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PRACTICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION

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Topics

• History and growth of power distribution

• Typical characteristics of a power distribution system

• Main components of a distribution system

• Main equipments in a distribution system

• Electrical safety and power security

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Governing Principles of Power Distribution

• Safety of operating personnel and plant assets

• Reliable power supply (continuity of power)

• Adequate quality of power

• Prevention of load generated problems

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Consumers’ Responsibility

• No power system is 100% trouble-free

• Consumer should know supply behaviour and parameters

• Preempt problems by proper design and selection of consumer owned equipment

• Minimise adverse impact on power supply system

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History and Growth of Power Distribution• ac vs. dc

– Edison vs. Tesla (backed by Westinghouse)

• ac won out because of several benefits– Higher efficiency of transmission– Minimises voltage drop– Transformation of ac voltage is easy

• First ac installation in Niagara Falls in USA

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Benefits of a 3-phase AC Power System

• Higher power output for a given size of motor

• Better conductor economy per unit power

• Self starting induction motors

• Better synchronising torque makes parallel operation of alternators possible

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Connection Configurations of Source and Load

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Connection Configurations of Source and Load

Technology Training that Workswww.idc-online.com/slideshare

Connection Configurations of Source and Load

Technology Training that Workswww.idc-online.com/slideshare

Connection Configurations of Source and Load

Technology Training that Workswww.idc-online.com/slideshare

Types of Power Distribution

• Utility– Dispersed loads– Mix of large and small loads

• Residential (domestic)– Small, perhaps single phase– Daily and seasonal load cycle

• Buildings (commercial/business premises)– Similar in nature to domestic but different daily cycle

• Industrial– Larger loads concentrated in a small area– Load fluctuations and load generated problems

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Industrial Distribution Components

• An incoming section • In-plant emergency/standby generation and associated

distribution system• A primary distribution system, usually medium/high voltage • A step down transformer section • A secondary low voltage distribution system• Control gear for individual loads• Supervisory control system

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Main Equipment Types

• Circuit isolation devices• Circuit switching devices (circuit breakers)• Transformers• HV and LV distribution equipment• Motor control panels• DC supply system • Power system protection • Cable (or overhead line based) distribution systems• Earthing system• Power quality improvement equipment

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Electrical Safety and Power Security

• Electricity-a good servant but a bad master

• Safety is a predominant issue

• Legislative requirements

• Standards for ensuring quality and reliability

• Good O&M practices to ensure power security

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