Interior Methods of Water Control

A Structural Group Company

Interior Methods of Water Control

Brent Anderson, PENovember 5, 2010Los Angeles, Ca.


Agenda

Positive versus Negative Side Waterproofing Negative Side Techniques*:

Interior Coatings / Overlays Surface Sealing & Crack Routing Crack / Joint Grouting Water Management / Drainage Electro-Osmotic Pulse (EOP)


Does Water Leakage Cause you Pain?

Joint Leakage Soil Particle Flow Water Treatment Required Mold & Musty Smells Corrosion Slip Hazards Ice Buildup


Mold—Gives off VOC’sIndoor Air Quality

Trapped Water + Heat = Mold Growth

Mold Growth


15% Water Creates Micro-voids

Aggregate (75%) + Cement (10%) + Water(15%) Microscopic cracks and voids

exist everywhere in concrete. Concrete is a “HARD SPONGE” Aggregates and hydrated

cement is net negative---Voids are net positive


AGGREGATE 70%

MIX 1

LEAN

RICH

MIX 4

MIX 3

LEAN

15% 18% 8% 28% 31%

70%

30%

BY VOLUME

BY VOLUME

PASTE

AGGREGATE 70%

30%

20%

30%

40%

40% ROCK) ARE 70% OF THE MIX.

BAR 4

NON-AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE

CEMENT WATER AIR SAND COARSE AGG.

AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE

NON-AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE

AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE PASTE

AGGREGATE

BAR 3

PROPORTIONS OF CONCRETE 10 + 20 + 30 + 40 = 100%

RANGE IN PROPORTIONS OF MATERIALS USED IN CONCRETE, BY ABSOLUTE VOLUME. BARS 1 AND 3 REPRESENT RICH MIXES WITH SMALL SIZE AGGREGATES. BARS 2 AND 4 REPRESENTS LEAN MIXES WITH LARGE AGGREGATES.

CONCRETE IS BROADLY DESCRIBED AS AIR OR NON-AIRENTRAINED. AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE USUALLY REQUIRESSLIGHTLY LESS WATER FOR A SIMILAR SLUMP, AS COMPARED TO NON-AIR ENTRAINED. CONCRETE IS BASICALLY PROPORTIONED (10-20-30-40 = 100 %). THE CEMENT PASTE IS ABOUT 30% OF THE MIX, (10% CEMENT, 15% WATER AND 5% AIR), AGGREGATES (30% SAND,

10%

20%

30%

40%

CEMENT WATER AIR SAND COARSE AGG.

RICH

MIX 2

BAR 1

BAR 2

10% 15% 5% ~ 30% 40%~

7% 14% 4% 24% 51%

40% ROCK

10%CEMENT

30%SAND

15%WATER

5%AIR

15% 21% 8% 30% 31%

7% 16%1%

25% 51%

10% 18% 2% 30% 40%~~40% ROCK

10%CEMENT

30%SAND

18%WATER

2%AIR


AIR BUBBLE AVERAGE

10 µm TO

OVER 1,000µmENTRAPPED AIR

ENTRAINED AIR - 10 TO 1000 µm

100 µm

ROCK

GRAVEL

COARSE SAND

FINE SAND, ENTRAINED AIR BUBBLE, MACRO VOIDS

SILT, CEMENT, AIR BUBBLE OF ENTRAINED AIR

µm

µm

µm

µm

µm

µm

µm

µm

µm

µm

µm

µm

µm

µm

1" SIEVE

3/8" SIEVE

#4 SIEVE,

#100 SIEVE,

#200 SIEVE,

#325 SIEVE,

25,000

9,500

4,750

150

75

45

25

20

15

1

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.00025

SLAG, SILT, CEMENT

1 mil CRACK, CEMENT, SILT, LARGE PORE CAPILLARY

.02 mm SILT, CEMENT, FLYASH, ENTRAINED AIR BUBBLE

FLY ASH, MICROFINE CEMENT, MACRO VOIDS

SILICA, CALCITED CLAY, MACRO VOIDS

MICRO SILICA, BLEED WATER TRACKS

MICRO SILICA, MICRO VOIDS, CAPILLARIES

MICRO-VOID, MICRO PORE

WATER, CATION, ANION

RELATIVE PARTICLES SIZE


SG = 2.32 SG = 2.25

OTHER THAN AIR (ENTRAINED AND/OR ENTRAPPED), WATER IS THE LIGHTEST MATERIAL IN CONCRETE. CEMENT IS THE HEAVIEST. THIS IS WHY BLEED WATER RISES AND COARSE AGGREGATE TENDS TO SETTLE IN FRESH CONCRETE.

