SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON

Lighting Safety Considerations

Presented By:

Navnath K. Magar

(20140278)

Guided By:

Dr. U. V. Patil

Lighting and Illumination Introduction

Electrical lighting Non-Electrical lighting

1. Clean in operation 1. Dirty in operation

2. Easy to control 2. Control is difficult

3. Reliable 3. Non-reliable

4. Steady output 4. Varying output

5. High efficiency 5. Low efficiency

6. Low cost 6. High cost

7. Less hazardous 7. More hazardous

8. Low possibility of fire 8. High possibility of fire

9. e.g. Fluorescent lamp, discharge lamp 9. e.g. Candle, oil lamp, fire

• Definition of Illumination• Color of Object

Importance of Lighting Safety Considerations.

o Improper Lighting effect:-

1. Eye irritation

2. Headache

3. Reduction in mental alertness

4. Discomfort

5. Reduction in productivity & quality of work

6. Injury to person

Injury Trend Based On Lighting Level

Source: Lighting safety considerations by Mathew F.(IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications)

Luminous Flux(Lumens): Total quantity of light energy radiated per second.

Illumination(Lux): Luminous flux received by a surface per unit area of surface.

Lamp efficiency(lm/w): Ratio of luminous flux to power input.

Depreciation factor: Ratio of illumination with clean lamp to illumination under working conditions.

Space to height ratio: Ratio of horizontal spacing between two lamps to the height of the lamp above working plane.

Glare

Shadow

• Terminologies

Safety Aspects

Lighting Design:- Adequate lighting, glare & shadows, flickers

Maintenance Issues:- Re-lamping, de-energize, environmental factors

Location and Installation:-

Hazardous Locations:- Flameproof & explosion proof lighting , restricted breathing

Maintenance Ergonomics:- Static load , body postures

IE Rules

Adequate Illumination

Over Illumination

Definition

Health Effects:-

1. Headache

2. Fatigue

3. Stress

4. Performance effect

Lighting Design

Under illumination

Definition

Health Effects:-

1. Headache

2. Fatigue

3. Stress

4. Performance effect

• Design factors

Glare and Shadows

Definition

Solution

Power Quality (Flickers)

Definition

Causes

Solution

Design Procedure

1. Identify the requirements

2. Determine the method of lighting

3. Select the lighting equipment

4. Calculate the lighting parameters and adjust the design as required

5. Determine the control system

6. Choice of luminaries

7. Inspect the installation upon completion

Maintenance Issues Re-lamping

Frequency of re-lamping Improper servicing

De-energize

Advantages:-

• Quick removal

• Safe and quick replacement

• Eliminating shock and burn hazards

Environmental Factors

A. Corrosion : Alloy of Cu free Al , finishing with epoxy powder.

B. Moisture : Fixture with NEMA 4X rating.

C. Dust: Cone fixtures

LED with heat sink

Location and installation

Frequency and accessibility at maintenance site

Space restrictions and temperature relations

Maintenance Ergonomics Static Loads Awkward working position

Flame proof and Explosion proof Lighting :

o Contain explosion within itself

o Escaping gases released at below ignition temp. of external area

o Heat is released through lens

o Housed in flameproof enclosures

o Made up of Non-metallic materials

Hazardous Locations

Restricted Breathing

o Prevent entry of flammable gases

o Done by using external sealing that prevent in and out of air

o External material should bear high temperature

Indian Standard Code for Lighting Indian Standard CODE OF PRACTICE FOR INDUSTRIAL

LIGHTING IS : 6665 – 1972

FACTORS INFLUENCING GOOD INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING PRACTICE :

A good industrial lighting should take into account:

a) adequate quantity of illumination, and

b) good quality of illumination.

o A general lighting system should be designed to provide a uniform distribution of light over the entire work area.

o In locations where dirt will collect very rapidly on luminaries surfaces and where adequate maintenance is not available, they should maintain periodically.

• Quality of Illumination : To reduce direct glare in industrial areas, the following steps should be taken :

1. Decrease the luminance of light sources or lighting equipment, or both

2. Reduce the area of high luminance causing the glare condition

3. Increase the angle between the glare source and the line of vision

4. Increase the luminance of the area surrounding the glare source and against which it is seen.

High reflectance surfaces are generally desirable to provide the recommended luminance relationships and high utilization of light. They also improve the appearance of the work space. It is also desirable that the background is slightly darker than the seeing task.

In uniform illumination, the distribution of light with a maximum and minimum illumination at any point should not be more than one-sixth above or below the average level in the area.

Colour discrimination and colour matching are a part of the work process, the light source selected should have the desired colour rendering properties.

Required Illumination Level In Industry

Conclusion

Lighting design is not simple and straight forward as one may think. It needs to start safety centered approach.

Safety is affected by the reliability , longevity and maintainability of the designed system.

End users must do their research and should

achieve the best and safest design possible.

For your attention