rehabilation case study

CASESTUDY: RESETTLEMENT AT INDIA A SECOND PROTOTYPE OF AN EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT HOUSE WAS SPONSORED BY HUDCO (HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA). IT WAS BUILT IN 1999 AS A DEMONSTRATION AT NEW DELHI, INDIA. IT HAD BEEN BUILT WITH ALL FACILITIES LIKE WATER AND SANITATION, KITCHENETTE AND A SMOKELESS STOVE. IT WAS PRE-‐CAST IN AUROVILLE AND TRANSPORTED OVER 2,900 KM TO NEW DELHI IN A SINGLE LORRY OF 22.5 TONS. IT WAS ASSEMBLED IN 66 HOURS BY OUR 18-‐MAN TEAM.

A PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY

ACME ENGINEERING COLLEGE SITAPAILA, KATHMANDU

RESETTLEMENT FOR SUNKOSHI LANDSLIDES VICTIMS

BASIC DESIGN - VII

SNEHI KARMACHARYA CRN: 30, IV/I

SHEET TITLE: CASE STUDY

IN JULY 2001 ANOTHER DEMONSTRATION HOUSE WAS BUILT IN GUJARAT TO START REHABILITATION PROGRAMMES FOR THE ZONES AFFECTED BY THE SEVERE EARTHQUAKE OF JANUARY 2001. THIS MODEL HOUSE HAS BEEN SIMPLIFIED AND BUILT WITHOUT SANITATION.IT HAD ALSO BEEN IMPROVED AND REINFORCED. IT WAS PRE-‐CAST IN AUROVILLE AND TRANSPORTED TO GUJARAT, WHERE IT HAD BBEEN ASSEMBLED IN KHAVDA VILLAGE IN 62 HOURS BY OUR 20-‐MAN TEAM.

Aum House built in 66 hours at New Delhi in 1999

Aum House built in 62 hours at Khavda, Gujarat in 2001

Aum House built with trainees at Narangrah, Orissa in 2000

Aum House built with trainees at Mundra, Gujarat in 2002

CASESTUDY: Green School, BARDIYA, NEPAL MS NEPAL AND BASE BARDIYA IN COLLABORATION WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (DOE) ATTEMPTED TO PRESENT ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS TO THE COMPLEX ISSUES FACING SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN NEPAL. A PROTOTYPE OF THE NEW SCHOOL WAS THUS BUILT ON SEPTEMBER (2008) IN A FREED KAMAIYA VILLAGE CALLED JANTA NAGAR IN BARDIYA DISTRICT. THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE SCHOOL BUILDING ARE: •  COST EFFECTIVE-‐ BUILT WITH COMPRESSED STABILISED EARTH BLOCKS

(CSEB) USING LOCAL SOIL AND LABOUR •  CLIMATE RESPONSIVE (BIOCLIMATIC) -‐ COOL IN SUMMER, WARM IN

WINTER •  ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY-‐ LOW CARBON EMISSION, LOW

TRANSPORTATIONS NEEDS •  EARTHQUAKE SAFE – TECHNOLOGY USED AND APPROVED IN MANY

EARTHQUAKE PRONE REGIONS IN INDIA AND IRAN •  FAST TO BUILD – THE SCHOOL WAS BUILT IN JUST 20 DAYS. •  GENERATES EMPLOYMENT-‐ LABOUR INTENSIVE PROCESS •  COMMUNITY EMPOWERING: PROMOTES PARTICIPATION, PRIDE AND

OWNERSHIP IN COMMUNITY.

MATERIAL USE: EARTH ARCHITECTURE

B PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY



BASIC DESIGN - VII


SHEET TITLE: MATERIAL

DOMINATING MATERIAL: CEMENT STABILIZED EARTH BLOCK (CSEB)

FEATURES: AVAILABLE ALMOST EVERYWHERE, PREVENT DAMPNESS, PRICE – 1/3 OF THE PRICE FOR A REGULAR BRICK, GOOD DURABILITY AND COST EFFECTIVE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY: REDUCES 70% OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION

USES: WALLS AND FLOORS WITH CEMENT MORTAR.

FERROCEMENT CHANNELS •  MADE WITH A RICH BUT THIN LAYER OF CEMENT AND SAND WITH CHICKEN MESH WIRE

AS REINFORCEMENT, •  CHEAP, LOCALLY MADE AND HAVE A LIFE OF ROUGHLY 90 YEARS, COMPARED TO 30

YEARS OF TIN ROOF.