FIGURE 4: SHOWS AREA OF TWO DIFFERENT CEMENT PASTE MATRIX UNITS. THE w/c = 0.4, IS CONSIDERABLY MORE DENSE THAN w/c = 0.7.HIGHER DENSITY CONCRETE MEANS LESS INTERCONNECTING VOIDS.

c

c=

=

FINE

FINE SAND

CEMENT PARTICLES & WATER

145 pcf-+ 140 pcf-+

PARTICLES

SANDPARTICLES

FINESANDPARTICLES

w/c = 0.7 w/c = 0.7w/c = 0.4

DENSITY DENSITY

DENSITY OF CONCRETE

w/c = 0.4

FIGURE 4

WHEN w < 0.4, WET CURING MAY BE NEEDED TO HYDRATE ALL CEMENT

WHEN w > 0.4, EXCESS WATER IS LEFT BEHIND IN THE PORES

IN THEORY - ONLY ABOUT 22% TO 27% BY WEIGHT OF WATER IS NEEDEDTO HYDRATE CEMENT


ENTRAINED AIR BUBBLE

CEMENT


CEMENT PARTICLE

CEMENT ABSORBING WATER ANDVOLUME INCREASE

HYDRATINGCEMENT PARTICLE

AS CEMENT PARTICLE ABSORBS WATER ITSLIGHTLY EXPANDS.THE VOLUME LEFT BYWATER IS TAKEN UPBY EXPANDING CEMENT PARTICLES

CEMENT + WATER => CEMENT HYDRATION

CEMENT

CEMENT

CEMENT

CEMENT

CEMENT

CEMENT

CEMENT

CAPILLARY

SAND PARTICLE

GEL PORES

PORE SPACE

FIGURE 5B

SAND PARTICLE

TOWELED SURFACE

INLET / EXIT POINT OF CAPILLARY



SAND PARTICLE

CEMENT

CEMENT

CEMENT

CEMENT

CEMENT

CEMENT

CAPILLARY

GEL PORES

PORE SPACE

FIGURE 5B

SAND PARTICLE

TOWELED SURFACE INLET EXIT POINT OF CAPILLARY


Concrete @ 3500 psi is Watertight

Except at: Joints Cracks, and Honeycombs


Water Leakage Paths

FORMED OBJECTS

POUROUS AVENUES

SINGLE OR MULTIPLE CRACKS

Form Ties Joints M / E / P SingleCracks

MultipleCracks

RockPockets

Shadowing


Outrigger Reef Hotel Parking Garage Built in 1953, 50 yrs of leakage

Joint leakage Crack leakage Slab at Mean Sea Level Black and Green Algae Growth


7'-6"

HIGH TIDE

MEAN SEA LEVEL

LOW TIDE

ELEVATION OF FLOOR


1” Concrete = 2.3” Water

Top of floor is at mean sea level High tide is +/- 2 ft above floor slab Low tide is +/- 2 ft below floor slab Slab is 6” thick, #4@ 12” o.c., w/ inverted

beams at column lines


Positive / Negative Side

+Positive

Side

-Negative

Side


First Hawaiian Bank

Excavation is 52 ft. deep, 42 ft. below Sea Level

11 Dewatering Wells, 8 ft. Thick Structural Slab

Soil Mixed Wall Retention System


Tracked Man-lift

Tracked ManTracked Man--liftlift


Grids and Secondary Grouting


Drilling Holes Thru the Concrete ?


Negative Side Systems

Coatings WaterManagement

Electro Osmosis

Injection


The Three (3) Common And Basic Types of Grouting

SurfaceInterceptionBackside


Side Walls of Cracks

Expansion & Contraction Due to Temperature and Shrinkage

Contamination on side walls of crack

pH of liquid in crack (3.5 – 13)

Shadows at steel interface

Corrosion at steel interface


Injection Ports

Surface Mounted Injection

Low Pressure 10 PSI to 50 PSI

Epoxy Urethanes

(Foams or Gels)


Surface Mounted Porting

Gel epoxy for sealing surface


Epoxy Injection

Epoxy resin @ 1-to-1 or 2-to-1 ratio Use moisture insensitive resin Tight cracks require low viscosity resin


