parameters and components for the base case

5.1.Costing:The cost of the system varies from Rs 2.50 lakhs to Rs 3.50 lakhs per kW depending on the ratio of Wind and solar components. The approximate cost of installation, including civil works, is about Rs 10,000 per kW. Repair and maintenance cost is about Rs 3000 per kW per annum.5.2.Payback Period calculation:-Total Cost of Solar and wind hybrid system=Rs. 1,00,213/-Total Cost of utility supply= Approximately Annual bill + initial cost (substation, transformer



and transmission line cost)= Rs.1,00,000 + 3,000= Rs. 1,03,000/-So , payback period for hybrid system will be,Payback Period= Total cost of solar and wind hybrid system/Total cost of utility supplyPayback Period= 1,00,213/1,03,000= 0.97 years= 1 year (approximately)So, Solar and Wind Hybrid System is more efficient for rural area which are not yet electrified.



CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION

Under current acute power shortage scenario with increasing cost of natural gas, coal and

turbine fuel and due to their impact on environment, there is a very urgent and great need

of finding alternate source of energy to generate electricity. There are several ways by

which electricity can be generated using renewable sources such as solar, wind, biogas,

etc. Individual generation of solar and wind energy is costlier. Solar and wind energy

integrated technologies have great potential to benefit our nation. They can diversify our

energy supply, reduce our dependence on imported fuels, improve the quality of the air

we breathe, offset greenhouse gas emissions, and stimulate our economy by creating jobs

in the manufacturing and installation of solar and wind energy systems. By using solar

and wind system we can electrify remote area also it is applicable for metro cities in

future to avoid unwanted load shedding.



REFERENCES:[1]. Hybrid solar and wind power: An essential for information communication technology infrastructure and people in rural community. I.A. Adejumobi1, S.G. Oyagbinrin2, F. G. Akinboro3 & M.B. Olajide4

[2]. Hybrid Power Generation through combined solar –wind power and modified solar panel- N.Sivaramakrishna, Ch.Kasi Ramakrishna Reddy.

[3]. Hybrid Power Generation System Using Wind Energy and Solar Energy -Ashish S.Ingole*, Prof. Bhushan S. Rakhonde

[4].Hybrid (solar and wind) energy systems for rural Electrification-M.

Muralikrishna1 and V. Lakshminarayana

[5].Rural Electrification Through Solar and Wind Hybrid System: A Self Sustained Grid Free Electric Power Source-Dr.Vadirajacharya*, Dr.P.K.Katti Assistant Professor, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere(M.S.) India.Professor, P.K.Katti, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere(M.S.) India.






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Rural electrification by Lakshmi.Nidoni-Seminar report final