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Koya University Faculty of Engineering

School of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering

Chemical Engineering department

MECHANICAL FLUID

EXPERIMENT NUMBER NINE

Over all pressure of

Fluid flow

By: 1. Aree Salah 2. Alan Mawlud 3. Aso Ahmed 4. Payam Muhamed

Instructor: Mr. Ali & Miss. Hawzheen Experiment Contacted on: 4/2/2014

Report Submitted on: 11/4 /2014 Group:A

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LIST OF CONTAIN:

THE AIM OF THIS EXPERIMENT…………………………………… 3

INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………4

THEORY ……………………………………………………………………….5

PROCEDURE …………………………………………………………………6

TOOLS ……………………………………………………………………...7 , 8

Table of calculating ……………………………………………………...9

DISCUSSION …………………………………………………. 10 , 11 , 12

REFERENCE ………………………………………………………………..13

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THE AIM OF THIS EXPERIMENT:

Measuring the over all pressure of fluid flow

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INTRODUCTION:

In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an in

viscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs

simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease

in the fluid's potential energy The principle is named after

Daniel Bernoulli who published it in his book

Hydrodynamic in 1738. Bernoulli's principle can be

applied to various types of fluid flow, resulting in what is

loosely denoted as Bernoulli's equation. In fact, there are

different forms of the Bernoulli equation for different

types of flow. The simple form of Bernoulli's principle is

valid for incompressible flows (e.g. most liquid flows) and

also for compressible flows (e.g. gases) moving at low

Mach numbers (usually less than 0.3). More advanced

forms may in some cases be applied to compressible flows

at higher Mach numbers.{1}

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THEORY:

Bernoulli's principle describes the relationship between the

flow velocity of a fluid and its pressure. An increase in velocity

leads to a drop in pressure in a flowing fluid, and vice versa.

The total pressure of the fluid remains constant. Bernoulli's

equation is also known as the principle of conservation of

energy of the flow.

The HM 150.07 experimental unit is used to demonstrate

Bernoulli's principle by determining the pressures in a Venturi

nozzle.

The experimental unit includes a pipe section with a

transparent Venturi nozzle and a movable pitot tube for

measuring the total pressure. The pitot tube is located within

the Venturi nozzle, where it is displaced axially. The position of

the pitot tube can be observed through the Venturi nozzle's

transparent front panel.

The Venturi nozzle is equipped with pressure measuring

points to determine the static pressures. The pressures are

displayed on the six tube manometers. The total pressure is

measured by the pitot tube and displayed on another single

tube manometer.

The experimental unit is positioned easily and securely on the

work surface of the HM 150 base module. The water is supplied

and the flow rate measured by HM 150. Alternatively, the

experimental unit can be operated by the laboratory supply.

The well-structured instructional material sets out the

fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide through the

experiments.

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PROCEDURE:

- Arrange the experimentation set-up on the Hydraulic Bench

Such that the discharge routes the water into the channel.

- Make hose connection between Hydraulic Bench and unit

- Open discharge of Hydraulic Bench

- Set cap nut [1] of probe compression gland such that slight

Resistance is felt on moving probe

- Open inlet and outlet ball cock

- Switch on pump and slowly open main cock of

Hydraulic Bench

- Open vent valves [3] on water pressure gauges

- Carefully close outlet cock until pressure gauges are flushed

- By simultaneously setting inlet and outlet cock, regulate

Water level in pressure gauges such that neither upper nor

Lower range limit [4,5] is overshot or undershot

-Record pressures at all measurement points. Then move overall

Pressure probe to corresponding measurement level and note

Down overall pressure.

- Determine volumetric flow rate. To do so, use stopwatch to

Establish time t required for raising the level in the volumetric

Tank of the Hydraulic Bench.

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TOOLS:

1. diagram,

2. tube manometers (static pressures),

3. water supply,

4. valve,

5. Venturi nozzle,

6. water drain,

7. valve,

8. pitot tube,

9. single tube manometer (total pressure)

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Measuring the pressures in a Venturi nozzle: 1. tube manometers for displaying the static pressures, 2. Venturi nozzle with measuring points, 3. Pitot tube for measuring the total pressure, axially movable.{2}

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Table of calculating:

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DISCUSSION:

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Bernoulli's principle relates the pressure of a fluid to its elevation and its

speed. Bernoulli's equation can be used to approximate these parameters

in water, air or any fluid that has very low viscosity. Students learn about

the relationships between the components of the Bernoulli equation

through real-life engineering examples and practice problems.{3}

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9) What happened in this experiment? Why?

Conclusion:

A) Relate what happens when a large truck is passing your car

on interstate 40.

B) Julie is riding in a car with her large family and, to her

disgust, grandpa lights up a cigar. The car is filled with smoke

and finally Julie asks him to crack open his window. How does

the pressure outside the car now relate to the pressure inside

the car? What happens to the disgusting smoke particles? (two

questions = two answers).

C) Use the diagram below to explain one reason why airplanes

can fly. Use the words pressure, velocity and force as well as

vector arrows

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At (236.12) volumetric Flow rate

Generally the value of Vm increases with Vact to a certain point then

decreases.

At (236.12) volumetric Flow rate

The value of Vact increases until it reaches the peak value which is about

in halfway of the (Pt/ᵞ) then decreases so it reaches the initial value.

0

50

100

150

200

250

37.3 59.47 153.52 101.68 51.44 37.3

Vm

(cm

/s)

Vact (cm/s)

Relation between Vact & Vm

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

27.3 27.5 27.7 27.4 27.1 26.7

Vac

t

(Pt/ᵞ)

Relation between Vact & (Pt/ᵞ)

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REFERENCE:

1/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_principle

2/ http://www.gunt.de/static/s4239_1.php?p1=0&p2=&pN=search;Volltext;hm%20150.07#

3/

http://www.teachengineering.org/view_lesson.php?url=collection/cub_/lessons/cub_bernoulli/cub_bernoulli_lesson01.xml