STATUS OF

FUNGICIDE RESIDUES

Required annual growth Required annual growth raterate

CropCrop % Growth rate% Growth rateRiceRice 2.352.35WheatWheat 2.222.22MaizeMaize 1.361.36CottonCotton 3.763.76VegetablesVegetables 3.203.20FruitsFruits 6.046.04

(Jayaraj et al., (Jayaraj et al., 2005)2005)

Pesticide consumption in Pesticide consumption in IndiaIndia• Year 2004-2005Year 2004-2005 41,350 MT41,350 MT• Year 2014-2015 57,353 MTYear 2014-2015 57,353 MT

InsecticidesInsecticides 25,929 MT25,929 MTHerbicidesHerbicides 7,364 MT 7,364 MT

FungicidesFungicides 6,397 MT 6,397 MTOthersOthers 1,660 MT 1,660 MT

Share of different groups of Share of different groups of pesticides (2004-2005)pesticides (2004-2005)

PesticidePesticide World (%)World (%) India (%)India (%)

HerbicidesHerbicides 4545 1818

InsecticideInsecticidess

3636 6363

FungicidesFungicides 1717 1515OthersOthers 22 44

• Various literature published between 2007 Various literature published between 2007 and 2014 suggests that legumes, leafy greens and 2014 suggests that legumes, leafy greens and fruits such as apples and grapes and fruits such as apples and grapes frequently contain the highest levels of frequently contain the highest levels of pesticide residues (Bempah et al. 2012; pesticide residues (Bempah et al. 2012; Jardim et al. 2012; Fan et al. 2013; Yuan et al. Jardim et al. 2012; Fan et al. 2013; Yuan et al. 2014). 2014).

• A study conducted in Europe that investigated A study conducted in Europe that investigated residues found in the hair of agricultural residues found in the hair of agricultural workers discovered 33 different substances, workers discovered 33 different substances, including herbicides and fungicides. including herbicides and fungicides.

• The most frequently found pesticides were The most frequently found pesticides were pyrimethanil, cyprodinil and azoxystrobine pyrimethanil, cyprodinil and azoxystrobine and their detections corresponded to the and their detections corresponded to the types of cultivation and products used. types of cultivation and products used.

Consumption of pesticides on Consumption of pesticides on different cropsdifferent crops

CropCrop Pesticide Pesticide share (%)share (%)

Cropped Cropped area (%)area (%)

CottonCotton 52-5952-59 55

PaddyPaddy 17-1817-18 2424

Fruits and vegetablesFruits and vegetables 13-1413-14 33Cereals/oilseeds/Cereals/oilseeds/pulsespulses

6-76-7 5858

(Agnihotri, 1999)(Agnihotri, 1999)

• per capita consumption of pesticides in India is 0.6 per capita consumption of pesticides in India is 0.6 Kg/ha which is the lowest in the world. The per capita Kg/ha which is the lowest in the world. The per capita pesticide consumption in China and USA is 13 Kg/ha pesticide consumption in China and USA is 13 Kg/ha and 7 Kg/ha, respectively.and 7 Kg/ha, respectively.

Average consumption of Average consumption of pesticides in different countries pesticides in different countries

(2000)(2000)CountryCountry Average consumption Average consumption

(g/ha)(g/ha)JapanJapan 12001200KoreaKorea 66006600USAUSA 25002500IndiaIndia 288288

Food Safety

“All chemicals are poisons; there is none which is not a poison.

The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy”

Categorization of pesticidesCategorization of pesticidesDepictionDepiction

Colour of Colour of lower lower triangletriangle

Bright Bright redred

Bright Bright yellowyellow

Bright Bright blueblue

Bright Bright greengreen

Toxicity Toxicity ClassClass

ExtremelExtremely toxicy toxic

Highly Highly toxictoxic

ModeratelModerately toxicy toxic

Slightly Slightly toxictoxic

Oral LD50 Oral LD50 value value (mg/kg)(mg/kg)

<50<50 51-50051-500 501-5000501-5000 >5000>5000

Signal Signal wordswords(upper half)(upper half)

POISONPOISON POISONPOISON DANGERDANGER CAUTIONCAUTION

Warning words Warning words (Outside the (Outside the diamond)diamond)

Keep out of reach Keep out of reach of children. If of children. If swallowed or swallowed or symptoms of symptoms of poisoning occur, poisoning occur, call doctorcall doctor

Keep out of Keep out of reach of reach of children. children.

