Roof top solar project

1

A ROJECT REPORT

ON

DESIGN OF A ROOF TOP BASED SOLAR POWER STATION

FOR SKYLINE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

&TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Submitted by

SUMIT KUMAR

SAROJ KUMAR

SUDHANSHU KUMAR

SUNNY KUMAR

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Under the guidance of

Dr. B.L. Kaul

SKYLINE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

GREATER NOIDA 2015-2016

2

CERTIFICATE

This is certify that

Sumit Kumar (1215321074)

Saroj Kumar (1215321065)

Sudhanshu Kumar (1215321073)

Sunny Kumar (1215321075)

Of B.Tech. (Electrical & Electronics Department), Semester VIII,

have satisfactorily completed the project on “DESIGN OF A ROOF

TOP BASED SOLAR POWER STATION FOR SIET GREATER

NOIDA” as a part of curriculum during the academic term 2015-

2016.

Date of submission:

Guide: Dr. B.L. Kaul Head of Department: Mr. S.M Khan

3

ABSTRACT

The report presents the proposal of a novel design of ROOF TOP BASED

SOLAR POWER STATION FOR SKYLINE INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY.

Suitable roof areas of different blocks of the institute are proposed to be

utilised for installation of SPV module & for generation of electric power

from sunlight as an alternative to electric power supply by NPCL

(NOIDA POWER CORPORATION LIMITED).

The hybrid utilisation of NPCL power & SPV power can also be

programmed.

4

ACKNNOWLDGEMENTS

We would like to extend our heartfelt thanks to our Guide Dr. B.L. Kaul,

Who thought us worthy and kindly let us to be a part of this project. We

thank him for his faith in us and for his encouragement, guidance and also

for his constant and avid interest in the project throughout its duration and

beyond. Sir, you are our guidance light.

We would also like to thank Mr. S.P. Singh for providing us electrical

load data of the institute for load study of the institute.

5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter no Contents Page no

1 Introduction. 6-14

2 Roof top based (SPV) system. 15-21

3 Electrical load data of the institute. 22-26

4 The peak load of the institute (Existing). 27-31

5 Available roof top area of the institute. 32-44

6 Design and installation of the roof top based SPV

system.

45-46

7 Annual energy consumption of the institute. 47-57

8 Cost Estimation of the SPV power station. 58

9 Maintenance schedule. 59-61

10 Conclusion. 62

11 List of references. 63

6

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 SPV SYSTEMS

Solar photovoltaic (SPV) is a field of solar energy generation where solar

radiation is converted into electricity or electrical energy using a device

called photovoltaic (PV) cell or solar cell. A solar cell is made up of a

semiconductor material like silicon or other semiconductors material like

GaAs. When sunlight (in the form of photon) falls on these

semiconductor materials, electricity is generated. The amount of this

generated electricity depends upon some factors like intensity of solar

radiation etc.

A photovoltaic system, or PV system, is a power system designed to

supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an

arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and

convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to change the electric

power current from DC to AC, as well as mounting, cabling and other

electrical accessories to set up a working system. It may also use a solar

tracking system to improve the system's overall performance and include

an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices are expected

to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble

of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all

the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS).

Moreover, PV systems convert light directly into electricity and shouldn't

7

be confused with other technologies, such as concentrated solar power or

solar thermal, used for heating and cooling.

PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated

systems with capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large

utility-scale power stations of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most

PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone systems

only account for a small portion of the market. Operating silently and

without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV systems have

developed from being niche market applications into a mature technology

used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop system recoups the

invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2

years and produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over a

30-year service lifetime.

(Figure-1.1) Construction of PV module.

8

(Figure-1.2 ) SPV module.

9

1.2 PV CELL

A slab (or wafer) of pure silicon is used to make a PV cell. The top of the

slab is very thinly diffused with an “n” dopant such as phosphorous. On

the base of the slab a small amount of a “p” dopant, typically boron, is

diffused. The boron side of the slab is 1,000 times thicker than the

phosphorous side. Dopants are similar in atomic structure to the

primary material. The phosphorous has one more electron in its outer

shell than silicon, and the boron has one less. These dopants help create

the electric field that motivates the energetic electrons out of the cell

created when light strikes the PV cell.

Figure-1.3 Working principal of PV cell.

10

The phosphorous gives the wafer of silicon an excess of free electrons; it

has a negative character. This is called the n-type silicon (n = negative).

The n-type silicon is not charged—it has an equal number of protons and

electrons—but some of the electrons are not held tightly to the atoms.