Waste Water Treatment Sludge Tank

Existing Coating Wore loose Surface Mounted Urethane

Injection Cracks Filled with

Decomposed Sludge Difficult to Seal Contaminated

Cracks


Interception Grouting

Pressure from 100 PSI to 3000 PSI Urethanes Micro Fine Cement Acrylamides Injection into

center third of leakage plane


Crack / Joint Grouting

Epoxy (High mod, low mod, viscosity)

Urethane (One part, two part, viscosity) Hydrophobic Hydrophilic

Bentonite (Water or plasticizer activated)

Polymeric Gel (Rubber polymers, viscosity)

Acrylamide or Acrylic(Powder or liquid pre-polymer)


Excessive Porting, and Injection Pressures


Soil Boring Data After Pool Settlement


Existing Excavation Adjacent to Pool Structure

Soil Anchors relaxed and ground settled Adjacent Foundation Settlement Pool Structure Cracks Water Drains from Pool Water comes thru Wood lagging

activates bentonite Crack Repair on Pool Cracks


General Porting Procedure

Drill holes at 45* Hole spacing ½ the wall thickness Alternate each side of crack Core or hammer drill Blow out dust and debris from cracks Flush cracks with water


Packer inserted into hole @ 45*


Interception Grouting

Drill holes in mortar joints Use 3/8” ports Hole pattern about 6” o.c. Crack in concrete substrate may not

match crack in tile


Needle Injection Thru Caulk joints


Backside Grouting thru a Shotcrete Tank Wall at an Aquarium Acrylic Panel


Be Careful Where You Drill


The Void You Hit May Be A Pipe


Backside Grouting

Thru-Structural Element Grouting Polymeric Gel Bentonite Acrylamides Urethane Gels Sodium Silicate


Three Steps to Grouting

Stage 1 grouting, drill through floor, fill 1” void between concrete and sand

Stage 2 grouting, drill and intercept cracks and joints

Stage 3 grouting, inject into sand and solidify it for future excavation


Stage 3 Grouting

Drill through floor and deep into soil Alternate drill hole pattern Create grouted soil columns


3'-0"

13'-0"

7'-6"

18'-0"

GROUT TUBESMANSHEETS

DRIVE GROUT TUBES INTO SOIL


3'-0"

13'-0"

7'-6"

18'-0"

SOLIDIFY A SPECIFIED ZONE


3'-0"

7'-6"

18'-0"

13'-0"

EXCAVATE LOOSE SOIL


Grouted soil columns

Excavate un-grouted material between soil columns

Needle inject soil if leakage occurs


Lowering the Pipe Sections into Place


Two Story Food Production Facility

Wet Processing on Upper Floor Storage on Lower Floors No Real Waterproofing Between

Floors


Food Packaging Area


SECTION THROUGH ACID BRICK FLOOR

5'-0"

FUREN JOINT

ACID BRICK

SLOPED CONCRETE

10 MIL POLY

2" EXTRUDED INSULATION

2" EXTRUDED INSULATION

10 MIL POLY

CONCRETE

STEEL PAN DECKING


Grouting & Ratio Checks


Two-Part Acrylic Grout


Grout Comes Up Thru Floor Where Water Was Previously Leaking


Interior Coatings / Overlays

Polyurea Based Urethane Based Methyl Meth- acrylic Epoxy Based Polyester Based Portland Cement with additives:

Silica Sand Fibers or Mesh Latex Additives Metal Oxide Chemical Reactants Sodium Silicate

Interior Coating

Water Close to Interior


Cementitious Mortar Coating

Most Mortars are Latex Based


Interior Coating & Penetrants

1” x 1-1/2” Slot Cut-Out in Concrete Dry-pack Crack or Joint Hydraulic Cement Plugs Crystalline Growth Mortar Plugs

Chip Out & Dry Pack

Interior Coating


Crystalline Growth, Penetrating Agent

Sodium Silicate Based


Dry-Packing of Routed Out Cracks

Cracks are routed out 1.5” x 1.5” and dry-packed with crystalline mortar


Dry Packing Techniques

BEST GOOD ADEQUATE MARGINAL POOR

1” - 1½” 1” - 1½” 1” - 1½” ¾” - ¾” Surface


Integral Waterproofing


Water Management / Drainage

Interior Drain Tile Methods Dimpled Sheet Membrane Double Wall Construction


Water Management / Drainage

Let Water Leak In Manage it to Collection Point


Cored Slot in an Expansion Joint

Sump Pump Provides Temporary Dewatering


Issues with Water Management

Iron Oaker in Soil Bacteria consumes iron in soil when it

contacts oxygen Forms a “jelly-like” substance Will plug up drainage systems It is not harmful to the touch