ADVANTAGES: • WILL NOT CATCH FIRE AS THATCH ROOF, • INSULATING CAPACITY IS MUCH BETTER THAN THAT OF A COSTLY TIN ROOF. • BUILT WITH ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY MATERIALS THAT ARE LOCAL. • SIMPLE SOLUTION AND THE FAMILY CAN DO THE LABOUR THEM SELF. EVEN THE POOREST FAMILIES CAN SOLVE THEIR ROOFING PROBLEM. • A SOLUTION THAT IN TIME CAN BE IMPROVED WITH A CEMENT PLASTER THAT WILL MAKE THE ROOF EVEN BETTER.

SOIL ROOF

BAMBOO TO MAKE THE CONSTRUCTION EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BY REINFORCING THE WALL WITH A BAMBOO CONSTRUCTION ON EACH SIDE OF THE WALL JOINED WITH A WIRE.

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

C PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY



BASIC DESIGN - VII


SHEET TITLE: CONCEPT SHEET & CONSTRUCTION DETAIL

SOIL ROOF CONSTRUCTED WITH A STRUCTURE OF TREATED BAMBOO WITH A POLYTHENE SHEET, OVER THIS A STRUCTURE BAMBOO AND FINALLY A LAYER OF MUD WITH A MIXTURE OF CEMENT.

DOORS AND WINDOW: ACCORDING TO MANUAL OF LOW COST HOUSING, BY “BHUBANESWAR LAL SHRESTHA”, WIDTH OF DOOR AND WINDOW SIZE: 2’-‐5” INSTEAD OF 2’-‐6” REDUCES THE COST AND MATERIAL AS 2’-‐6” WIDE DOOR REQUIRES 2’-‐1” WIDE PLYWOOD FOR SHUTTER AND 3’-‐0” PLYWOOD SHOULD BE USED, MAKING 11” WIDE PLYWOOD AS WASTAGE. HENCE, MORE THAN 30% WASTAGE IS SAVED.

FIG. FOUNDATION DETAIL

SUB STRUCTURES RAMMED EARTH FOUNDATION A SOIL CAN BE COMPARED TO AN EARTH CONCRETE. A CEMENT CONCRETE IS COMPOSED OF GRAVEL AND SAND WITH CEMENT, ACTING AS A BINDER. LIKEWISE A SOIL IS COMPOSED OF GRAVEL, SAND, SILT AND CLAY WHICH ACTS AS BINDER. THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE BOTH IS THE STRENGTH AND THE STABILITY WHEN WET. HENCE TO GET A STABLE MATERIAL WHEN WET AND LASTING STRENGTH, ONE NEEDS TO STABILIZE THE SILT AND CLAY. FOR A STABILIZED RAMMED EARTH FOUNDATION ONE MUST USE ONLY CEMENT TO STABILIZE THE SOIL AND NOT LIME WHICH NEEDS AIR FOR THE CARBONATION. DO NOT USE BITUMEN, WHICH DECREASES THE STRENGTH.

WALLS MASONRY TECHNOLOGY IS REINFORCED MASONRY WITH COMPRESSED STABILIZED EARTH BLOCKS. THE WALL IS CONSTRUCTED OUT OF CSEBBLOCKS APPLYING AUROVILLE’S TECHNOLOGY. IT CONSISTS OF WALL BUILT OUT OF 24CMX24CMX9CM. THE WALL SYSTEM HAS VERTICAL TIES AT EVERY CORNER: L-‐JOINTS AND T-‐JOINTS. ALSO THESE ARE PROVIDED ON THE SIDES OF EACH FENESTRATION. THE CONTINUOUS WALL HAS VERTICAL TIE IN EVERY LESS THAN 1.5 METERS. THIS IS MEANT FOR AVOIDING LATERAL BUCKLING DUE TO LONG CONTINUOUS WALL.

There are ring beams in plinth level, sill level, lintel level and roof level. These are connected to the verhcal hes to give rigid box effect during earthquake. The ring beams are cast in situ out of U-‐blocks. The lintels are precast before they are made conhnuous with the lintel band during actual construchon. All courses should be bound by cement stabilized earth mortar 1 cement: 1 soil: 3 sand. It should beplashcand not too liquid. The soil should not have more than 20-‐25 % of clay. Note for all courses: The blocks must be soaked before being laid and a well-‐laid block isimpossible to remove with one hand because it shcks well to the cement sand mortar.