They are free to move to different locations within the layer. The boron

gives the base of the silicon a positive character, because it has a

tendency to attract electrons. The base of the silicon is called p-type

silicon (p = positive).

The p-type silicon has an equal number of protons and electrons; it has a

positive character but not a positive charge. Where the n-type silicon and

p-type silicon meet, free electrons from the n-layer flow into the p-layer

for a split second, then form a barrier to prevent more electrons from

moving between the two sides.

Figure-1.4 Typical PV cell.

11

This point of contact and barrier is called the p-n junction. When both

sides of the silicon slab are doped, there is a negative charge in the p-type

section of the junction and a positive charge in the n-type section of the

junction due to movement of the electrons and “holes” at the junction of

the two types of materials. This imbalance in electrical charge at the p-n

junction produces an electric field between the p-type and n-type silicon.

the PV cell is placed in the sun, photons of light strike the electrons in the

p-n junction and energize them, knocking them free of their atoms. These

electrons are attracted to the positive charge in the n-type silicon and

repelled by the negative charge in the p-type silicon. Most photon-

electron collisions actually occur in the silicon base.

A conducting wire connects the p-type silicon to an electrical load, such

as a light or battery, and then back to the n-type silicon, forming a

complete circuit. As the free electrons are pushed into the n-type silicon

they repel each other because they are of like charge.

The wire provides a path for the electrons to move away from each other.

This flow of electrons is an electric current that travels through the circuit

from the n-type to the p-type silicon.

In addition to the semi-conducting materials, solar cells consist of a top

metallic grid or other electrical contact to collect electrons from the semi-

conductor and transfer them to the external load, and a back contact layer

to complete the electrical circuit.

12

1.2 ROOF TOP SPV SYSTEM

Several cities and towns in the country are experiencing a substantial

growth in their peak electricity demand. Municipal Corporations and the

electricity utilities are finding it difficult to cope with this rapid rise in

demand and as a result most of the cities/towns are facing severe

electricity shortages.

Various industries and commercial establishments e.g. Malls, Hotels,

Hospitals, Nursing homes etc housing complexes developed by the

builders and developers in cities and towns use diesel generators for

back-up power even during the day time. These generators capacities

vary from a few kilowatts to a couple of MWs. Generally, in a single

establishment more than one generators are installed; one to cater the

minimum load required for lighting and computer/ other emergency

operations during load shedding and the others for running

ACs and other operations such as lifts/ other power applications.

With an objective to reduce dependency on diesel gensets, a scheme to

replace them with SPV is being proposed. Further, in order to utilize the

existing roof space of buildings, the scheme proposes to promote roof-top

13

SPV systems on buildings to replace DG gensets installed for minimum

load requirement for operation during load shedding. These loads are

generally varying between 25 kW to 100 kW or so. A roof top SPV

system could be with or without grid interaction. In grid interaction

system, the DC power generated from SPV panels is converted to AC

power using power conditioning unit and is fed to the grid either of 11

KV three phase line or of 220 V single phase line depending on the

system installed at institution/commercial establishment or residential

complex. They generate power during the daytime which is utilized fully

by powering the captive loads and feeding excess power to the grid as

14

long as grid is available. In cases, where solar power is not sufficient due

to cloud cover etc. the captive loads are served by drawing power

from the grid. The grid- interactive roof-top SPV systems thus work on

net metering basis wherein the beneficiary pays to the utility on net meter

reading basis only. Ideally, grid interactive systems do not require

battery back up as the grid acts as the back-up for feeding excess solar

power and vice-versa. However, to enhance the performance

reliability of the overall systems, a minimum battery-back of one hr of

load capacity is strongly recommended. In grid interactive systems, it has

, however to be ensured that in case the grid fails, the solar power has to

be fully utilized or stopped immediately feeding to the grid (if any in

excess) so as to safe-guard any grid person/technician from getting shock

(electrocuted) while working on the grid for maintenance etc. This

feature is termed as ‘Islanding Protection’ Non-grid interactive systems

ideally require a full load capacity battery power back up system.

However, with the introduction of advanced load management and

power conditioning systems, and safety mechanisms, it is possible to

segregate the day-time loads to be served directly by solar power without

necessarily going through the battery back-up. As in the previous case of

grid-interactive systems, minimum one hour of battery back-up is,

however, strongly recommended for these systems also to enhance the

performance reliability of the systems. The non-grid interactive system

with minimum battery back are viable only at places where normal power

is not available during daytime. In case the SPV power is to be used after

sunshine hours, it would require full load capacity battery backup which

will increase the cost of system which may not be economically viable

even with support from Government.

