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Brief prsentation of telecom fundamentals for non technical people
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Barcelona School of ManagementMaster of Science in IT Strategic Management – MSCIT
Networking Services & Infrastructures
1.- Telecom Fundamentals
[email protected] September 2014
Network Infrastructures and Internet Technologies1.- Telecom fundamentalsIndex
Signals
Frequency domain & spectrum
Transmission
Modulation
Multiplexing
Transmission media
Switching: circuit & packet
Architectural layers: OSI & TCP/IP
Protocols
Standardization bodies
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSignals
Analog
Digital
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSignal parameters
Amplitude
Frequency
Wavelength
Phase
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresFrequency domain
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSpectrum, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency
Frequency Bands
VHF
UHF
Microwave
Infrared
Visible
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAcoustic spectrum
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTransmission & channels Transmission modes
Simplex
Half duplex
Full duplex
Digital aggregation
Bit
Byte
Frame
Packet
Cell
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTransmission parameters
Transmission parameters Asynchronous & Synchronous
Attenuation,
Noise,
Delay,
Results Analog degradation
Digital errors
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresChannel parameters Chanel parameters
Fourier analysis – Frequency domain
Spectrum – Bandwidth
Data rate – Bandwidth
Channel capacity, Nyquist Bandwidth (without noise)
For binary signals, the data rate that can be supported by B Hz is 2B bps
With multilevel signaling, the Nyquist formula becomes: C = 2B log2M
Shannon Capacity (with noise)
SNRdb=10 log10 (signal/noise)
Capacity C = B log2(1+SNR)
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAddition of frequencies
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresModulation
Analog & Digital Amplitude, Frequency & Phase
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresModulation
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAnalogical modulation
AM Amplitude Modulation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation
FM Frequency Modulation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation
PM Phase Modulation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_modulation
QAM Quadrature AM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAmplitude and Frequency Analogical modulation
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresDigital modulation
ASK Amplitude Shift Keying
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying
PSK Phase Shift Keying
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift_keying
Digital QAM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresDigital modulation
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresQAM two-bit (PSK)
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresQAM three-bit (ASK + PSK)
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresQAM four-bit (ASK + PSK)
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresMultiplexing
TDM & FDM
TDM Time Divison Multiplexing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTime Division Multiplexing
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresFrequency Division Multiplexing
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSynchronous TDM
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAsynchronous TDM – ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSynchronous TDM vs ATM
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresPlesyochronous TDM multiplexing - PDH
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSynchronous TDM multiplexing - SDH
Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSDH Hierarchies
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSDH Synchronous Ring
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAsynchronous vs. Synchronous multiplexing
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresMultiplexing (other)
OFDM Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing
CDMA Code Division MA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access
DWDM- Dense wavelength multiplexing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOFDM - Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
OFDM is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies (used in adsl & 4G)
A large number of closely spaced orthogonal sub-carrier signals are used to carry data on several parallel data streams or channels.
Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme (such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-shift keying) at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to conventional single-carrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOFDM
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresCDMA – Code Division Multiple Access
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresCDMA
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresDWDM – (Dense) Wave length multiplexing
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTDM vs. WDM
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTDM vs. WDM vs. OFDM
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresMixed TDM & OFDM
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTransmission media
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresCupper pair cable
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTwisted-pair cupper standards
Class A: link/channel up to 100 kHz using Category 1 cable/connectors
Class B: link/channel up to 1 MHz using Category 2 cable/connectors
Class C: link/channel up to 16 MHz using Category 3 cable/connectors
Class D: link/channel up to 100 MHz using Category 5e cable/connectors
Class E: link/channel up to 250 MHz using Category 6 cable/connectors
Class EA: link/channel up to 500 MHz using Category 6A cable/connectors (Amendment 1 and 2 to ISO/IEC 11801, 2nd Ed.)
Class F: link/channel up to 600 MHz using Category 7 cable/connectors
Class FA: link/channel up to 1000 MHz using Category 7A cable/connectors (Amendment 1 and 2 to ISO/IEC 11801, 2nd Ed.)
Class I: link/channel up to between 1600 MHz and 2000 MHz using Category 8.1 cable/connectors (specification under development)
Class II: link/channel up to between 1600 MHz and 2000 MHz using Category 8.2 cable/connectors (specification under development)
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresCoaxial cupper cable
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOptical fiber. Refraction and total reflexion
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOptical fiber - types
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOptical fiber – refraction index
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOptical fiber windows
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSwitching (and Routing)
Circuit switching
Packet switching Datagrams Virtual circuit
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSwitching
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresCircuit switching
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresPacket switching (datagram & virtual circuit)
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresDatagram
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresVirtual circuit
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresVirtual circuit process
MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructures
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresArchitectural Layers
OSI Model
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model
TCP/IP Stack
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI (open systems interconnection) Layers
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI functions
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI communication
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI Network
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI Model vs. TCP/IP Stack
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI vs. TCP/IP vs. Ethernet models
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresNetwork protocol functions (at different layers)
Establishing and closing connections Addressing Sequencing Data error control Flow control
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresNetwork protocol meaning
Layer 2: Local link, with local meaning (many circuits a t a time)
Layer 3: Local link with end to end meaning (only one circuit)
Layer 4: End to end communication (one circuit)
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresVirtual circuit establishing and closing
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresError detection & correction
Detection and retransmission used in communications Correction used in memory writing
Always with redundancy Parity check
Polynomial check with CRC (cyclic redundancy check)
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresError detection & correction. Example
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresError detection. CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresError detection. CRC generation
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresFlow control
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresFlow control at diferent levels
Can be at
Layer 2: All the channels in the link , when this layer 2 has congestion
Layer 3: a channel in the link (because other “distant layer 2” may have congestion that affects this circuit)
Layer 4: end to end congestion
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresStandardization Bodies (1)
UIT – ITU
http://www.itu.int/en/Pages/default.aspx ISO
http://www.iso.org/iso/home.html IEEE
https://www.ieee.org/index.html 3GPP
http://www.3gpp.org/
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresStandardization Bodies (2) ETSI European
http://www.etsi.org/
FCC USA
http://www.fcc.gov/
OFCOM UK
http://www.ofcom.org.uk/
ISOC Internet Society
http://www.internetsociety.org/
MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresNetworks ….
Types: LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN, Topologies: Star, Bus, Ring, Tree, Mesh, Signals: Voice, Data, TV, Sensors, Fixed services, mobile services,
…..to be continued…..