Keep out of Keep out of reach of reach of children. children.

--

POISON POISON DANGER CAUTION

Toxicity level of common pesticides

Label ColourLabel Colour PesticidesPesticidesRedRed Monocrotophos, carbofuran, Monocrotophos, carbofuran,

Zinc phosphide, phorateZinc phosphide, phorateYellowYellow Endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, Endosulfan, chlorpyrifos,

quinalphos, fenthion, quinalphos, fenthion, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, paraquatparaquat

BlueBlue Cymoxanil, diniconazole, Cymoxanil, diniconazole, flusilazole, carbendazim, flusilazole, carbendazim, metalaxyl, myclobutanil, metalaxyl, myclobutanil, dodine, malathiondodine, malathion

GreenGreen Mancozeb, sulphur, Mancozeb, sulphur, chlorothalonil, Neem based chlorothalonil, Neem based formulations, streptocyclineformulations, streptocycline

Fungicides registered and their Fungicides registered and their carcinogenic classification carcinogenic classification

FungicideFungicide EPA classificationEPA classification ADI ADI (mg/kg (mg/kg body wt/day)body wt/day)

BenomylBenomyl C- Possible human C- Possible human carcinogencarcinogen

0.10.1

CaptanCaptan B2- Probable human B2- Probable human carcinogencarcinogen

0.10.1

HexaconazoHexaconazolele

C- Possible human C- Possible human carcinogencarcinogen

0.0050.005

MancozebMancozeb B2- Probable human B2- Probable human carcinogencarcinogen

0.030.03

Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) in India

Central Codex committee of Food Standards(The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954)

Pesticides Food MRL (mg/kg)

Dithiocarbamates Tomatoes 3.0Benomyl Mango

Other fruitsVegetables

2.01.00.50

Captafol Tomato 5.0Copper oxychloride Fruits and vegetables 20Carbendazim Mango

BananaOther fruitsDry FruitsVegetables

2.01.05.00.010.50

Hexaconazole Apple 0.1

Dodine Apple 5.0

Pesticides Food MRL (mg/kg)

Penconazole Grapes 0.2

Myclobutanil Grapes 1.0

Chlorothalonil Potato 0.1

Propiconazole Wheat 0.05

Captan Fruis and vegetables 15.0

Mancozeb chillies 1.0

Tricyclazole Rice 0.02

HOW DOES THIS HOW DOES THIS AFFECT FOOD SAFETY?AFFECT FOOD SAFETY?

Am I being exposed to crop protection chemicals by eating fruits and vegetables?

HOW DOES THIS HOW DOES THIS AFFECT FOOD SAFETY?AFFECT FOOD SAFETY?

Am I in danger of developing cancer from carcinogens

found in my produce?

Supervised field trailsSupervised field trails• PersistencePersistence

• MRLMRL

• Waiting periodsWaiting periods

AppleApple

FungicideFungicide MRL MRL (mg/kg)(mg/kg)

Waiting period Waiting period (days)(days)

Mancozeb Mancozeb 3.03.0 2525PropinebPropineb 3.03.0 1515CarbendaziCarbendazimm

5.05.0 88

DodineDodine 5.05.0 1414BitertanolBitertanol 0.10.1 3030MyclobutanilMyclobutanil 0.10.1 3030

Solan (H.P)Solan (H.P)

Mancozeb on Mancozeb on vegetablesvegetables

VegetableVegetable Waiting period Waiting period (days)(days)

CabbageCabbage 2727Knol-kholKnol-khol 2222BhindiBhindi 55BrinjalBrinjal 44TomatoTomato 55

MRL 3.0 mg/kgMRL 3.0 mg/kg

SolanSolan

MonitorinMonitoringg

• Reveal current trendReveal current trend• Source of contamination must be identifiedSource of contamination must be identified• Good agricultural practices followed or notGood agricultural practices followed or not• Excessive residues act as non-tariff barrierExcessive residues act as non-tariff barrier

Fungicides in fruitsFungicides in fruits1988-20031988-2003

Himachal PradeshHimachal Pradesh

*Contaminated(*Contaminated(violatingviolating)/total number of samples )/total number of samples analysedanalysed

FungicidFungicidee

Samples*Samples* Residue rangeResidue range(mg/kg)(mg/kg)

EBDCEBDC(Ethylene-bis (Ethylene-bis dithiocarbamate)dithiocarbamate)