15

CHAPTER 2

ROOF TOP BASED (SPV) SYSTEM

2.1 ABOUT ROOF TOP SPV

A rooftop photovoltaic power station, or rooftop PV system, is

a photovoltaic system that has its electricity-generating solar

panels mounted on the rooftop of a residential or commercial building or

structure. The various components of such a system include photovoltaic

modules, mounting systems, cables, solar inverters and other electrical

accessories.

Rooftop mounted systems are small compared to ground-

mounted photovoltaic power stations with capacities in the

megawatt range. Rooftop PV systems on residential buildings typically

feature a capacity of about 5 to 20 kilowatts (kW), while those mounted

on commercial buildings often reach 100 kilowatts or more.

The urban environment provides a large amount of empty rooftop spaces

and can inherently avoid the potential land use and environmental

concerns. Estimating rooftop solar insolation is a multi-faceted process,

as insolation values in rooftops are impacted by the following:

Time of the year

Latitude

Weather conditions

Roof slope

Roof aspect

Shading from adjacent buildings and vegetation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_module

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_module

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cable

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude

16

India’s solar market, especially solar photovoltaic, has seen significant

growth after the launch of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission

in 2010, with an installed capacity of over 3 GW in just four years. The

Government of India is determined towards achieving 100 GW of grid

interactive solar power capacity by 2020, of which 40 GW would be

Deployed through decentralized and rooftop-scale solar projects.

Rooftop solar PV would play a prominent role in meeting energy

demands across segments. It has already achieved grid parity for

commercial and industrial consumers, and fast becoming attractive for

residential consumers as well. As a result, multiple state governments

have taken necessary steps to kick-start implementation of rooftop solar

PV projects.

2.2 TYPES OF ROOF TOP SPV SYSTEM

The rooftop SPV system can be installed in two configurations, namely

i. As A Standalone System

ii. As A Grid Interactive System

In urban areas the grid interactive systems are more feasible than the

standalone systems as almost all locations are connected by grid. These

grids act as storage for an intermittent source of generation. In this study

we are focusing on grid interactive rooftop SPV systems. In the grid

interactive systems, there are different grid interconnection configurations

17

depending on the reliability of electricity supply to the loads and the

consumer needs.

2.3 STAND ALONE ROOF TOP SPV SYSTEM

Solar Photovoltaic Technology is employed for directly converting solar

energy to electrical energy by the using “solar silicon cell”.

Non-grid interactive systems ideally require a full load capacity battery

power back up system. However, with the introduction of advanced load

management and power conditioning systems, and safety mechanisms, it

is possible to segregate the day-time loads to be served directly by solar

power without necessarily going through the battery back-up. As in the

previous case of grid-interactive systems, minimum one hour of battery

back-up is, however, strongly recommended for these systems also to

enhance the performance reliability of the systems. The non-grid

interactive system with minimum battery back are viable only at places

where normal power is not available during daytime. In case the SPV

power is to be used after sunshine hours, it would require full load

capacity battery backup which will increase the cost of system which may

not be economically viable even with support from Government.

There have been several initiatives from the Government of India to

promote solar PV applications. From time to time the Ministry has

implemented various schemes for demonstration and promotion of solar

energy devices.

18

2.4 GRID CONNECTED SPV SYSTEM

The grid- interactive rooftop SPV systems thus work on net metering

basis wherein the beneficiary pays to the utility on net meter reading basis

only. Ideally, grid interactive systems do not require battery backup as the

grid acts as the back-up for feeding excess solar power and vice versa.

However, to enhance the performance reliability of the overall systems, a

minimum battery-back of one hr of load capacity is strongly

recommended. In grid interactive systems, it has , however to be ensured

that in case the grid fails, the solar power has to be fully utilized or

stopped immediately feeding to the grid (if any in excess) so as to safe-

guard any grid person/technician from getting shock (electrocuted) while

working on the grid for maintenance etc. This feature is termed as

Islanding Protection.

Figure 2.1 Layout of grid connected SPV system.

19

Figure 2.2 A typical roof top SPV system.

20

ROOFTOP REWARDS

Encouraged by the decline in solar panel cost as well as the operational success

of established projects, major plans are afoot to promote roof top solar power

generation across the country. At the central level, the Solar Energy Corporation

of India is executing a pan-Indian grid-connected rooftop photovoltaic (PV)

programme. Meanwhile a dozen states have announced policies for rooftop solar

and net-metering. The government is recently unveiled roadmap for 100 GW of

solar power by 2022 involves the installation of 40 GW on rooftops. As the

India moves towards the implementation of this plan.

One of the most significant measure in this direction has been the subsidy

reduction for rooftop solar projects from 30 % to 15 %.

