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Darryl Bullock,CEng,MSc,BEng(Hons),BA, MILP,MIET National Project Manager

Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

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Page 1: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

Darryl Bullock,CEng,MSc,BEng(Hons),BA, MILP,MIET

National Project Manager

Page 2: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

LED – Maintenance FactorsWhat Is The Correct Solution?

Lighting Design

Page 3: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

Choosing the Correct Solution

• Energy

• Design Life

• Colour Temperature

• Optical Performance

Page 4: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

Product reliability

As with all Luminaires Conventional or LED, the overall product reliability is determined by the integration of 

packaging and assembly of  components into a final product, ensuring that each of the component parts are adhered to with respect to drive conditions and thermal 

management.

Page 5: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

Lumen DepreciationMost LEDs experience a gradual reduction in light 

output over the lifetime of operation 

Lumen MaintenanceThe reliability of the LED to maintain its light output 

during operation As such, any degradation or reduction in performance can be either from a reduction in the light‐emitting efficiency of the LED chip or a reduction in the light transmission of the optical path within the LED 

package, module or fixture.  

Page 6: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

Projected Energy Rise

Page 7: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

Design Life• The subject of maintenance factors for LED lanterns that 

is a topic is a topic that is being raised on a frequent basis.

• Lumen maintenance is taken from LM80‐08 report. All reputable LED manufacturers produce TM21 data for 10,000 hours of operation of their LEDs at various drive currents and junction temperatures which can be used to extrapolate lumen maintenance at end of life. 

• LM80‐08 recommends that the extrapolation period should not exceed 6 times the test period, or 60,000 hours. However this is not helpful when trying to predict 100,000 hours. 

Page 8: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

Common Denominators• All lanterns are subject to the same MF relating to 

cleaning frequency and environmental zone. So for E1/E2 6m column 72 month cleaning frequency this will be 0.92 

• After this I think the chosen maintenance factor varies from product to product depending on the information available.

• Is this the case ??• Less pollution 

Page 9: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

The life of LEDs• The life of LEDs (Lx) is defined  as the length  of time 

during  which the LEDs will• provide  more than a claimed percentage  (x) of the 

initial light  output.• A manufacturer will  declare values for life and lumen 

maintenance,  usually at a specified ambient  temperature.

• The factor  Lx takes into  account the general decline of light  output over life.

• In addition to this there is likely to be a failure  of LEDs, comprising  both catastrophic (total) 

• failure  and a steep decline in light  output to a value• considered to be below  acceptable operation.

Page 10: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

Current Vs Light

Page 11: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

Lifetime @ 700mA

Page 12: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

Lifetime @ 350mA

Page 13: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

Controlling Temperature

Page 14: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

The failure  rate over the rated life is defined  

as the failure  fraction (Fy) • The failure  rate over the rated life is defined  as the failure  fraction (Fy) where y is the percentage  of LEDs that  will have failed  at the end of rated life. For example, F10  (100000 h) indicates that  10% of the LEDs will  no longer  be considered operational at 100 000 h.

• For lighting design the failure  fraction Fy needs to be taken into  account. Using the example, if 10% of the LEDs have failed  then 90% will  be operational; this is equivalent to a survival factor  of 0.9.

Page 15: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

L70 @ 35oCAlso known as L70B50 which is the point when 50% of the LED’s lose 30% of their Lumen Output

Page 16: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

What Drive Current• For lighting design, the overall maintenance  factor  for 

LED luminaires  takes into account the following factors:•• •    The lumen maintenance of the LEDs at the end of their  

rated life – this is equivalent to lamp lumen maintenance  factor  (LLMF);

•• •    The failure fraction of the LEDs at the end of their rated 

life – this is equivalent to lamp survival factor (LSF);•• •    The reduction in light output owing  to the 

accumulation of dirt  on the light‐emitting parts of the luminaire (luminaire maintenance  factor,  LMF) – typical values are shown in Table B.1.

Page 17: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

Environmental Zone

Page 18: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

Maintenance factors for LED luminairesDerived from using the above formula and the BS5489‐1:2013 BS13201‐3(informative)Maintenance factors for LED luminairesProposed Lantern –Mounting Height 8mMaintenance Factor: Lantern L95/F5 = 50,000hrs – Cleaning Cycle – 0.92 So the total MF for our luminaire = LMF x LLMF x LSF

MF= 0.95*0.95*0.92= 0.83Intensity G4Environment Zone ‐ E3Proposed Lantern Mounting Height 5mMaintenance Factor: Lantern L95/F5 = 50,000hrs – Cleaning Cycle – MF= 0.95*0.95*084 = 0.76Intensity G4Environment Zone ‐ E3

Page 19: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

Maintenance factors for CLO LED luminaires(informative)Often our customers are asking for Constant Light Output which means the lumen depreciation is compensated for by increasing the drive current over the life of the product.In this case the MF used should be = LMF x LSF

Maintenance factors for LED luminairesProposed Lantern –Mounting Height 8mMaintenance Factor: Lantern L95/F5 = 50,000hrs – Cleaning Cycle So the total MF for our luminaire = LMF x  LSFMF= 0.95*0.92= 0.87Intensity G4Environment Zone ‐ E3

Proposed Lantern Mounting Height 5mMaintenance Factor: Lantern L95/F5 = 50,000hrs – Cleaning Cycle –MF= 0.95*084 = 0.79Intensity G4Environment Zone ‐ E3

Page 20: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

NON CLO

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Page 21: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

CLO

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CLO CLO Increase

Page 22: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

Choosing the Correct Solution with an 

Agreed  Common Design Criteria That 

Takes Away Any Confusion Lumen Output (LED or Lantern)

Maintenance Factor Calculations

Allowing a Common Approach for Lighting 

Engineers To Apply These To Their Designs    

Page 23: Maintenance Factors & LEDs: Are they being used correctly?

Thank You For Your Attention

Any Questions

?