101(101(99)/327)/327 0.024-0.024-13.44813.448

MBCMBC(Methyl (Methyl benzimidazole benzimidazole carbamate)carbamate)

9(0)979(0)97 0.089-1.5550.089-1.555

CopperCopper 3(0)/293(0)/29 0.024-0.0500.024-0.050

AppleApple

EBDC residues in EBDC residues in appleapple

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

Year

Num

ber o

f sam

ples Analysed

ContaminatedAbove MRL

Fruits and vegetable Fruits and vegetable contamination with fungicide -contamination with fungicide -

20032003

Contaminated34%

Above MRL2%

Uncontaminated64%

StateState Samples with Samples with contamination contamination (%)(%)

Samples Samples above MRL above MRL (%)(%)

HaryanaHaryana 56.256.2 4.54.5Himachal Himachal PradeshPradesh

19.519.5 1.41.4

Tamil NaduTamil Nadu 91.891.8 15.315.3GujaratGujarat 80.880.8 13.513.5Andhra Andhra PradeshPradesh

29.829.8 --

Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh 100.0100.0 45.945.9West BengalWest Bengal 56.056.0 --

Fruits and vegetable contamination in Fruits and vegetable contamination in India- 1999India- 1999

StateState Samples with Samples with contamination contamination (%)(%)

Samples Samples above MRL above MRL (%)(%)

KeralaKerala 100.0100.0 52.852.8PunjabPunjab 58.158.1 4.74.7OrrisaOrrisa 51.451.4 12.412.4DelhiDelhi 77.977.9 --AssamAssam 46.946.9 --RajasthanRajasthan 53.453.4 12.112.1KaranatakaKaranataka 19.719.7 7.37.3

StateState Samples with Samples with contamination contamination (%)(%)

Samples Samples above MRL above MRL (%)(%)

Madhya Madhya PradeshPradesh

96.996.9 1.51.5

MaharastraMaharastra 73.473.4 13.713.7

AverageAverage 55.155.1 9.59.5

Pesticide contamination (Pesticide contamination (Crop-Crop-wisewise))CropCrop Samples with Samples with

contamination contamination (%)(%)

Samples Samples above MRL above MRL (%)(%)

TomatoTomato 45.345.3 5.45.4AppleApple 18.318.3 1.01.0OkraOkra 60.060.0 15.815.8CabbageCabbage 62.662.6 7.07.0CauliflowerCauliflower 66.266.2 16.816.8BrinjalBrinjal 58.558.5 9.89.8CapsicumCapsicum 31.531.5 12.112.1

Contamination (Contamination (fungicide-wisefungicide-wise))

PesticidePesticide Samples with Samples with contaminatiocontamination (%)n (%)

SampleSamples above s above MRL (%)MRL (%)

Residues Residues range range (mg/kg)(mg/kg)

MancozebMancozeb 31.731.7 3.93.9 ND-9.66ND-9.66CarbendaziCarbendazimm

17.117.1 -- ND-1.95ND-1.95

CopperCopper 31.631.6 15.815.8 ND-75.00ND-75.00

Effect of processing and Effect of processing and decontamination on decontamination on fungicide residuesfungicide residues

Effect of apple processing on Effect of apple processing on mancozeb (0.25%)mancozeb (0.25%)

TreatmentTreatment Per cent relief from Per cent relief from residuesresidues1 day 1 day (5.49 (5.49 mg/kg)mg/kg)

20 days 20 days (3.00 (3.00 mg/kg)mg/kg)

Washed Washed (W)(W)

73.8173.81 25.025.0

Peeled (P)Peeled (P) 42.8142.81 26.026.0W+PW+P 97.2797.27 60.0060.00PomacePomace 3.833.83 --JuiceJuice 79.9679.96 --JamJam 100.00100.00 --WineWine -- 100.00100.00

Residues in unprocessed fruitsResidues in unprocessed fruits

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION• Monitoring studies revealed Monitoring studies revealed

contamination of fruits and vegetable contamination of fruits and vegetable samplessamples

• There should be judicious use of There should be judicious use of pesticides rather than its indiscriminate pesticides rather than its indiscriminate use, over use and misuseuse, over use and misuse

• Observe waiting periods Observe waiting periods • Wash fruits and vegetables before Wash fruits and vegetables before

consumingconsuming• Washing of fruits followed by peeling Washing of fruits followed by peeling

provide good relief from residuesprovide good relief from residues