The industry has responded well to this call, as is an evident from the growing

number of companies wanting to capture opportunities in this segment. The

establishment of these system is also picking up among government agencies

and educational institution. Based on inputs from industry players who have

been working with industrial and commercial energy consumers, the absence of

net metering is emerging as a critical factor that is holding back the roof top

solar segment.

21

Table 2.1 State wise installed roof top solar capacity.

State Current installed capacity in Mw

Punjab 19

Haryana 14

Rajasthan 21

Gujarat 25

Madhya Pradesh 10

Maharashtra 40

Karnataka 25

Kerala 8

Tamil Nadu 36

Andhra Pradesh 21

Odisha 14

Chhattisgarh 11

West Bengal 13

Uttar Pradesh 24

Bihar 5

Delhi 8

Uttarakhand 8

Jharkhand 1

Others 38

Total (all india) 350

Approved in September 2015

Source: BRIDGE TO INDIA

22

CHAPTER 3

THE LOAD DATA OF THE INSTITUTE

A measure of the electrical load of the institute has been recorded on the

hourly basis and the same is given as under in table 3.1.

The phase currents Ir, Iy, Ib, are the load current in phases R, Y & B and

their average value Iav is evaluated to determine the average power in

KWs.

Table 3.1 The load data of the institute.

Date: 16th January 2016.

Time Ir Iy Ib Iav

09:00 AM 42.6 46.8 45.2 44.86

10:00 AM 51.2 48.6 49.8 49.86

11:00 AM 49.7 42.2 45.6 45.83

12:00 AM 54.3 49.8 42.6 48.9

01:00 PM 48.6 32.6 45.4 42.2

02:00 PM 45.4 47.6 45.3 46.1

03:00 PM 50.3 49.2 50.6 50.03

04:00 PM 35.8 29.2 39.6 34.86

05:00 PM 32.9 26.4 28.3 29.2

06:00 PM 45.4 40.6 58.0 48

07:00 PM 48.6 45.9 41.9 45.46

08:00 PM 46.9 44.6 40.9 44.13

09:00 PM 45.6 40.8 39.6 42

10:00 PM 46.3 40.2 38.5 41.66

23

11:00 PM 45.3 44.2 36.4 4196

12:00 PM 46.7 40.9 35.4 41

01:00 AM 36.2 36.4 30.3 34.3

02:00 AM 36.8 37.2 29.4 34.46

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

9:0

0 A

M

10

:00

AM

11

:00

AM

12

:00

AM

1:0

0 P

M

2:0

0 P

M

3:0

0 P

M

4:0

0 P

M

5:0

0 P

M

6:0

0 P

M

7:0

0 P

M

8:0

0 P

M

9:0

0 P

M

10

:00

PM

11

:00

PM

12

:00

PM

1:0

0 A

M

2:0

0 A

M

Cu

rre

nt

in A

mp

Time

I r I y I b Iav

24


Date: 2nd February 2016.

TIME Ir Iy Ib Iav

9:00 AM 75 78.2 65.9 72.9

10:00 AM 77.4 69.4 65.2 70.6

11:00 AM 68.2 50.8 58.3 59.1

12:00 PM 65.1 62.8 62.4 63.3

1:00 PM 70.4 60.9 65.4 65.56

2:00 PM 63.8 52.8 56.2 56.4

3:00 PM 62.6 50.4 55.8 56.26

4:00 PM 69.9 61.3 71.6 67.6

5:00 PM 55.3 52.6 50.4 52.76

6:00 PM 64.7 60.2 50.2 58.36

7:00 PM 62.3 57.1 55.3 58.23

8:00 PM 63.6 55.7 56.4 58.56

9:00 PM 59.5 58.4 51.6 56.46

10:00 PM 61.2 61.3 52.3 58.26

11:00 PM 58.1 57.5 50.4 55.33

12:00 AM 55.4 55.2 49.5 53.36

1:00 AM 50 46.3 45.6 47.3

2:00 AM 41.6 41.5 35.2 38.45

25

Figure: 3.2 2nd February 2016 load curve.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90C

urr

en

t in

Am

p

Time

I r I y I b Iav

26


Date: 7th March, 2016.

TIME Ir Iy Ib Iav

9:00 AM 85 78.2 65.9 76.36

10:00 AM 90 69.4 65.2 74.86

11:00 AM 120 110 100 110

12:00 PM 100 90 105 98.33

1:00 PM 90 85 80 85.2

2:00 PM 70 65 75 70

3:00 PM 65 55 70 63.33

4:00 PM 70 60 75 68.3

5:00 PM 65 59 60 61.33

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

9:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 AM 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 5:00 PM

CU

RR

ENT

IN A

MP

TIME

Ir Iy Ib Iav

27

CHAPTER 4

PEAK LOAD OF THE INSTITUTE

PEAK LOAD

It is intended to design a Roof Top Solar Power system of our institute

whose capacity should at least match with the peak load of the institute.