SUPER STRUCTURES A RCC RING BEAMIS EMBEDDED AT THE TOP OF THE FOUNDATION AND A PLINTH BEAM AT THE FLOOR LEVEL SHOULD ALWAYS BE CAST. -‐ AT THE TOP OF THE FOUNDATION IS LAID A FIRST A REINFORCED CONCRETE RING BEAM, 1CEMENT: 1.5 SAND: 3 GRAVEL, IN WHICH ARE ANCHORED THE VERTICAL TIES. -‐ IT IS ESSENTIAL TO LOCATE VERY ACCURATELY THEVERTICAL TIES IN THE FIRST REINFORCED CONCRETE RING BEAM. -‐ A PLINTH BEAM IS LAID ON THE BASEMENT AND ITS TOP LEVEL WILL BE THE FLOOR LEVEL. THIS PLINTH BEAM IS CAST INUBLOCKS WITH 1CEMENT: 1.5SAND: 3GRAVEL.

ROOF Ferro cement Channel Ferrocement is a versahle technology in which there is a more uniform distribuhon of reinforcement by use of chicken wire mesh and welded mesh encapsulated in rich cement mortar. This composite provides a more uniform distribuhon of strength properhes as compared to RCC. This also enables drashc reduchon in sechon thickness and reinforcement required. This technology does not require stone aggregates. It however uses rich cement: coarse sand (or equivalent material) mix. FerrocementCement (FC) Channels are precast shell units made with rich cement mortar (1:2 to 1:3) reinforced with a `jali' of chicken wire-‐mesh reinforcement and steel bars. Ferrocementelements are durable, versahle, light and waterproof These shell units are cast either manually on a masonry mould or mechanically on steel moulds mounted on table vibrator. A (FC) channel is a longitudinal element of a curved sechon (ooen semi-‐cylindrical). It is precast using moulds. It uses less cement and steel while having the same strength as the same RCC. It is primarily designed for roofing purposes, either basic roof or intermediate floor..

Bamboo-‐mud roof In this roofing technology all the materials and labor used are local except small quanhhes of cement and polythene sheet. Cement will be used for the soil stabilizahon which will be coated over the roof. The technology is labour intensive. The roof built at IOE, Pulchowk spans to 5.5 meters without use of truss that would otherwise invite costly non-‐green steel truss or heavy hmber-‐consuming wooden truss. The soluhon to this problem is proposed asTrussed Beam. The structural concept behind this is: the hmber takes only compression and the steel takes tension. So small cross-‐sechon of raoer is sufficient; otherwise flexure beam has to take both compression and tension that demands large cross sechon.

Figure : Raoer layout plan

Figure : Figure : Ferro Cement Channel as roofing material

Figure : ROOF LAYER DETAIL.

Figure : Figure : Plinth ring beam .