Perched Water On Top Of Bedrock


Grouting Leaking Joints In Rock


Placing Concrete on Dimpled Sheet Membrane


Common Use Of EOP- Leaking Construction Joints & Static Cracks

Static Cracks in Floor/Wall

Leaking CJ’s


EOP as a Negative Side Technique

Electro Osmosis is created by an electric field

Creates a “virtual” positive side membrane

EOP dries the concrete around areas of repair

Provides Cathodic Protection to reinforcing steel



Aggregate (75%) + Cement (10%) + Water(15%)


Electro Osmotic Pulse (EOP)

Inject cracks and treat penetrations to create monolithic concrete

Install EOP System Components

• Anodes (+)

• Construction joints

• Significant cracks

• Cathodes (-)

• Rebar connections (-) to provide cathodic protection

• Power supply and monitoring

Cathode (-)

RebarConnection (-)

Anode (+)

Power Supply

+-


Electro Osmotic Pulse (EOP)

Voltage => 20 to 28 Volts Very Little Energy Usage Pulsating Current Anodes at Point of Leakage Cathodes About Every 50'


Alkali Metals Ca, Mg, Na, K


Cat-ion / An-ion Atoms Connect & Disconnect Continuously Sodium atom gives up electron “-”, becomes net “+” Chlorine atom takes electron “-”, becomes net “-” Sodium atom contracts, “+” core pulls electrons in Chlorine atom expands, “-” electron cloud expands


Water is a Polar Molecule


Water Forms Weak Bonds to Other Water Molecules


Water Forms Stronger Bonds to Cations


Water Molecules Form Hydration Shells Around Cations (solvation)



Aggregate (75%) + Cement (10%) + Water(15%)


Osmotic Pressure Builds Where Cations are Concentrated


Crack Repairs are Protected by the Concrete Drying Process


Essence – Restoration EconomicsMoisture & Vapor Control - Waterproofing

Difficulty Of Solution

Investment Required

Interior CoatingsCrack

Filling “Injection

Drainage(sump pumps; etc.)

“EOP”“electrical barrier”

Exterior Membranes

Only solutions when high water

table!

low

low


Case Studies

Military Storage Bunkers Hydraulic Structures- Locks and Dams Governmental/Institutional Buildings Tunnels, Roadways, Transportation Private Buildings


Ammunition Storage Bunker

Wet Concrete Causes Corrosion of Material and Equipment


High RH—Leads to Corrosion


Locate Reinforcing Steel


Cut Anode Slots


Install Anodes


Install Cathodes


EOP Installed in Joints and Cracks


Install / Connect Power

28 volt, DC power supply, with a pulsating square wave


Case Study: Lock & Dam

Lock & Dam No. 27 Alton, Illinois


Case Study: Lock & Dam

Before After


Case Study: US Treasury

U.S. Treasury Building Washington D.C. Moisture migrating up through floor Water leakage through deck planter Stackybotris mold under VCT flooring


Case Study: US Treasury

Before After


Case Study: Elevator Pits

Marsh’s Edge, St. Simons Island, Georgia


Case Study: Elevator Pits

Before After


Highway 101 and Castillo Street

Santa Barbara, CA

Roadways


Underpass Before EOP

Highway 101/Castillo St.

Pavers Placed Over Concrete to Improve Skid Resistance.


Expansion Joint Before EOP


Water Leakage at Joints


Off-Ramp Before EOP


Water Leakage at Cracks


Underpass Before EOP


Hydrostatic Conditions



EOP Applied in Strips @ 2’ oc



New Pavement Installed After EOP


Thank You! Questions?

Other Presentation Topics Building Envelope Technology (1 Hour) High-Rise Repair Strategies (1 Hour) Introduction to Concrete Repair and Maintenance Structural Strengthening of Concrete Structures Post-Tensioning Systems Concrete Repair Materials, Part 1 & 2

www.structural.net For more information on Electro-Osmosis:

www.eopsystem.com

Engineering

Interior Methods of Water Control