Power demand fluctuations may occur on weekly, monthly, seasonal and

yearly load cycles. For an electric utility company, the actual point of

peak demand is a single half-hour or hourly period which represents the

highest point of customer consumption of electricity.

The daily peak demand usually occurs around 9:00 AM at this time there

is a combination of office demand and all student and faculties are come

in the institute. The peak demand of the institute is in summer due to all

fans and AC is operating.

Minimum load of the institute

Minimum load of the institute is taken on February 2016.

The phase power Ir, Iy & Ib are the load in phases R, Y & B and this

average value Iav is evaluated to determine the current in Amp.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_utility

28

Table 4.1 24 hour load data of 2nd February, 2016.

Provide information about the variation of phasor current Ir, Iy, Ib during 24

hour of the day.

TIME Ir Iy Ib Iav

9:00 AM 75 78.2 65.9 72.9

10:00 AM 77.4 69.4 65.2 70.6

11:00 AM 68.2 50.8 58.3 59.1

12:00 PM 65.1 62.8 62.4 63.3

1:00 PM 70.4 60.9 65.4 65.56

2:00 PM 63.8 52.8 56.2 56.4

3:00 PM 62.6 50.4 55.8 56.26

4:00 PM 69.9 61.3 71.6 67.6

5:00 PM 55.3 52.6 50.4 52.76

6:00 PM 64.7 60.2 50.2 58.36

7:00 PM 62.3 57.1 55.3 58.23

8:00 PM 63.6 55.7 56.4 58.56

9:00 PM 59.5 58.4 51.6 56.46

10:00 PM 61.2 61.3 52.3 58.26

11:00 PM 58.1 57.5 50.4 55.33

12:00 AM 55.4 55.2 49.5 53.36

1:00 AM 50 46.3 45.6 47.3

2:00 AM 41.6 41.5 35.2 38.45

3:00 AM 21.3 8.05 8.23 12.53

4:00 AM 20.1 10.1 10.1 13.43

5:00 AM 23.13 11.2 10 14.77

6:00 AM 25.1 15.1 15 18.4

7:00AM 25.1 18.2 14 19.1

8:00 AM 21.1 19.92 19.2 20.04

29

Figure shows:-

A graphic plot same is figure 4.1 the observation has been made of 2nd

February 2016.

Table 4.1 also gives the average value of the

phase current, Iav “average power factor as recorded in substation power

factor meter is 0.99”.

Taking average line voltage recorded is 420 volt.

Therefore the average peak load calculation based on maximum current is

evaluated at under.

Figure4.1:- graphical representation of Ir, Iy, Ib and Iav.

Calculation

Maximum power demand = 1.73*Iav*VL *cos(phi) / 1000 KW.

Pmax = 1.73*72.9*420*0.99 / 1000

Pmax = 51.99 Kw

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

9:0

0 A

M

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11

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PM

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2:0

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M

6:0

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M

9:0

0 P

M

10

:00

PM

11

:00

PM

12

:00

AM

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M

2:0

0 A

M

3:0

0 A

M

4:0

0 A

M

5:0

0 A

M

6:0

0 A

M

7:0

0A

M

8:0

0 A

M

Cu

rre

nt

in A

MP

Time

2nd february, 2016 load cycle

Ir Iy Ib Iav

30

According to data curve:-

Total energy consumption on 2nd February 2016 is 1603.32 KWh.

Total energy consumed in February month is 1603.32*24 KWh=38479.68

KWh.

P3phase = 37585 / 24

Pav = 1566.04

= 1566.04 / 28

~ 55.9 Kw

Hence average power taken per hour is 55.9 Kw

According to NPCL bill:-

The minimum load demand of our institute is taken on March 2016

according to our meter reading by NPCL bill.

Total unit consumption in February 2016 is 37585 Kwh.

Total average energy demand is 1252.83 KWh.

Average power demand is 52.20 Kw/hour.

Load factor:-

Load factor (LF) is the ratio of average load to the peak load.

Load factor= Average Load / Peak Load.

Load factor = 66.93 / 91.05

31

LF =0.73.

Maximum load of the institute

Maximum load of the institute has been observed to occur in September

2015 according to NPCL bill.

Total energy consumed in September 2015 is 69989 Kwh.

Total energy consumed per day in September 2015 is 2333 Kwh.

