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Practical Power Transformers: Operation, Maintenance & Testing

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Telecommunications

• Greek stem : “Tele” meaning “at a distance” with the word “communications” meaning “the science and practice of transmitting information”

• Dictionary of Communications Technology : "a term encompassing the transmission or reception of signals, images, sounds, or information by wire, radio, optic, or infra-red media“

• Public switched telephone network (PSTN) : Developed for carrying voice communications

• Low investment cost

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Principles of Telecommunications Services

Provide services to the users

Requires execution of a series of programs by originating and destination entities

Decomposed into different layers, where each layer undertakes a specified portion of the overall service

Includes information transfer, signaling, and billing

Corruption of Signals during transmission due to interference

Protocols incorporate error correction and detection mechanisms

Transfer of information is in the form of different bits

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Telecommunication Standards

• Standardization essential to enable the global PSTN to function

• International Standardization Organization (ISO)

• International Telecommunication Union (ITU) • Provided by

• Standards organizations:

• European Telecommunication Standardization Institute (ETSI)

• International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

• Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)

• Electronics Industries Association (EIA)

• Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA)

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• Frame Relay Forum, ADSL Forum , ATM Forum

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