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

INSTEAD OF WOODEN FRAME FOR DOORS AND WINDOWS USE SPECIAL WALL BLOCKS WITH HINGES MOULDED INSIDE. HOW IS IT EARTHQUAKE SAFE? DESIGNED AS PER EARTHQUAKE SAFETY NORMS. IT HAS SIX HORIZONTAL TIE BEAMS STARTING FROM THE FOUNDATION LEVEL RING BEAM. THE OTHERS ARE AT PLINTH LEVEL, WINDOW SILL LEVEL, LINTEL LEVEL, ROOF LEVEL AND FINALLY AT ROOFTOP LEVEL. THESE ARE MADE OF REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE (RCC) CAST INSIDE U SHAPED CSEB BLOCKS. IT ALSO HAS NUMEROUS VERTICAL REINFORCEMENTS -‐ ONE AT EVERY 1.5 METERS LENGTH OF WALL AND ALSO ON EACH SIDE OF ALL OPENINGS LIKE DOORS AND WINDOWS. APART FROM THIS, THE FERROCEMENT ROOF CHANNELS WHICH ARE TIED TO THE WALLS AT VARIOUS POINTS ARE THREE TIMES LIGHTER THAN AN RCC SLAB ROOF. AND HOW IS IT CLIMATE RESPONSIVE? IT WILL BE RELATIVELY MORE COMFORTABLE IN ALL SEASONS. THE ROOF IS WELL INSULATED WITH LOW COST LOCALLY AVAILABLE INSULATION MATERIALS LIKE RICE HUSK ASH. FOR BETTER SHADING IN SUMMER, THE BUILDING HAS A GREEN ROOF WITH GREEN GRASS AND CREEPER PLANTS COVERING THE WHOLE ROOF AND SHADING IT FROM DIRECT SUNLIGHT. IT IS A THERMAL ASSET IN THE TERAI THAT THE TEMPERATURE A FEW METERS BELOW GROUND REMAINS CONSTANT AND COMFORTABLE AT 25° C IN ALL SEASONS. WHEN IT IS 42° C IN SUMMER THIS IS A SOURCE FOR COOLNESS AND YET AT THE SAME TIME CAN ALSO BE A HEAT SOURCE FOR THE WINTERS. HENCE TO BENEFIT FROM THIS TREASURE, THE BUILDING HAS LOOSE EARTH SKIRT PILED UP AROUND IT IN ORDER TO BETTER CONNECT IT TO THE UNDERGROUND. THIS HELPS THE BUILDING TO KEEP COOL IN SUMMER AND WARM IN WINTER. IN ADDITION TO THIS, THE BUILDING HAS MOST OF ITS GLASS WINDOWS ON THE SOUTH FACING WALL, WHICH GETS ALL THE SUNRAYS IN WINTER BUT NONE IN SUMMER, AS THE SUMMER SUN STAYS OVERHEAD EXCEPT DURING MORNINGS AND EVENINGS. THEREFORE THE EAST AND WEST WALLS HAVE ONLY VENTILATIONS AND NO WINDOWS IN ORDER TO PREVENT OVERHEATING IN SUMMER. TO PROTECT THE BUILDING FROM THE AUTUMN SUN AND RAIN THERE ARE FERROCEMENT SHADES PROVIDED OVER ALL THE WINDOWS.THE HEAVY THERMAL MASS IN THE EARTH WALLS ACT LIKE MAGIC. HOW IS IT ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY? UNLIKE CONVENTIONAL BRICKS THE CSEB BLOCKS NEED ONLY CURING IN WATER AND NO FIRE. HENCE IN THE PROCESS, EIGHT TIMES LESSER CARBON IS EMITTED AS COMPARED TO COUNTRY FIRED BRICKS. SINCE MOST OF THE MATERIAL IS LOCAL, THERE IS VERY LITTLE TRANSPORTATION INVOLVED. AS MENTIONED ABOVE, THE BUILDING BEING CLIMATE RESPONSIVE, SAVES ENERGY IN COOLING AND HEATING OF THE ROOMS YEAR AFTER YEAR.

D PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY



BASIC DESIGN - VII


SHEET TITLE: TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS & PROGRAM FORMULATION

PROGRAM FORMULATION TOTAL AREA OF SITE: 140 ROPANIES AREA FOR AGRICULTURE: 41.15 ROPANIES HOUSING FOR 100 FAMILIES: 237806 SQ.FT ROAD NETWORK: 85513 SQ.FT GREEANARIES AND LANDSCAPE:

ZONING: RESIDENCE AT THE TOP FOR THE GOOD ANF FRESH AIR

CIRCULATION

SCHOOL FACED EAST AND NORTH

LIGHTS AT CLASSROOMS, FAR FROM NOISY AREAS

HOSPITAL AT EASY AND QUICK ASSESS FOR EVERYONE

ENTRY

MARKET AT EASY ACCESS AND FAR FOR PREVENTING

POLLUTION

AGRICULTURE AREA AT EAST PART FOR

THE DIRECT SUNLIGHT AND NO ANY OBSTRUCTIONS

AND AT THE BOTTOM OF THE

CONTOUR FOR THE NATURAL FLOW OF

WATER.

CENTRALLY LOCATED PARK CREATING OPENNESS

MEDITATION CENTER AS IN THE FORM OF MANDALA

AS “HEALING” COMMUNITY

BLOCKS AS SOCIAL FACTORS

CONCEPT: LOW COST HOUSING •  TO USE CHEAP MATERIALS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES, •  ALSO THE QUALITY OF THE HOUSE AND THE DURABILITY, •  USING LOCAL MATERIALS, LABORS AND CONSTRUCTION

TECHNIQUES, •  OPEN SPACE PLANNING, •  INTEGRATION OF MICRO CLIMATE DESIGN EKEMENTS BY

CREATING OPEN AREAS TO SEN DECK AT WINTER AND PROVIDED WITH TREES AT THE TOP FOR BETTER AIR CIRCULATION AND CHAUTARAS PROVIDED FOR SOCIAL GATHERINGS AND FOR WIND,

•  ALSO CONSIDERED AREAS AND ACCESS FOR HANDICAPP, PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY,

Engineering

rehabilation case study