Average load is 97.20 Kw/hour.

The load factor we assume (LF) = 0.5

Peak load in this month is = Average load / LF

Peak load = 97.20 / 0.5, => 194.4 Kw.

Table 4.2 Minimum and maximum load demand per hour of the institute

Month / Year Total energy

consumed (Kwh)

Load Kw

February, 2016 37585 91.05 min.

September, 2015 69989 194.4 max.

32

0

50

100

150

200

250

February, 2016 September, 2015

Load

in K

w

Month / Year

Minimum and maximum Load

Load Kw

33

CHAPTER 5

ROOF TOP AREA AVAILABLE IN THE INSTITUTE

The objective of the project is to evaluate a suitable roof top based solar

power station for our institute.

And design the same roof top area of the different block of the institute

consider, one by one for the achievement of the result.

ROOF TOP AREA OF BLOCK A & B SIET GREATER

NOIDA

The roof top area of block A & B are used to be installing PV panel for

generating electricity as per efficiency of the panel. The roof top area of

this block have some obstacles and already utilised area such as for stair

roof, water tank and water pipes. The roof area and shading part is shown

in figure below.

Table 5.1 Available roof top area of block A & B of the S.I.E.T

Total roof area 1420.45 m2

Covered area 68.41 m2

Shaded area 109.9 m2

Net area = TRA-(C+S) 1242.14 m2

*TRA =Total roof area, *C+S = covered +shaded

34

Figure:-5.1 roof top of block A & B

35

Figure 5.2 Available roof area (Block B).

Figure 5.3 Available roof area (Block A)

36

ROOF TOP AREA OF BLOCK C

SIET GREATER NOIDA

Table 5.2 Available roof top area of block C, S.I.E.T Greater Noida.

Total roof area 1551 m2


Shaded area 102.4 m2



Figure 5.4 Water pipe and water tank on block C.

37

Figure 5.5 Available roof top area of block C, S.I.E.T Greater Noida.

38

ROOF TOP AREA OF BLOCK C

SIET GREATER NOIDA

Table 5.3 Available roof top area of PGDM block S.I.E.t Greater Noida.

Total roof area 1096.25 M^2

Covered area 120.53 M^2

Shaded area 153.9 M^2

Net area = TRA-(C+S) 822.47 M^2


39

Figure 5.6 Available rof top area of block C S.I.E.T Greater Noida.

40

ROOF TOP AREA OF BLOCK D

SIET GREATER NOIDA

Figure 5.4 Available roof top area of block D, S.I.E.T Greater Noida.

Total roof area 1060.28 M^2

Covered area 160.62 M^2

Shaded area 167.70 M^2

Net area = TRA-(C+S) 731.96 M^2


41

Figure 5.7 Available roof top area of block D, S.I.E.T Greater Noida.

42

ROOF TOP AREA OF MBA BLOCK

SIET GREATER NOIDA

Table 5.5 Available roof top area of MBA block S.I.E.T Greater Noida.

Total roof area 1177.6 m2


Shaded area 49.6 m2



43

Figure 5.8 Available roof top area of MBA block SIET.

44

Table 5.7 Total roof area available for installation of SPV power station.

Block

Name

Total Roof

Area

Available

area

Useful Area

AMF=Area Multiplying Factor

AMF=0.6 AMF=0.65 AMF=0.7

Block A 1420.42 1242.14 745.28 807.39 869.49

Block B/C 1551.01 1218.8 731.28 792.22 853.16

Block D 1060.28 731.96 439.17 475.77 512.37

PGDM 1096.25 973.0 583.80 632.45 681.10

MBA 1177.60 827.47 493.48 534.60 575.72

TOTAL 4993.37 2993.01 3242.43 3491.84

All area are in m2

AA= Available Area= TOTAL AREA – ALREADY UTILISED AREA

45

CHAPTER 6

DESIGNING AND INSTALLATION OF THE SPV

SYSTEM

Total available roof top area for designing and installation of the SPV system is

given below

Table 6.1 Total roof top area available in the institute.

Block Name Total Roof Area Available

area

Useful Area

AMF=Area Multiplying Factor

AMF=0.6 AMF=0.65 AMF=0.7

Block A 1420.42 1242.14 745.28 807.39 869.49

Block B/C 1551.01 1218.8 731.28 792.22 853.16

Block D 1060.28 731.96 439.17 475.77 512.37

PGDM 1096.25 973.0 583.80 632.45 681.10

MBA 1177.60 827.47 493.48 534.60 575.72

TOTAL 4993.37 2993.01 3242.43 3491.84

46

Total available roof top area of the institute cannot be taken to install SPV

system due to following reason.

Solar panel maintenance.

Movement of personnel from one corner to another corner.

Water pipe repairing.

So we take area multiply factor (A.M.F) 0.65 for the installation of SPV

system

ENERGY GENERATION FROM THE AVAILABLE ROOF TOP

AREA IS GIVEN BELOW

Table 6.2 Available area for energy generation at AMF=0.65.

Block Available area

(m2)

Available area for energy

generation (m2)

Block A & B 1242.14 807.39

Block C 1218.8 792.22

Block D 731.96 475.77

PGDM block 973.0 632.45

MBA block 827.47 534.60

TOTAL 4993.37 3242.43

POWER GENERATED 324.2 Kw

Since 10 m2 = 1 Kw.

Hence 3242 m2 = 324 Kw.

Thus total energy generation from the available roof top area is approx.

325 Kw

47

CHAPTER 7

Annual, Monthly Energy Consumption of Institute 2012-2016

This is the data which shows the annual monthly energy consumption of

the skyline institute of engineering and technology. This is given by NPCL

to the institute. It is the annually consume by the institute from the grid.

Table 7.1 Annual, Monthly Energy Consumption of Institute 2012-2016.

Figure7.1:- Annual, Monthly Energy Consumption of Institute 2012-2016

Month 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

January 31732 35287 27520 32132 39557

February 42700 37937 31867 28937 37585

March 38142 39527 17367 23712 32054

April 54930 59260 65860 42805

May 57446 63580 45890 62427

June 47667 42222 53172 58787

July 35895 22057 37227 37910

August 42690 40967 53005 58475

September 57460 45792 56420 69989

October 51855 42730 39329 56460

November 31962 29255 36557 36255

December 45485 41230 41335 38032

TOTAL 537964 458614 505549 545921

48

Table 7.2 Energy consumption of year 2015.

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000K

wh

Months

Graph of energy consumption 2012-2016.

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

49

Month Unit Consume In (Kwh)

January 32132

February 28937

March 23712

April 42805

May 62427

June 58787

July 37910

August 58475

September 69989

October 56460

November 36255

December 38025

Figure7.2:- Energy consumption of year 2015

50

Average energy consumption per day is equal to total graph area divided by 365

days = 1496 KWh.

Average load = 1496/24 Kw.

=62.31 Kw

Peak load = LF / average (consider LF=0.5)

= 62.31 / 0.5 => 124.62 Kw


32132

28937

23712

42805

62427

58787

37910

58475

69989

56460

3625538025

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000U

nit

in K

wh

Month

Unit Consume In 2015 (Kwh)

51


January 27520

February 31867

March 17367

April 65860

May 45890

June 53172

July 37227

August 53005

September 56420

October 39329

November 36557

December 41335

52



days = 1385 KWh.


=57.71 Kw

Peak load = LF / average load (consider LF=0.5)

= 57.71 / 0.5 => 115.44 Kw

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

Un

it in

Kw

h

Month

Unit Consume In 2014

53



January 35287

February 37937

March 39527

April 59260

May 63580

June 42222

July 22057

August 40967

September 45792

October 42730

November 29255

December 41230

Figure7.4:- Energy consumption of year 2013.

54


days = 1256 KWh.


=52.35 Kw


= 52.35 / 0.5 => 104.7 Kw

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000U

nit

in K

Wh

Month


55



January 31732

February 42700

March 38142

April 54930

May 57446

June 47667

July 35895

August 42690

September 57460

October 51855

November 31962

December 45485

56

Figure7.5:- Energy consumption of year 2012.


days = 1473 KWh.


=61.41 Kw


= 61.41 / 0.5 => 122.82 Kw

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

Axi

s Ti

tle

Axis Title

Unit Consume In (Kwh)

57



January 39557

February 37585

March 32054


0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

Un

its

in K

wh

Month


58

CHAPTER 8

COST ESTIMATION OF THE POWER STATION

Table 8.1 gives the approximate installation cost of roof top based SPV

power station in relation with the power generation capacity.

The cost data available in stages of 50 KW is given in table 8.1 and a

plot of cost curve as shown in figure 8.1.

As per estimated peak power generation of the power plant cost of 200

Kw would be approximate 1.7 crore.

Capacity (Kw) System price in

Rs.

Installation

charges (Rs) Total cost

50 39,10,000/- 2,50,000/- 41,60,000/-

100 78,20,000/- 5,00,000/- 83,20,000/-

200 1,56,40,000/- 10,00,000/- 1,66,40,000/-

300 2,34,60,000/- 15,00,000/- 2,49,60,000/-

350 2,73,70,000/- 17,00,000/- 2,91,20,000/-

400 3,12,80,000/- 20,00,000/- 3,32,80,000/-

Figure 8.1:- Graphical representation of Cost estimation for the

installation of SPV power station.

41,60,000.00

83,20,000.00

166,40,000.00

249,60,000.00

291,20,000.00

332,80,000.00

0.00

50,00,000.00

100,00,000.00

150,00,000.00

200,00,000.00

250,00,000.00

300,00,000.00

350,00,000.00

50 100 200 300 350 400

Ru

pee

s

Capacity in Kw

Estimited cost curve

Estimited cost (Crore)

59

CHAPTER 9

System Maintenance

In last 15 year it has been found that the biggest factor attributing to the

inconsistent performance of the system is poor maintenance .the dos and

don’ts for the maintenance of spv module and associated system are:

Do’s

1. Ensure that the SPV panels are at the right direction receiving

maximum sunlight without obstruction throughout the day and

SPV and should not be

2. Moved or shift from the original position of installation

3. Never be kept under any form of shadow or shad and should be

located in a place where it receives unobstructed sunlight from sun

rise to sun set.

4. Ensure the (SPV) is kept very clean and free from any dust and

foreign material.

5. Ensure that the condition of the cables connected to the system and

battery are not physically abused and are always in good condition.

6. Clean the glass core of the module regularly at last once a week if

we clarify, This will also located .in general It should be cleaned

once in two days .A solar based system has 100% dependency on

sunlight Is and not cleaning the system will definitely affected its

performance.

7. Always insure that the DM water (battery water) is always full

inside the battery and its cells pour through expansion bottle .If the

water is not full this will affect the backup time and will not give

the desired illumination period

8. Ensure the battery is always kept clean and terminal should be

clean and smeared with Vaseline to avoid oxidation regularly.

60

9. Ensure only recommended luminaries is use for lighting which is

provided with the system.

10. Ensure the external cabling does not exceed 7mtrs/20feet. If

external cabling exceeds the recommended length. The system

output will be reduced an account of cable/ current losses in the

cable line.

11. When the ambient temperature falls below 35deg centigrade

(especially during winters) always keep the battery in good charged

condition, as this will enable the system to perform well at its

optimum best.

12. During the cloudy and overshadow sky and also during rainy

season the backup will vary hence this should be kept on mind that

being solar system the illumination of lamp period/duration may

vary.

13. The lamp should not flicker continuously and should be intimated

to the supplier to replace immediately at company charges.

Don’ts

1. Do not cover the collectors.

2. Do not erect any structure which can cast shadow on the

collectors.

3. Do not draw electricity more than required.

4. Do not connect more than one luminary per system per panel

supplied in series.

5. Do not keep the battery and the SPV panel near dirty place and

hot area.

6. Do not flaunt norms laid by the manufactures you will never

benefit its advantage.

61

7. Do not have dense foliage around the panels which can cast

shadow over it in the entire day, kindly prune the tree regularly.

8. Do not allow any person or agency/person other than the company

or company authorized service personal to inspect or service the

system as this may cease the warranty/guarantee of the system

immediately.

9 .For replacement of unserviceable parts contact authorized company

service centre.

62

CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION

There is increasing trend to all the states in our country should growing

for increasing solar power generation capacity. State wise picture of the

roof top based solar power project in different states as shown in table in

view of the same it is pertinent for us to generate solar electric power in

institute.

The cost of solar energy per KW hour as a trend to decrease year after

year while as the cost of electric energy generated by conventional

resources is increasing.

In the couple of year the two tariffs will levelled. In future days cost of

solar energy much lesser than conventional energy.

Hence it is essential for us participate in this trend of change.

The generation of power by solar is pollution free.

All the installation stage heavy investment has to be make for installation

of the project.

The installation will be gainer in the long run.

Only a minor maintenance for cleaning of the solar panel is repair for the

time to time, otherwise the system required minimum maintenance.

Capacity consumption:-

The institute need a solar power capacity of peak power ‘200’ KW peak

power.

63

CHAPTER 11

REFERANCE’S

We have assimilated the data, concepts and information required during

the course of the project from various books, websites and research

papers apart from going to our mentor Dr. B.L. Kaul whenever the need

arose.

Our sources include:

www.solarpanelslus.com

www.powerflimsolar.com

www.xantrex.com

www.solarking.com

www.wikkipeadia.com

www.phocos.com

http://www.powerflimsolar.com/

http://www.xantrex.com/

http://www.solarking.com/

http://www.wikkipeadia.com/

http://www.phocos.com/

Engineering

Roof top solar project